1895
34679
225877267
2008-07-15T20:39:53Z
Mufka
2742610
Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/70.187.147.121|70.187.147.121]] ([[User talk:70.187.147.121|talk]]) to last version by Zorrobot
{{year nav|1895}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1895''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXCV]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Sunday]] of the 12-day-slower [[Julian calendar]]).
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==Events of 1895==
===January - March===
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[[Image:Degradation alfred dreyfus.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[January 5]]: [[Dreyfus Affair]].]]
[[Image:Shunpanrou interior.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[April 17]]: [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|Shimonoseki treaty]]: [[Qing Dynasty|Qing China]] renounces claim on [[Korea]].]]
[[Image:Flag of Formosa 1895.svg|thumb|150px|right| [[May 24]]: [[Republic of Formosa]].]]
* [[January 5]] - [[Dreyfus Affair]]: [[France|French]] officer [[Alfred Dreyfus]] is stripped of his army rank and sentenced to life imprisonment on [[Devil's Island]].
* [[January 21]] - [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|The National Trust]] is founded in Britain by [[Octavia Hill]], [[Robert Hunter (environmentalist)|Robert Hunter]] and [[Hardwicke Rawnsley|Canon Hardwicke Rawnsley]].
* [[February 9]] - Mintonette, which would come to be known as [[Volleyball]], is created by [[William G. Morgan]] at [[Holyoke, Massachusetts]].
* [[February 11]] - The lowest ever [[United Kingdom|UK]] temperature of -27.2°C (measured as -17°F) was recorded at [[Braemar]] in [[Aberdeenshire (traditional)|Aberdeenshire]]. This record was equalled in [[1982#January|1982]] and again in [[1995#December|1995]].
* [[February 14]] - First showing of [[Oscar Wilde]]'s last play [[The Importance of Being Earnest]] (St. James' Theatre in [[London]]).
* [[March 1]] - [[William L. Wilson]] is appointed [[United States Postmaster General]].
* [[March 3]] - In [[Munich]], [[bicycle|bicyclists]] have to pass a test and display [[license plate]]s.
*[[March 4]] - Japanese troops capture [[Liaoyang]] and land in [[Taiwan]].
===April - June===
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* [[April 6]] - [[Oscar Wilde]] is arrested after losing a [[libel]] case against the [[John Sholto Douglas, 9th Marquess of Queensberry|Marquess of Queensberry]].
* [[April 14]] - A major [[earthquake]] severely damages [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]].
* [[April 16]] - The town of [[Sturgeon Falls, Ontario]], is incorporated.
* [[April 17]] - The [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] (also known as Treaty of Maguan) is signed between [[China]] and [[Japan]]. This marks the end of the first [[Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)|Sino-Japanese War]], and the defeated [[Qing Empire]] is forced to renounce its claims on [[Korea]] and to concede the southern portion of the [[Fengtien]] [[Political divisions of China|province]], [[Taiwan]], and the [[Pescadores Islands]] to [[Japan]].
* [[April 22]] - [[Gongche Shangshu movement]] - 603 candidates signed a ten-thousand-word petition against the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].
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* [[May 2]] - [[Gongche Shangshu movement]] - Thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protested against [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]].
* [[May 24]] - Anti-Japanese officials led by [[Tang Ching-sung]] in [[Taiwan]] declare independence from the [[Qing Dynasty]], forming the short-lived [[Republic of Formosa]].
* [[May 25]] - [[Oscar Wilde]] is convicted of "[[sodomy]] and gross indecency" and is sentenced to serve two years in Reading (HM Prison)|prison]] at [[The Ballad of Reading Gaol|Reading]].
* [[May 27]] - The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] decides ''[[In re Debs]]'', ruling that the federal government had the right to regulate interstate commerce, legalizing the military suppression of the [[Pullman Strike]].
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* [[June 28]] - Union of [[Nicaragua]], [[Honduras]] and [[El Salvador]] begins (ends in [[1898]]).
===July - September===
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[[Image:CosmopolitanMagazineOctober1895.jpg|thumb|150px|right|October 1895 issue: ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|The Cosmopolitan]]'', illustrated.]]
[[Image:Train wreck at Montparnasse 1895.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[October 22]]: [[Montparnasse]].]]
* Night of [[July 10]]/[[July 11|11]] - [[Doukhobor]]s' Pacifist protests culminate in the "Burning of the Arms" in their villages in [[South Caucasus]].
* [[July 15]] - [[Archie MacLaren]] scores [[County Championship]] [[cricket]] record innings of 424 for Lancashire against Somerset at Taunton.
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* [[August 19]] - [[American frontier]] murderer and outlaw [[John Wesley Hardin]] is killed by an off-duty policeman in a [[bar (establishment)|saloon]] in [[El Paso, Texas]].
* [[August 29]] - The sport of [[rugby league]] is formed at a meeting in the George Hotel, [[Huddersfield]], [[England]].
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* [[September 3]] - The first professional [[American football]] game is played, in [[Latrobe, Pennsylvania]], between the Latrobe [[YMCA]] and the Jeannette Athletic Club. (Latrobe wins 12-0).
* [[September 18]] - [[Booker T. Washington]] delivers the Atlanta Compromise Speech.
===October - December===
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* October - [[Rudyard Kipling]] publishes the story "[[Mowgli]] Leaves the Jungle Forever" in ''[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|The Cosmopolitan]]'' illustrated magazine (price 10 cents).
* [[October 1]] - French troops capture [[Antananarivo]] in [[Madagascar]].
* [[October 22]] - Train wreck at [[Montparnasse]] Station in [[Paris]].
* [[October 31]] - Major [[earthquake]] occurs in the [[New Madrid Seismic Zone]], the last to date.
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* [[November 5]] - [[George B. Selden]] is granted the first U.S. [[patent]] for an [[automobile]].
* [[November 8]] - [[Wilhelm Röntgen]] discovers a type of [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]] later known as [[X-ray]]s.
*[[November 25]] - [[Oscar Hammerstein]] opens the Olympia Theatre, the first theatre to be built in [[New York City|NYC]]'s [[Times Square]] district.
* [[November 27]] - At the Swedish-Norwegian Club in [[Paris]], [[Alfred Nobel]] signs his [[last will and testament]], setting aside his estate to establish the [[Nobel Prize]] after his death.
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* December - 3,000 [[Armenians]] are burned alive in [[Urfa]] by the Ottoman troops.
*[[December 7]] - A corps of 2,500 Italian troops, mostly [[Ascari]], are crushed by 30,000 Abyssian troops at [[Amba Alagi]].
* [[December 24]] - [[George Washington Vanderbilt II]] officially opens "[[Biltmore House]]" estate on Christmas Eve inviting his family to celebrate his new home in [[Asheville]], NC.
* [[December 28]] - [[Auguste Lumière|Auguste]] and [[Louis Lumière]] display their first moving picture film in Paris.
===Undated===
* The [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]] is founded in [[London]], [[England]].
* [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]] proposes a [[space elevator]].
* [[Grace Chisholm Young]] becomes the first woman awarded a doctorate at a German university.
* [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] becomes the first [[African American]] to receive a Ph.D. from [[Harvard University]].
* [[Duck Reach Power Station, Tasmania]], opens.
* The first [[Boxer (dog)]] show is held at [[Munich]], [[Germany]].
* Huge crowd at the [[Welsh National|Welsh Grand National]] at [[Ely Racecourse]], [[Cardiff]], almost overwhelms police trying to keep out gatecrashers.
* The gold reserve of the [[U.S. Treasury]] is saved when [[J. P. Morgan]] and the [[Rothschilds]] loan $65 million worth of gold to the [[United States government]].
* Completion of the [[Biltmore Estate]] near [[Asheville, North Carolina]].
* [[Swarovski]] company opens.
* [[Coup]] in [[Guayaquil]] starts 20 years of ultra-liberist government in [[Ecuador]].{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
*Foundation of:
**[[Dundela FC]] ([[Belfast]], [[Ireland]])
**[[Shelbourne F.C.]] ([[Dublin]], Ireland)
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 28}}
===January - June===
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* [[January 1]]
**[[J. Edgar Hoover]], American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. [[1972]])
*[[January 15]] - [[Artturi Ilmari Virtanen]], Finnish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]])
* [[January 21]] - [[Cristobal Balenciaga]], Spanish-French couturier (d. [[1972]])
* [[January 23]] - [[Raymond Griffith]], American actor (d. [[1957]])
* [[January 24]] - [[Eugen Roth]], German writer (d. [[1976]])
* [[January 30]] - [[Wilhelm Gustloff]], German-born Swiss Nazi party leader (d. [[1936]])
* [[February 1]] - [[John Ford]], American film director (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 2]] - [[George Halas]], American football player, coach, and co-founder of the National Football League (d. [[1983]])
* [[February 6]] - [[Babe Ruth]], American baseball player (d. [[1948]])
* [[February 14]] - [[Max Horkheimer]], German philosopher and sociologist (d. [[1973]])
* [[February 15]] - [[Earl Thomson]], Canadian athlete (d. [[1971]])
* [[February 21]] - [[Carl Peter Henrik Dam]], Danish biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1976]])
* [[February 25]] - [[Lew Andreas]], American basketball coach (d. [[1984]])
* [[March 3]]
**[[Ragnar Anton Kittil Frisch]], Norwegian economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]])
**[[Matthew Ridgway]], Commander of NATO, United States Army Chief of Staff (d. [[1993]])
* [[March 4]]
**[[Shemp Howard]], American actor and comedian (d. [[1955]])
**[[Milt Gross]], American comic book illustrator and animator (d. [[1953]])
* [[March 12]] - [[William C. Lee]], U.S. general (d. [[1948]])
* [[March 20]] - [[Robert Benoist]], French race car driver and war hero (d. [[1944]])
* [[March 23]] - [[Encarnacion Alzona]], Filipino historian (d. [[2001]])
* [[March 28]] - [[Spencer W. Kimball]], president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. [[1985]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Ernst Jünger]], German author (d. [[1998]])
* [[April 1]] - [[Alberta Hunter]], American singer (d. [[1984]])
* [[April 3]] - [[Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco]], Italian composer (d. [[1968]])
* [[April 9]] - [[Mance Lipscomb]], American singer (d. [[1976]])
*[[April 15]]
**<!--April 15-->[[Corrado Alvaro]], Italian writer a journalist (d. [[1968]])
**<!--April 15-->[[Clark McConachy]], New Zealand snooker and billiards player (d. [[1980]])
* [[April 20]] - [[Emile Christian]], American musician (d. [[1973]])
* [[April 29]] - [[Malcolm Sargent]], English conductor (d. [[1967]])
* [[May 6]] - [[Rudolph Valentino]], Italian actor (d. [[1926]])
* [[May 8]] - [[Fulton J. Sheen]], American Catholic archbishop and television personality (d. [[1979]])
* [[May 25]] - [[Dorothea Lange]], American documentary photographer and photojournalist (d. [[1965]])
* [[June 24]] - [[Jack Dempsey]], American heavyweight boxer (d .[[1983]])
===July - December=== <!-- BIRTHS -->
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*[[July 2]] - [[Pavel Osipovich Sukhoi]], Russian aircraft engineer (d. [[1975]])
* [[July 8]] - [[Igor Tamm]], Russian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1971]])
* [[July 10]] - [[Carl Orff]], German composer (d. [[1982]])
* [[July 12]]
**<!--July 12-->[[Kirstin Flagstad]], Norwegian soprano (d. [[1982]])
**<!--July 12-->[[Buckminster Fuller]], American architect (d. [[1983]])
* [[July 14]] - [[F.R. Leavis]], British literary critic (d. [[1978]])
* [[July 19]] - [[Xu Beihong]], Chinese painter (d. [[1953]])
* [[July 24]] - [[Robert Graves]], English writer (d. [[1985]])
* [[July 25]] - [[Yvonne Printemps]], French singer and actress (d. [[1977]])
* [[July 26]] - [[Gracie Allen]], American actress and comedian (d. [[1964]])
* [[August 16]] - [[Liane Haid]], Austrian actress (d. [[2000]])
* [[August 18]] - [[Sibyl Morrison]], Australian barrister (d. [[1961]])
*[[August 24]] - [[Tuanku Abdul Rahman]], King of Malaysia (d. [[1960]])
* [[September 1]] - [[Chembai]], Indian Carnatic musician (d. [[1974]])
* [[September 7]] - Sir [[Brian Horrocks]], British general (d. [[1985]])
* [[September 11]] - [[Vinoba Bhave]], Indian religious leader (d. [[1982]])
* [[September 24]] - [[André Frédéric Cournand]], French-born physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1988]])
* [[September 29]] - [[Joseph Banks Rhine]], American parapsychologist (d. [[1980]])
*[[October 3]]
**<!--October 3-->[[Giovanni Comisso]], Italian writer (d. [[1969]])
**<!--October 3-->[[Sergei Aleksandrovich Yesenin]], Russian lyric poet (d. [[1925]])
* [[October 4]] - [[Buster Keaton]], American actor and film director (d. [[1966]])
* [[October 6]] - [[Caroline Gordon]], American writer and critic (d. [[1981]])
* [[October 8]] - [[Juan Domingo Perón]], President of Argentina (d. [[1974]])
**King [[Zog of Albania]] (d. [[1961]])
* [[October 13]]
**<!--October 13-->[[Cemal Gürsel]], Turkish army officer and President (d. [[1966]])
**<!--October 13-->[[Mike Gazella]], American baseball player (d. [[1978]])
* [[October 14]] - [[Silas Simmons]], Pre-Negro League Baseball Player, longest-lived professional Baseball player (d.[[2006]])
* [[October 19]] - [[Lewis Mumford]], American historian (d. [[1990]])
* [[October 21]] - [[Edna Purviance]], American actress (d. [[1958]])
* [[October 22]] - [[Rolf Nevanlinna]], Finnish mathematician (d. [[1980]])
* [[October 25]] - [[Levi Eshkol]], Israeli Prime Minister (d. [[1969]])
* [[October 30]]
**<!--October 30-->[[Gerhard Domagk]], German bacteriologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (declined) (d. [[1964]])
**<!--October 30-->[[Dickinson W. Richards]], American physician, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1973]])
* [[October 31]] - [[Basil Liddell Hart]], British military historian (d. [[1970]])
*[[November 5]] - [[Walter Gieseking]], German pianist (d. [[1956]])
*[[November 10]] - [[John Knudsen Northrop]], American airplane manufacturer (d. [[1981]])
*[[November 14]] - [[Walter Freeman]], American physician (d. [[1972]])
*[[November 15]]
**[[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia]], (d.[[1918]])
**[[Antoni Slonimski|Antoni Słonimski]], Polish poet and writer (d. [[1976]])
*[[November 16]] - [[Paul Hindemith]], German composer (d. [[1963]])
*[[November 17]] - [[Mikhail Bakhtin]], Russian philosopher and literary scholar (d. [[1975]])
*[[November 25]]
**[[Wilhelm Kempff]], German pianist (d. [[1991]])
**[[Helen Hooven Santmyer]], American writer (d. [[1986]])
*[[November 29]] - [[Busby Berkeley]], American film director and choreographer (d. [[1976]])
*[[December 2]] - [[Harriet Cohen]], English pianist (d. [[1967]])
*[[December 14]]
**[[Paul Eluard]], French poet (d. [[1952]])
**King [[George VI of the United Kingdom]] (d. [[1952]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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* [[January 9]] - [[Aaron Lufkin Dennison]], American watchmaker (b. [[1812]])
* [[January 10]] - [[Benjamin Godard]], French composer (b. [[1849]])
* [[January 24]] - [[Lord Randolph Churchill]], British statesman (b. [[1849]])
* [[February 2]] - [[Archduke Albert (1817-1895)|Archduke Albert]], Austrian general (b. [[1817]])
* [[February 20]] - [[Frederick Douglass]], American ex-slave and author (b. [[1818]])
*[[February 25]] - [[Henry Bruce, 1st Baron Aberdare]], politician (b. [[1815]])
*[[February 26]] - [[Salvador de Itúrbide y de Marzán]], Prince of Mexico (b. [[1849]])
* [[March 2]] - [[Berthe Morisot]], French painter (b. [[1841]])
* [[March 10]] - [[Charles Frederick Worth]], English-born couturier (b. [[1826]])
*[[April 4]] - [[Nikolai Baranov]], Russian politician (b.[[1843]])
* [[May 19]] - [[José Martí]], Cuban independence leader (b. [[1853]])
* [[May 21]] - [[Franz von Suppé]], Austrian composer (b. [[1819]])
*[[May 26]] - [[Ahmet Cevdet Pasha]], Ottoman statesman (b. [[1822]])
*[[June 6]] - [[Gustaf Nordenskiöld]], Swedish explorer (b. [[1868]])
*[[June 29]]
**<!--June 29-->[[Thomas Henry Huxley]], English biologist (b. [[1825]])
**<!--June 29-->[[Green Clay Smith]], American politician (b. [[1826]]).
**<!--June 29-->[[Floriano Vieira Peixoto]], 2nd president of [[Brazil]] (b. [[1839]])
===July - December===
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* [[July 28]] - [[Edward Beecher]], American theologian (b. [[1803]])
* [[August 4]] - [[Louis-Antoine Dessaulles]], Quebec journalist and politician (b. [[1818]])
* [[August 5]] - [[Friedrich Engels]], German socialist philosopher (b. [[1820]])
* [[August 22]] - [[Luzon B. Morris]], American politician (b. [[1827]])
* [[September 28]] - [[Louis Pasteur]], French microbiologist and chemist (b. [[1822]])
* [[October 8]] - [[Empress Myeongseong of Korea|Empress Myeongseong]] (Queen Min), last Korean empress (b. [[1851]])
* [[October 25]] - [[Charles Hallé]], German-born pianist and conductor (b. [[1819]])
*[[November 5]] - [[Prince Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa]] of Japan (b. [[1847]])
*[[November 23]] - [[Mauritz de Haas]], marine painter (b. [[1832]])
* [[November 27]] - [[Alexandre Dumas, fils]], French author and playwright (b. [[1824]])
* [[December 13]] - [[Anyos Jedlik]], Hungarian physicist, inventor of the Dynamo (b. [[1800]])
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