1881 34716 225601207 2008-07-14T14:29:35Z 207.177.94.154 /* July - December */ {{year nav|1881}} {{C19YearInTopicX}} Year '''1881''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Thursday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]). <!-- 12-day span=Mon-Sat,Tue-Sun,Wed-Mon,Thu-Tue,Fr-We,Sa-Th,Sun-Fri --> == Events of 1881 == ===January - March=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[January 16]]-[[January 24]] - [[Geok-Tepe|Siege of Geok Tepe]] - Russian troops under general [[Mikhail Skobelev|Skobeleff]] defeat [[Turkmen people|Turkomans]]. * [[January 24]] - [[William Edward Forster]], the chief secretary for [[Ireland]], introduces his [[Coercion Bill]]: it goes through a long debate before it is accepted [[February 2]]. * [[January 25]] - [[Thomas Edison]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]] form the [[Oriental Telephone Company]]. *[[February 2]] - [[Parkfield earthquake|Parkfield Earthquake]] occurs. *[[February 5]] - [[Phoenix, Arizona]] is incorporated. *[[February 13]] - First issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Citoyenne]]'' is published by [[Hubertine Auclert]]. *[[February 19]] - [[Kansas]] became the first [[U.S. state]] to prohibit all [[ethanol|alcoholic]] beverages. *[[March 12]] - [[Andrew Watson (football player)|Andrew Watson]] makes his [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] debut as the world's first black international football player. *[[March 13]] - [[Alexander II of Russia]] is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]]. ===April - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[April 14]] - [[Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight]] erupted in [[El Paso, Texas]]. *[[April 15]] - [[Temuco]], [[Chile]] founded. *[[April 21]] - The [[University of Connecticut]] is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School. *[[April 25]] - [[Caulfield Grammar School]] is founded in [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]. *[[April 28]] - [[Billy the Kid]] escapes from his two jailers at the [[Lincoln County, New Mexico|Lincoln County]] jail in [[Mesilla]], [[New Mexico]], killing James Bell and Robert Ollinger before stealing a horse and riding out of town. *[[May 12]] - In [[North Africa]], [[Tunisia]] becomes a [[France|French]] protectorate. *[[May 21]] - The [[American Red Cross]] is established by [[Clara Barton]]. *[[May 21]] - The [[United States Tennis Association]] is established by a small group of tennis club members. *[[June 12]] - The [[USS Jeannette (1878)|USS ''Jeannette'']] is crushed in an [[Arctic Ocean]] ice pack. ===July - September=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 1]] - [[General Order 70]], the culmination of the [[Cardwell-Childers reforms]] of the [[British Army]]'s organization, comes into effect. *[[July 2]] - [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]], [[President of the United States]] is shot by [[lawyer]] [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Julius Guiteau]]. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from [[infection]] of his wound. *[[July 4]] - In [[Alabama]], the [[Tuskegee Institute]] opens. *[[July 14]] - [[Billy the Kid]] is shot and killed by [[Pat Garrett]] outside Fort Sumner. *[[July 20]] - [[Indian Wars]]: [[Sioux]] chief [[Sitting Bull]] leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to [[United States]] troops at [[Fort Buford]] in [[Montana]]. * [[August 3]] - [[Pretoria Convention]] peace treaty signed, officially ending the war between the [[Boers]] and [[United Kingdom|Britain]]. * [[August 27]] - A [[hurricane]] hits Florida and Carolinas: about 700 die. *[[September 5]] - The [[Thumb Fire]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]] destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people. *[[September 12]] - [[Francis Howell High School]] (Howell Institute) in [[St. Charles, Missouri]], and [[Austin High School (Austin, Texas)|Stephen F. Austin High School]] in [[Austin, Texas]] open on the same day, putting them in a tie for the title of oldest public [[high school]] west of the [[Mississippi River]]. *[[September 19]] - US President [[James A. Garfield]] dies. Vice President [[Chester Arthur]] becomes the 21st President of the United States. ===October - December=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> * [[October 26]] - [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] in [[Tombstone, Arizona|Tombstone]], [[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise County]], [[Arizona]], [[United States|USA]]. * [[October 29]] - ''[[Judge (magazine)|Judge]]'' (US magazine) is first published. * [[November 11]] - The [[Clarkson Memorial]] in [[Wisbech]] is completed and unveiled to the public. * [[November 19]] - A [[meteorite]] strikes earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]]. * [[December 8]] - At least 620 die in fire at the [[Ring Theatre]], [[Vienna]]. * [[December 28]] - [[Virgil Earp]] is ambushed in [[Tombstone]] and loses the use of his left arm. ===Undated=== *New York City's oldest independent school for girls, the [[Convent of the Sacred Heart (New York)|Convent of the Sacred Heart]] New York (91st Street), is founded. * Edward Rudolf founded the '[[Church of England]] Central Society for Providing Homes for Waifs and Strays' (now [[The Children's Society]]). * The [[Pali Text Society]] is founded. * [[University College Dublin]] is established in [[Ireland]]. * The [[United States National Lawn Tennis Association]] (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. [[Tennis]] Championships are played. * Founding of the [[League of the Three Emperors]]. * Some [[Vatican City|Vatican]] archives opened to scholars for the first time. * [[Abilene, Texas]] is founded. * [[Newcastle United F.C.]] is founded as Stanley F.C., with a further name change to Newcastle East End F.C. a few months later. * [[Leyton Orient F.C.]] is founded. * [[Minto, North Dakota ]] is founded. * [[Rafaela]], [[Argentina]] is formed. * [[Culford School]] a [[public school]] in [[Suffolk]], [[United Kingdom]] is founded. ==Births== {{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 14}} ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[January 1]] - [[Vajiravudh]], [[King of Thailand]] (d. [[1925]]) *[[January 9]] **[[Lascelles Abercrombie]], English poet and critic (d. [[1938]]) **[[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, and novelist (d. [[1956]]) *[[January 17]] - [[Antoni Lomnicki]], Polish mathematician (d. [[1941]]) *[[January 31]] - [[Irving Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1957]]) *[[February 12]] - [[Anna Pavlova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[1931]]) *[[March 4]] **[[Maude Fealy]], American stage and film actor (d. [[1971]]) **[[Thomas Sigismund Stribling]], American writer (d. [[1965]]) **[[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical physicist (d. [[1948]]) *[[March 9]] - [[Ernest Bevin]], British labour leader, politician, and statesman (d. [[1951]]) *[[March 17]] - [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]]) *[[March 23]] **[[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]]) **[[Hermann Staudinger]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]]) *[[March 25]] **[[Béla Bartók]], Hungarian composer (d. [[1945]]) **[[Mary Webb]], English writer (d. [[1927]]) *[[May 14]] - [[G. Murray Hulbert]], American politician (d. [[1950]]) *[[May 19]] - Official birthday of [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], founder and the first [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[1938]]) *[[May 20]] - [[Władysław Sikorski]], Polish general and politician (d. [[1943]]) *[[June 17]] - [[Tommy Burns (boxer)|Tommy Burns]], Canadian-born boxer (d. [[1955]]) ===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[July 2]] July 6 Kate Shelley of Ogden, Iowa saved the Midnight Express from falling into a river bank and sinking. - [[Royal H. Weller]], American politician (d. [[1929]]) *[[July 4]] - [[Ulysses S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (d. [[1968]]) *[[July 27]] - [[Hans Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1945]]) *[[July 30]] - [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general (d. [[1940]]) *[[August 6]] - Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], Scottish researcher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1955]]) *[[August 12]] - [[Cecil B. DeMille]], American film director and producer (d. [[1959]]) *[[August 19]] - [[Georges Enescu]], Romanian composer (d. [[1955]]) *[[August 20]] - [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (d. [[1959]]) *[[September 5]] - [[Otto Bauer]], Austrian Social Democratic politician (d. [[1938]]) *[[September 8]] - [[Harry Hillman]], American athlete (d. [[1945]]) *[[September 16]] - [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (d. [[1964]]) *[[September 17]] - [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (d. [[1955]]) *[[September 26]] - [[Hiram Wesley Evans]], Ku Klux Klan Imperial Wizard (d. [[1966]]) *[[October 1]] - [[William Boeing]], American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. [[1956]]) *[[October 11]] - [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian legal theorist (d. [[1973]]) *[[October 15]] **[[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1944]]) **[[P. G. Wodehouse]], English-born writer (d. [[1975]]) *[[October 22]] - [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]]) *[[October 25]] - [[Pablo Picasso]], Spanish painter (d. [[1973]]) *[[November 5]] - [[George A. Malcolm]], American jurist & educator (d. [[1961]]) *[[November 14]] - [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (d. [[1969]]) *[[November 24]] - [[Al Christie]], Canadian-born director and producer (d. [[1951]]) *[[November 25]] - [[Pope John XXIII]] (d. [[1963]]) *[[November 28]] - [[Stefan Zweig]], Austrian writer (d. [[1942]]) *[[December 3]] - [[Henry Fillmore]], American composer (d. [[1956]]) *[[December 24]] - [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]]) ==Deaths== ===January - June=== <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *[[January 3]] - [[Anna McNeill Whistler]], Whistler's mother (b. [[1804]]) *[[January 21]] - [[Wilhelm Matthias Naeff]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1802]]) *[[February 5]] - [[Thomas Carlyle]], Scottish writer and historian (b. [[1795]]) *[[February 9]] - [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], Russian novelist (b. [[1821]]) *[[February 14]] - [[Fernando Wood]], New York City Mayor (b. [[1812]]) *[[March 13]] - Czar [[Alexander II of Russia]] (b. [[1818]]) *[[March 28]] - [[Modest Mussorgsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1839]]) *[[April 19]] - [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1804]]) *[[May 24]] - [[Samuel Palmer]], English artist (b. [[1805]]) *[[May 25]] - [[Giuseppe Maria Giulietti]], Italian explorer (b. [[1847]]) *[[June 6]] - [[Henri Vieuxtemps]], Belgian composer (b. [[1820]]) ===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS --> <!-- Link all dates, even if repeated, for date-format preferences. --> *((July 6)) - (Kate Shelley), Raildroad Heroine saved the Midnight Express from falling into the DesMoines River in Ogden Iowa *[[July 14]] - [[Billy the Kid]], American gunslinger (b. [[1859]]) *[[July 17]] - [[Jim Bridger]], American explorer and trapper (b. [[1804]]) *[[September 7]] - [[Sidney Lanier]], American writer (b. [[1842]]) *[[September 8]] - [[Prince Frederik of the Netherlands]], Dutch noble and general (b. [[1797]]) *[[September 19]] - [[James A. Garfield]], 20th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated) (b. [[1831]]) *[[September 22]] - [[Solomon L. Spink]], U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. [[1831]]) *[[October 3]] - [[Orson Pratt]], American religious leader (b. [[1811]]) *[[October 31]] - [[George W. DeLong|George DeLong]], American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. [[1844]]) {{commonscat}} {{seealso|Category: 1881 deaths}} [[Category:1881| ]] [[af:1881]] [[am:1881 እ.ኤ.አ.]] [[ar:1881]] [[an:1881]] [[ast:1881]] [[gn:1881]] [[az:1881]] [[bn:১৮৮১]] [[map-bms:1881]] [[be:1881]] [[be-x-old:1881]] [[bh:१८८१]] [[bs:1881]] [[br:1881]] [[bg:1881]] [[ca:1881]] [[cv:1881]] [[cs:1881]] [[co:1881]] [[cy:1881]] [[da:1881]] [[de:1881]] [[et:1881]] [[el:1881]] [[es:1881]] [[eo:1881]] [[eu:1881]] [[fa:۱۸۸۱ (میلادی)]] [[fo:1881]] [[hif:1881]] [[fr:1881]] [[fy:1881]] [[fur:1881]] [[ga:1881]] [[gv:1881]] [[gd:1881]] [[gl:1881]] [[ko:1881년]] [[hy:1881]] [[hi:1881]] [[hr:1881.]] [[io:1881]] [[bpy:মারি ১৮৮১]] [[id:1881]] [[ia:1881]] [[os:1881]] [[is:1881]] [[it:1881]] [[he:1881]] [[jv:1881]] [[ka:1881]] [[csb:1881]] [[sw:1881]] [[ht:1881 (almanak gregoryen)]] [[la:1881]] [[lv:1881]] [[lb:1881]] [[lt:1881 m.]] [[hu:1881]] [[mk:1881]] [[mi:1881]] [[mr:इ.स. १८८१]] [[ms:1881]] [[nah:1881]] [[nl:1881]] [[new:ई सं १८८१]] [[ja:1881年]] [[nap:1881]] [[no:1881]] [[nn:1881]] [[nrm:1881]] [[nov:1881]] [[oc:1881]] [[uz:1881]] [[pi:१८८१]] [[nds:1881]] [[pl:1881]] [[pt:1881]] [[ksh:Joohr 1881]] [[ro:1881]] [[ru:1881 год]] [[se:1881]] [[sq:1881]] [[scn:1881]] [[simple:1881]] [[sk:1881]] [[sl:1881]] [[sr:1881]] [[sh:1881]] [[su:1881]] [[fi:1881]] [[sv:1881]] [[tl:1881]] [[ta:1881]] [[tt:1881]] [[te:1881]] [[tet:1881]] [[th:พ.ศ. 2424]] [[tg:1881]] [[tr:1881]] [[tk:1881]] [[uk:1881]] [[vec:1881]] [[wa:1881]] [[vls:1881]] [[zh-yue:1881年]] [[cbk-zam:1881]] [[bat-smg:1881]] [[zh:1881年]]