1881
34716
225601207
2008-07-14T14:29:35Z
207.177.94.154
/* July - December */
{{year nav|1881}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1881''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1881 ==
===January - March===
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* [[January 16]]-[[January 24]] - [[Geok-Tepe|Siege of Geok Tepe]] - Russian troops under general [[Mikhail Skobelev|Skobeleff]] defeat [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]].
* [[January 24]] - [[William Edward Forster]], the chief secretary for [[Ireland]], introduces his [[Coercion Bill]]: it goes through a long debate before it is accepted [[February 2]].
* [[January 25]] - [[Thomas Edison]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]] form the [[Oriental Telephone Company]].
*[[February 2]] - [[Parkfield earthquake|Parkfield Earthquake]] occurs.
*[[February 5]] - [[Phoenix, Arizona]] is incorporated.
*[[February 13]] - First issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Citoyenne]]'' is published by [[Hubertine Auclert]].
*[[February 19]] - [[Kansas]] became the first [[U.S. state]] to prohibit all [[ethanol|alcoholic]] beverages.
*[[March 12]] - [[Andrew Watson (football player)|Andrew Watson]] makes his [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] debut as the world's first black international football player.
*[[March 13]] - [[Alexander II of Russia]] is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]].
===April - June===
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*[[April 14]] - [[Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight]] erupted in [[El Paso, Texas]].
*[[April 15]] - [[Temuco]], [[Chile]] founded.
*[[April 21]] - The [[University of Connecticut]] is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
*[[April 25]] - [[Caulfield Grammar School]] is founded in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]].
*[[April 28]] - [[Billy the Kid]] escapes from his two jailers at the [[Lincoln County, New Mexico|Lincoln County]] jail in [[Mesilla]], [[New Mexico]], killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse and riding out of town.
*[[May 12]] - In [[North Africa]], [[Tunisia]] becomes a [[France|French]] protectorate.
*[[May 21]] - The [[American Red Cross]] is established by [[Clara Barton]].
*[[May 21]] - The [[United States Tennis Association]] is established by a small group of tennis club members.
*[[June 12]] - The [[USS Jeannette (1878)|USS ''Jeannette'']] is crushed in an [[Arctic Ocean]] ice pack.
===July - September===
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*[[July 1]] - [[General Order 70]], the culmination of the [[Cardwell-Childers reforms]] of the [[British Army]]'s organization, comes into effect.
*[[July 2]] - [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]], [[President of the United States]] is shot by [[lawyer]] [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Julius Guiteau]]. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from [[infection]] of his wound.
*[[July 4]] - In [[Alabama]], the [[Tuskegee Institute]] opens.
*[[July 14]] - [[Billy the Kid]] is shot and killed by [[Pat Garrett]] outside Fort Sumner.
*[[July 20]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Sioux]] chief [[Sitting Bull]] leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to [[United States]] troops at [[Fort Buford]] in [[Montana]].
* [[August 3]] - [[Pretoria Convention]] peace treaty signed, officially ending the war between the [[Boers]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]].
* [[August 27]] - A [[hurricane]] hits Florida and Carolinas: about 700 die.
*[[September 5]] - The [[Thumb Fire]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]] destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
*[[September 12]] - [[Francis Howell High School]] (Howell Institute) in [[St. Charles, Missouri]], and [[Austin High School (Austin, Texas)|Stephen F. Austin High School]] in [[Austin, Texas]] open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of oldest public [[high school]] west of the [[Mississippi River]].
*[[September 19]] - US President [[James A. Garfield]] dies. Vice President [[Chester Arthur]] becomes the 21st President of the United States.
===October - December===
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* [[October 26]] - [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] in [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise County]], [[Arizona]], [[United States|USA]].
* [[October 29]] - ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' (US magazine) is first published.
* [[November 11]] - The [[Clarkson Memorial]] in [[Wisbech]] is completed and unveiled to the public.
* [[November 19]] - A [[meteorite]] strikes earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]].
* [[December 8]] - At least 620 die in fire at the [[Ring Theatre]], [[Vienna]].
* [[December 28]] - [[Virgil Earp]] is ambushed in [[Tombstone]] and loses the use of his left arm.
===Undated===
*New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] New York (91st Street), is founded.
* Edward Rudolf founded the '[[Church of England]] Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays' (now [[The Children's Society]]).
* The [[Pali Text Society]] is founded.
* [[University College Dublin]] is established in [[Ireland]].
* The [[United States National Lawn Tennis Association]] (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. [[Tennis]] Championships are played.
* Founding of the [[League of the Three Emperors]].
* Some [[Vatican City|Vatican]] archives opened to scholars for the first time.
* [[Abilene, Texas]] is founded.
* [[Newcastle United F.C.]] is founded as Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. a few months later.
* [[Leyton Orient F.C.]] is founded.
* [[Minto, North Dakota ]] is founded.
* [[Rafaela]], [[Argentina]] is formed.
* [[Culford School]] a [[public school]] in [[Suffolk]], [[United Kingdom]] is founded.
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 14}}
===January - June===
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*[[January 1]] - [[Vajiravudh]], [[King of Thailand]] (d. [[1925]])
*[[January 9]]
**[[Lascelles Abercrombie]], English poet and critic (d. [[1938]])
**[[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, and novelist (d. [[1956]])
*[[January 17]] - [[Antoni Lomnicki]], Polish mathematician (d. [[1941]])
*[[January 31]] - [[Irving Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1957]])
*[[February 12]] - [[Anna Pavlova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[1931]])
*[[March 4]]
**[[Maude Fealy]], American stage and film actor (d. [[1971]])
**[[Thomas Sigismund Stribling]], American writer (d. [[1965]])
**[[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical physicist (d. [[1948]])
*[[March 9]] - [[Ernest Bevin]], British labour leader, politician, and statesman (d. [[1951]])
*[[March 17]] - [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]])
*[[March 23]]
**[[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
**[[Hermann Staudinger]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]])
*[[March 25]]
**[[Béla Bartók]], Hungarian composer (d. [[1945]])
**[[Mary Webb]], English writer (d. [[1927]])
*[[May 14]] - [[G. Murray Hulbert]], American politician (d. [[1950]])
*[[May 19]] - Official birthday of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder and the first [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[1938]])
*[[May 20]] - [[Władysław Sikorski]], Polish general and politician (d. [[1943]])
*[[June 17]] - [[Tommy Burns (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], Canadian-born boxer (d. [[1955]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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*[[July 2]]
July 6 Kate Shelley of Ogden, Iowa saved the Midnight Express from falling into a river bank and sinking.
- [[Royal H. Weller]], American politician (d. [[1929]])
*[[July 4]] - [[Ulysses S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (d. [[1968]])
*[[July 27]] - [[Hans Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1945]])
*[[July 30]] - [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general (d. [[1940]])
*[[August 6]] - Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], Scottish researcher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1955]])
*[[August 12]] - [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director and producer (d. [[1959]])
*[[August 19]] - [[Georges Enescu]], Romanian composer (d. [[1955]])
*[[August 20]] - [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (d. [[1959]])
*[[September 5]] - [[Otto Bauer]], Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. [[1938]])
*[[September 8]] - [[Harry Hillman]], American athlete (d. [[1945]])
*[[September 16]] - [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (d. [[1964]])
*[[September 17]] - [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (d. [[1955]])
*[[September 26]] - [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (d. [[1966]])
*[[October 1]] - [[William Boeing]], American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. [[1956]])
*[[October 11]] - [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian legal theorist (d. [[1973]])
*[[October 15]]
**[[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1944]])
**[[P. G. Wodehouse]], English-born writer (d. [[1975]])
*[[October 22]] - [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
*[[October 25]] - [[Pablo Picasso]], Spanish painter (d. [[1973]])
*[[November 5]] - [[George A. Malcolm]], American jurist & educator (d. [[1961]])
*[[November 14]] - [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (d. [[1969]])
*[[November 24]] - [[Al Christie]], Canadian-born director and producer (d. [[1951]])
*[[November 25]] - [[Pope John XXIII]] (d. [[1963]])
*[[November 28]] - [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (d. [[1942]])
*[[December 3]] - [[Henry Fillmore]], American composer (d. [[1956]])
*[[December 24]] - [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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*[[January 3]] - [[Anna McNeill Whistler]], Whistler's mother (b. [[1804]])
*[[January 21]] - [[Wilhelm Matthias Naeff]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1802]])
*[[February 5]] - [[Thomas Carlyle]], Scottish writer and historian (b. [[1795]])
*[[February 9]] - [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], Russian novelist (b. [[1821]])
*[[February 14]] - [[Fernando Wood]], New York City Mayor (b. [[1812]])
*[[March 13]] - Czar [[Alexander II of Russia]] (b. [[1818]])
*[[March 28]] - [[Modest Mussorgsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1839]])
*[[April 19]] - [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1804]])
*[[May 24]] - [[Samuel Palmer]], English artist (b. [[1805]])
*[[May 25]] - [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]], Italian explorer (b. [[1847]])
*[[June 6]] - [[Henri Vieuxtemps]], Belgian composer (b. [[1820]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*((July 6)) - (Kate Shelley), Raildroad Heroine saved the Midnight Express from falling into the DesMoines River in Ogden Iowa
*[[July 14]] - [[Billy the Kid]], American gunslinger (b. [[1859]])
*[[July 17]] - [[Jim Bridger]], American explorer and trapper (b. [[1804]])
*[[September 7]] - [[Sidney Lanier]], American writer (b. [[1842]])
*[[September 8]] - [[Prince Frederik of the Netherlands]], Dutch noble and general (b. [[1797]])
*[[September 19]] - [[James A. Garfield]], 20th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated) (b. [[1831]])
*[[September 22]] - [[Solomon L. Spink]], U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. [[1831]])
*[[October 3]] - [[Orson Pratt]], American religious leader (b. [[1811]])
*[[October 31]] - [[George W. DeLong|George DeLong]], American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. [[1844]])
{{commonscat}}
{{seealso|Category: 1881 deaths}}
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