1878
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2008-07-12T16:40:50Z
Skoglund
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/* Undated */
{{year nav|1878}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1878''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1878==
===January - March===
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[[Image:Raising the obelisk.jpg|thumb|210px|January - [[Cleopatra's Needle]].]]
* January - [[Cleopatra's Needle]] arrives in London
* [[January 9]] - [[Humbert I of Italy|Humbert I]] becomes [[House of Savoy|King of Italy]]
* [[January 5]] - [[Battle of Shipka Pass IV]]
* [[January 17]] - [[Battle of Plovdiv]]
* [[January 23]] - [[Benjamin Disraeli]] orders British fleet to the [[Dardanelles]]
* [[January 24]] - The revolutionary [[Vera Zasulich]] shoots at [[Fyodor Trepov]], the Governor of [[Saint Petersburg]].
* [[January 28]] - ''[[The Yale News]]'' becomes the first daily, college [[newspaper]] in the [[United States]].
* [[January 31]] - Turkey agrees to [[armistice]] at [[Adrianople]]
* [[February 2]] - [[Greece]] declares war on [[Turkey]].
* [[February 8]] - British fleet enters Turkish waters and anchors off [[Istanbul]] - Russia threatens to occupy Istanbul but does not carry out the threat
* [[February 18]] - The [[Lincoln County War]] begins in [[Lincoln County, New Mexico]]
* [[February 19]] - The [[phonograph]] is patented by [[Thomas Edison]]
* [[February 20]] - [[Pope Leo XIII]] succeeds [[Pope Pius IX]] as the 256th [[pope]].
* [[February 24]] - Anti-Russian demonstrations in [[Hyde Park, London]]
* [[February 28]] - [[Mississippi State University]] is created by the [[Mississippi Legislature]] (under the name The Agricultural and Mechanical College of the State of Mississippi)
* [[March 3]]
**[[Bulgaria]] regains its independence from [[Ottoman Empire]].
**The [[Treaty of San Stefano]] concludes the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878|Russo-Turkish War]]
* [[March 24]] - The [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[frigate]] ''Eurydice'' sinks, killing 300.
* [[March 25]] - Russia rejects British proposal to lay San Stefano treaty before European congress
* [[March 27]] - In anticipation of war with Russia, Disraeli mobilizes the reserves and calls up Indian troops to [[Malta]]
===April - June===
*[[April 20]] - The [[Stawell Gift]] is run for the first time.
* [[May 15]] - [[Tokyo Stock Exchange]] established
* [[June 4]] - [[Cyprus Convention]]: The [[Ottoman Empire]] cedes [[Cyprus]] to the [[United Kingdom]] but retains nominal title.
* [[June 10]] - [[League of Prizren]] is established
* [[June 12]] - [[July 12]] - [[Congress of Berlin]] about the [[Ottoman Empire]]
*[[June 22]] - [[Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld]] leaves [[Karlskrona]] on a voyage that will make him the first to navigate the [[Northern Sea Route]], a shipping lane from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]] along the [[Siberian]] coast.
===July - September===
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* [[July 13]] - The [[Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin]] makes [[Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] and [[Romania]] completely independent
* [[July 26]] - In [[California]], the poet and [[American West]] outlaw calling himself "[[Charles Bolles|Black Bart]]" makes his last clean getaway when he steals a safe box from a [[Wells Fargo]] stagecoach. The empty box will be found later with a taunting [[poem]] inside.
* [[August 9]] - The [[Wallingford Tornado of 1878]], the deadliest [[tornado]] in [[Connecticut]] history, destroys the town of [[Wallingford, Connecticut|Wallingford]], killing 34 people and injuring 70 or more.
* [[September 3]] - Over 640 die when the crowded pleasure boat {{SS|Princess Alice|1865|2}} collides with the ''[[Bywell Castle]]'' in the [[River Thames]].
* [[September 20]] - [[The Hindu]], an Indian newspaper, is founded.
* [[September 30]] - The ship ''Priscilla'' arrives in [[Hawaii]] from [[Funchal]], [[Madeira]], marking the beginning of the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] immigration to the [[Hawaiian Islands]] (1878-1913).
===October - December===
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* [[October 1]] - [[Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University]] (Virginia Tech) opens as Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College.
* [[October 14]] - The world's first recorded floodlit football fixture is played at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]]
* [[October 17]] - [[John A. Macdonald]] returns to office as [[Prime Minister of Canada]].
* [[November 17]] - First assassination attempt against [[Umberto I of Italy]].
* [[November 21]] - [[Second Afghan War]] commences when the British attack [[Ali Masjid]] in the [[Khyber Pass]].
===Undated===
* [[Yellow fever]] in [[Mississippi Valley]] - over 13,000 dead
* US arbitration rejects [[Argentina|Argentinean]] claims to [[Paraguay]]'s part of [[Gran Chaco|Chaco]] region
*[[Otto von Bismarck]] abandons [[Kulturkampf]].
*Otto von Bismarck forces through a law outlowing [[Social Democrat]]s.
====Foundations:====
* [[The Buchan School]], [[Isle of Man]].
* Newton Heath Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Football Club, the team that would become [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]]
* [[Everton FC|Everton Football Club]], then known as St Domingo
* [[West Bromwich Albion F.C.]] play their first match.
* [[Grimsby Town FC]] then known as Grimsby Pelham
* [[Geiger (Corporation)]] initially known as Geiger Brothers.
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 11}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 6]] - [[Carl Sandburg]], American poet and historian (d. [[1967]])
* [[January 12]] - [[Ferenc Molnar|Ferenc Molnár]], author (d. [[1952]])
* [[January 25]] - [[Ernst Alexanderson]], Swedish-born television pioneer (d. [[1975]])
* [[February 1]] - [[Milan Hodža]], Slovak politician, champion of regional integration in Europe (d. [[1944]])
* [[February 2]] - [[Alfréd Hajós]], Hungarian swimmer and architect (d. [[1955]])
* [[February 5]] - [[André Citroën]], French automobile manufacturer (d. [[1935]])
* [[February 8]] - [[Martin Buber]], Austrian philosopher (d. [[1965]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Hirota Koki]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 21]] - [[The Mother]] (Mirra Alfassa), multi-origined spiritual leader and founder of [[Auroville]] in [[India]] (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 26]] - [[Emmy Destinn]], Czech soprano (d. [[1930]])
* [[February 28]] - [[Pierre Fatou]], [[France|French]] [[mathematician]] (d. [[1929]])
* [[March 4]]
**[[Egbert Van Alstyne]], United States songwriter and pianist (d. [[1951]])
**[[Peter D. Ouspensky]], Russian philosopher (d. [[1947]])
**[[Arishima Takeo]], Japanese novelist, short-story writer and essayist (d. [[1923]])
* [[March 16]] - [[Clemens August Graf von Galen]], German Catholic cardinal (d. [[1946]])
* [[March 22]] - [[Michel Théato]], Luxembourg athlete (d. [[1919]])
* [[March 31]] - [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson]], American boxer (d. [[1946]])
* [[April 6]] - [[Erich Mühsam]], German author (d. [[1934]])
* [[April 24]] - [[Jean Crotti]], Swiss artist (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 28]]
**[[Lionel Barrymore]], American actor (d. [[1954]])
**[[Willem Mengelberg]], Dutch conductor (d. [[1951]])
* [[May 3]] - [[Cruz Hernandez]], unverified claimant to be world's oldest person (d. [[2007]])
* [[May 10]] - [[Gustav Stresemann]], [[Chancellor of Germany]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1929]])
*[[May 25]] - [[Bill Robinson]], Tap Dancer (d. [[1949]])
* [[May 26]] - [[Isadora Duncan]], American dancer (d. [[1927]])
* [[May 28]] - [[Paul Pelliot]], French sinologist (d. [[1945]])
* [[June 1]] - [[John Masefield]], English poet and novelist (d. [[1967]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Barney Oldfield]], American automobile racer and pioneer (d. [[1946]])
* [[June 5]] - [[Pancho Villa]], Mexican revolutionary (d. [[1923]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 4]] - [[George M. Cohan]], American singer, dancer, composer, actor, and writer (d. [[1942]])
* [[July 24]] - [[Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron Dunsany|Edward Plunkett, Baron Dunsany]], Irish author (d. [[1957]])
* [[August 10]] - [[Alfred Döblin]], German writer (d. [[1957]])
* [[August 28]] - [[George Whipple]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1976]])
* [[August 31]] - [[Frank Jarvis]], American athlete (d. [[1933]])
* [[September 5]] - [[Robert von Lieben]], Austrian physicist (d. [[1913]])
* [[September 13]] - [[Matilde Moisant]], American pilot (d. [[1964]])
* [[September 20]] - [[Upton Sinclair]], American writer (d. [[1968]])
* [[September 22]] - [[Yoshida Shigeru]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1967]])
* [[September 24]] - [[Charles Ferdinand Ramuz|C. F. Ramuz]], Swiss writer (d. [[1947]])
* [[October 1]] - [[Othmar Spann]], Austrian philosopher and economist (d. [[1950]])
* [[October 16]] - [[Maxey Long]], American athlete (d. [[1959]])
* [[November 1]] - [[Carlos Saavedra Lamas]], Argentine politician, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1959]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Leopold Staff]], Polish poet (d. [[1957]])
**[[Julie Manet]] - French painter (d. [[1966]])
* [[November 17]] - [[Grace Abbott]], American social worker and activist (d. [[1939]])
* [[December 18]] - [[Joseph Stalin]], Soviet leader (d. [[1953]])
* [[December 25]]
**[[Louis Chevrolet]], Swiss-born race driver and automobile builder (d. [[1941]])
**[[Joseph Schenck]], Russian-born film executive (d. [[1961]])
*[[December 28]] - [[Nikolai Bryukhanov]], Soviet statesman and political figure who served as People's Commissar of Finances (d.[[1938]])
* [[December 31]] - [[Elizabeth Arden]], Canadian-born beautician and cosmetics entrepreneur (d. [[1966]])
* [[December 31]] - [[Horacio Quiroga]], Argentina's writer was born in Salto, Uruguay (d. [[1937]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 8]] - [[Nikolay Nekrasov]], Russian poet (b. [[1821]])
*[[January 9]] - King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy]] (b. [[1820]])
*[[January 18]] - [[Antoine César Becquerel]], French scientist (b. [[1788]])
*[[February 7]] - [[Pope Pius IX]] (b. [[1792]])
*[[February 11]] - [[Gideon Welles]], American politician (b. [[1802]])
*[[February 19]] - [[Charles-Francois Daubigny]], French painter (b. [[1817]])
*[[February 26]] - [[Angelo Secchi]], Italian astronomer (b. [[1818]])
*[[March 8]] - [[Archduke Franz Karl of Austria]] (b. [[1802]])
*[[April 8]] - [[Henrietta Treffz]], soprano, first wife of [[Johann Strauss II]] (b. [[1818]])
*[[April 12]] - [[William Marcy Tweed]], American politician (b. [[1823]])
*[[April 25]] - [[Anna Sewell]], English author (b. [[1820]])
*[[May 28]] - [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1792]])
*[[June 6]]
**[[Robert Stirling]], Scottish clergyman and inventor (b. [[1790]])
**[[Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers]], Marshal of France (b. [[1795]])
**[[Porter Rockwell]], Mormon bodyguard (b. [[1815]])
*[[June 12]]
**[[George V of Hanover]] (b. [[1819]])
**[[Hendrik Jut]], murderer (b. [[1851]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[July 1]] - [[Catherine Winkworth]], translator of hymns (b. [[1827]])
*[[July 17]] - [[Aleardo Aleardi]], Italian poet (b. [[1812]])
*[[July 23]] - [[Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky]], Bohemian pathologist, philosopher and politician (b. [[1804]])
*[[August 30]] - [[James Geiss]], English businessman (b. [[1820]])
*[[November 16]] - [[Princess Marie of Hesse]] dies aged for of [[diptheria]]. A disease which at the time the majority of her family suffered, and which her mother [[Alice of the United Kingdom]] succumbed to a month later.
*[[November 20]] - [[William Thomas (Islwyn)]], Welsh poet (b. [[1832]])
*[[November 28]] - [[Orson Hyde]], American religious leader (b. [[1805]])
*[[December 10]] - [[Henry Wells]], American businessman (b. [[1805]])
*[[December 14]] - [[Princess Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine]] (b. [[1843]])
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