1891
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2008-07-10T17:11:41Z
Skoglund
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/* Undated */
{{year nav|1891}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1891''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXCI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] of the 12-day slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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== Events of 1891 ==
=== January - March ===
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[[Image:Liliuokalani.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[January 21]]: [[Hawaii]], Queen [[Liliuokalani of Hawaii|Lili'Uokalani]].]]
* [[January 1]] - Paying of [[old age pension]]s begins in [[Germany]].
* [[January 20]] - [[Jim Hogg]] becomes the first native [[Texas|Texan]] to be governor of that state.
* [[January 29]] - [[Liliuokalani of Hawaii|Liliuokalani]] proclaimed Queen of [[Hawaii]].
* [[January 31]] - The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Republicanism|republican]] [[revolution]] breaks out in the northern city of [[Porto]].
* [[February 14]] - In the [[FA Cup]] Quarter Final, a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the [[goal line]]. An [[Indirect free kick]] is awarded, since the [[Penalty kick]] was proposed that year but not implemented. This event probably changed public opinion on the penalty kick, which was seen as 'an Irishman's motion' before. (See [[William McCrum]].)
* [[February 15]] - [[Allmänna Idrottsklubben|AIK]] founded.
* [[February 21]] - [[Springhill, Nova Scotia]] mining disaster.
* [[March 3]] - The [[International Copyright Act]] of 1891 is passed by the [[Fifty-first United States Congress|51st Congress]] of the [[U.S.]]
* [[March 9]]-[[March 12|12]] - Powerful storm off England's south coast; 14 ships sink.
* [[March 14]] - In [[New Orleans]], [[lynching|lynch mob]] storms the Old Parish Prison and lynches eleven Italians arrested but found innocent for the murder of Police Chief [[David Hennessey]].
*[[March 15]] [[Jesse W. Reno]] patents the first [[escalator]] (at [[Coney Beach]])
* [[March 17]] - The British [[steamship]] SS ''Utopia'' sinks off the coast of [[Gibraltar]], killing 574.
=== April - June ===
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* [[April 1]] - The [[Wrigley Company]] is founded in [[Chicago]].
* [[May]] - [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claims to be the Promised [[Messiah]](The second coming of [[Jesus]]) and the [[Mahdi]] awaited in [[Islam]].
* [[May 1]] - Nine killed and thirty wounded when troops fire on workers' [[May Day]] demonstration in support of eight-hour workday in [[Fourmies, Nord|Fourmies]], [[France]].
* [[May 5]] - The Music Hall in [[New York City|New York]] (now known as [[Carnegie Hall]]) has its grand opening and first public performance, with maestro [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] as the guest conductor.
* [[May 11]] - [[Otsu Scandal]].
* [[May 15]] - [[Pope Leo XIII]] issues the encyclical "Rerum Novarum" resulting in the creation of many Christian Democrat Parties throughout Europe.
* [[May 20]] - First public display of [[Thomas Alva Edison|Thomas Alva Edison's]] prototype [[kinetoscope]] (shown at Edison's Laboratory for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs).
* [[June 16]] - [[John Joseph Caldwell Abbott|John Abbott]] becomes [[Canada]]'s third [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]].
* [[June 21]] - First long-distance transmission of [[alternating current]] by the Ames power plant near [[Telluride, Colorado]] by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
[[Image:Kinetoscope.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 20]]: [[Thomas Alva Edison|Edison's]] [[kinetoscope]].]]
===July - September===
[[Image:Tchaikovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 5]]: [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky|Tchaikovsky]] opens "[[Carnegie Hall|Carnegie]]"]]
* [[August 27]] - [[France]] and [[Russia]] conclude defensive alliance.
*[[September 14]] - The first [[penalty kick]] is awarded in a [[association football|football]] (soccer) match: John Heath scores it for [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]].
* [[September 28]] - The [[C.A. Peñarol]] is founded in Montevideo under the name of [[CURCC]] (Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club)
===October - December===
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* [[October 1]] - In [[California]], [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.
* [[October 27]] - An 8.0 [[earthquake]] strikes the village of Utsuzumi in rural [[Gifu Prefecture|Gifu]], [[Japan]], killing over 7,000 across the region and creating a 3-meter-tall surface fault that is still visible.
[[Image:Stanford University Quad Memorial Church.JPG|thumb|110px|right| [[October 1]] [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.]]
=== Undated ===
*Building of The [[Trans-Siberian Railroad]] begins (ends 1917).
*The Brahmin teacher and nationalist, [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], begins agitation for [[Home Rule Movement|Indian home Rule]].
*Civil War occurs in [[Chile]].
*Maria Skłodowska (later [[Marie Curie]]) enters [[Sorbonne University]].
*[[New Scotland Yard]] becomes the HQ of [[London Metropolitan Police]].
*[[Swiss Army Knife]] is developed.
*[[Eugène Dubois]] makes the first discovery of [[Homo erectus]] fossils in Dutch colony of [[Java (island)|Java]].
*[[Winter]] - [[James Naismith]] invents [[basketball]].
*The [[Tobacco Protest]] occurs in [[Iran]].
*Oba [[Ovonramwen]] seizes the throne of [[Benin]].
*[[Auckland University Students' Association]] is founded.
*[[Seattle University]] is established.
*[[Australian Labor Party]] is founded.
*[[Nikola Tesla]] invents the [[Tesla coil]].
*15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in [[England]] and [[Wales]]. Cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total English population.
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 24}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 1]] - [[Charles Bickford]], American actor (d. [[1967]])
* [[January 7]] - [[Zora Neale Hurston]], Harlem Renaissance writer (d. [[1960]])
* [[January 8]] - [[Walther Bothe]], German physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (d. [[1957]])
* [[January 22]] - [[Antonio Gramsci]], Italian Communist writer and politician (d. [[1937]])
* [[January 27]] - [[Ilya Ehrenburg]], Russian writer (d. [[1967]])
* [[February 9]] - [[Ronald Colman]], English actor (d. [[1958]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Jack Hearne (John William Hearne)|J.W. Hearne]], English cricketer (d. [[1965]])
* [[February 21]] - [[Sean Heuston]], Irish rebel (d. [[1916]])
* [[February 27]] - [[David Sarnoff]], Russian-born broadcasting pioneer (d. [[1971]])
* [[March 10]] - [[Sam Jaffe (actor)|Sam Jaffe]], American actor (d. [[1984]])
* [[March 19]] - [[Earl Warren]], [[Chief Justice of the United States]] (d. [[1974]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Yvan Goll]], French lyricist and dramatist (d. [[1950]])
* [[April 2]] - [[Max Ernst]], German painter (d. [[1976]])
* [[April 7]] - [[Ole Kirk Christiansen]], Founder of the Lego group (d. [[1958]])
* [[April 13]] - [[Nella Larsen]], American novelist (d. [[1964]])
* [[April 15]] - [[Wallace Reid]], American actor (d. [[1923]])
* [[April 17]] - [[George Adamski]], Polish-born UFO traveler (d. [[1965]])
* [[April 23]] - [[Sergei Prokofiev]], Soviet composer (d. [[1953]])
* [[May 7]] - [[Harry McShane]], Scottish socialist (d. [[1988]])
* [[May 15]]
**[[Mikhail Bulgakov]], Russian writer (d. [[1940]])
**[[Fritz Feigl]], Austrian-born chemist (d. [[1971]])
* [[May 16]] - [[Richard Tauber]], Austrian tenor (d. [[1948]])
* [[May 18]] - [[Rudolf Carnap]], German philosopher (d. [[1970]])
* [[May 19]] - [[Oswald Boelcke]], German World War I pilot (d. [[1916]])
* [[May 22]] - [[Eddie Edwards]], American jazz trombonist (d. [[1963]])
* [[May 23]] - [[Pär Lagerkvist]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
* [[May 24]] - [[William F. Albright]], American archeologist and Biblical scholar (d. [[1971]])
* [[June 9]] - [[Cole Porter]], American composer and songwriter (d. [[1964]])
* [[June 20]] - [[John A. Costello]], second [[President of Ireland]] (d. [[1976]])
* [[June 21]] - [[Hermann Scherchen]], German conductor (d. [[1966]])
* [[June 30]] - [[Man Mountain Dean]], American professional wrestler (d. [[1953]])
=== July - December === <!-- BIRTHS -->
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* [[July 5]] - [[John Howard Northrop]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1987]])
* [[August 2]] - [[Viktor Maksimovich Zhirmunsky]], Russian literary historian, linguist (d. [[1971]])
* [[August 21]] - [[Emiliano Mercado del Toro]], Puerto Rican, longest-lived war veteran ever and last verified person born in 1891 (d. [[2007]])
* [[September 3]] - [[Bessie Delany]], African American physician and author (d. [[1995]])
* [[September 12]] - [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], advocate of Puerto Rican independence (d. [[1965]])
* [[September 14]] - [[William F. Friedman]], American cryptographer (d. [[1969]])
* [[September 16]]
**<!--September 16-->[[Karl Dönitz]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[1980]])
**<!--September 16-->[[Stephanie von Hohenlohe]], Austrian-born German World War II spy (d. [[1972]])
**<!--September 16-->[[Julie Winnefred Bertrand]], Canadian supercentenarian (d. [[2007]])
* [[September 26]] - [[Charles Munch]], French conductor and violinist (d. [[1968]])
* [[September 28]] - [[Myrtle Gonzalez]], American film and stage actress (d. [[1918]])
* [[October 12]] - [[Fumimaro Konoe]], [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (d. [[1945]])
* [[October 20]] - [[James Chadwick]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
* [[October 24]] - [[Rafael Leónidas Trujillo]], dictator of the Dominican Republic (d. [[1961]])
* [[November 14]] - [[Frederick Banting]], Canadian physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1941]])
* [[November 15]]
**<!--November 15-->[[Vincent Astor]], American philanthropist (d. [[1959]])
**<!--November 15-->[[Erwin Rommel]], German field marshal (d. [[1944]])
* [[November 28]] - [[Gregorio Perfecto]], Filipino jurist & politician (d. [[1949]])
* [[December 9]] - [[Maksim Bahdanovič]], Belarusian poet (d. [[1917]])
* [[December 10]] - [[Nelly Sachs]], German writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1970]])
* [[December 26]] - [[Henry Miller]], American writer (d. [[1980]])
== Deaths ==
=== January - June ===
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* [[January 5]] - [[Emma Abbott]], American opera singer (b. [[1849]])
* [[January 16]] - [[Léo Delibes]], French composer (b. [[1836]])
* [[January 21]] - [[Calixa Lavallée]], Canadian composer (b. [[1842]])
* [[February 14]] - [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], American Civil War General (b. [[1820]])
* [[February 15]] - [[roy rene was born]], greateast commedean ever
[[March 15]]
**<!--March 15-->[[Théodore de Banville]], French writer (b. [[1823]])
**<!--March 15-->[[Joseph Bazalgette|Sir Joseph Bazalgette]], English civil engineer (b. [[1819]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Georges Seurat]], French painter (b. [[1859]])
*[[April 2]] - [[Ahmed Vefik Pasha]], Turkish statesman (b. [[1823]])
* [[April 7]] - [[Phineas Taylor Barnum|P. T. Barnum]], American showman (b. [[1810]])
* [[April 24]] - [[Helmuth von Moltke the Elder]], Prussian field marshal (b. [[1800]])
* [[April 25]] - [[Nathaniel Woodard]], educationalist (b. [[1811]])
* [[May 8]] - [[Helena Petrovna Blavatsky]], Russian-born author and theosophist (b. [[1831]])
=== July - December ===
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* [[July 4]] - [[Hannibal Hamlin]], [[Vice President of the United States]] (b. [[1809]])
* [[August 12]] - [[James Russell Lowell]], American poet and essayist (b. [[1819]])
* [[August 14]] - [[Sarah Childress Polk]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1803]])
*[[August 29]] - [[Pierre Lallement]], French inventor of the [[bicycle]] (b. [[1843]]?)
* [[September 7]] - [[Lorenzo Sawyer]], 9th Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of California]] (b. [[1820]])
* [[September 11]] - [[Antero de Quental]], Portuguese poet (b. [[1842]])
* [[September 15]] - [[Ivan Goncharov]], Russian author (b. [[1812]])
* [[September 28]] - [[Herman Melville]], American novelist (b. [[1819]])
* [[October 6]]
**[[Charles I of Württemberg]] (b. [[1823]])
**[[Charles Stewart Parnell]], Irish nationalist leader (b. [[1846]])
* [[October 15]] - [[Gilbert Arthur a Beckett]], English writer (b. [[1837]])
*[[October 23]] - [[Ambrosius of Optina]], Russian Orthodox saint (b. [[1812]])
* [[November 6]] - [[J. Gregory Smith]], Vermont governor (b. [[1818]])
* [[November 10]] - [[Arthur Rimbaud]], French poet (b. [[1854]])
* [[December 5]] - [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], Brazilian deposed emperor (b. [[1826]])
{{commonscat}}
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