1899
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224119953
2008-07-07T12:01:11Z
Blofeld of SPECTRE
1616157
/* April - June */ *[[April 16]] - [[Osman Achmatowicz]], Polish chemist (d. [[1988]])
{{year nav|1899}}
{{C19YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1899''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXCIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Sunday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Friday]] <ref>
"Calendar in year 1899 (Russia)" (Julian calendar, starting Tuesday), webpage:
[http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=1899&country=20 Julian-1899]
(Russia used the Julian calendar until [[1919]]).
</ref>
of the 12-day-slower [[Julian calendar]]).
__TOC__
Although this year is often held to be the last of the nineteenth century, [[1900]] is technically the last year according to the "traditional" reckoning.
== Events of 1899 ==
=== January - March ===
[[Image:Cu-map.png|thumb|160px|right| [[January 1]]: [[Cuba]] [[Independence|free]].]]
* [[January 1]]
**<!--January 1-->End of [[Spain|Spanish]] rule in [[Cuba]].
**<!--January 1-->[[Queens]] and [[Staten Island, New York|Staten Island]] merge with [[New York City]].
* [[January 6]] - [[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] becomes [[Viceroy of India]].
* [[January 10]] - [[Tau Kappa Epsilon]] fraternity is founded at [[Illinois Wesleyan University]] in [[Bloomington, Illinois]].
* [[January 17]] - [[United States]] takes possession of [[Wake Island]].
* [[January 19]] - [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] is formed.
* [[January 20]] - [[South University]] is founded.
* [[January 21]] - [[Opel]] Motors opens for business.
[[Image:OpelLutzmann.jpg|thumb|170px|right| [[January 21]]: [[Opel]] [[car]].]]
* [[January 22]] - The leaders of six [[Australia]]n colonies meet in [[Melbourne]] to discuss the confederation of [[Australia]] as a whole.
* [[February 2]] - The [[Australia]]n Premiers' Conference held in [[Melbourne]] agrees Australia's capital ([[Canberra]]) should be located between [[Sydney]] and Melbourne.
* [[February 4]] - [[Philippine-American War]] begins as hostilities break out in Manila.
* [[February 6]] - [[Spanish-American War]]: A peace treaty between the [[United States]] and [[Spain]] is ratified by the [[United States Senate]].
* [[February 12]]-[[February 14|14]] - [[Great Blizzard of 1899]]: Freezing temperatures and [[snow]] extend well south into North America, including southern [[Florida]]. It is the latest in a series of disasters to Florida's [[citrus]] industry.
[[Image:Blizzard.jpg|thumb|170px|right| February - [[Great Blizzard of 1899]].]]
* [[February 14]] - [[Voting machine]]s are approved by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] for use in federal [[election]]s.
* [[February 16]] - [[Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur]] established - the first football club in Iceland.
* [[March 1]] - In [[1899 in Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] Capt. [[George Roos-Keppel]] makes a sudden attack on a predatory band of [[Chamkannis]] that have been raiding in the Kurram Valley and captures 100 prisoners with 3,000 head of cattle.
* [[March 2]] - In [[Washington]] State, USA, [[Mount Rainier National Park]] is established.
* [[March 4]] - [[Cyclone Mahina]] sweeps in north of [[Cooktown]], [[Queensland]]. A 12 m wave reaches up to 5 km inland leaving over 400 dead.
* [[March 6]]
**<!--March 6-->[[Felix Hoffmann]] patents [[Aspirin]].
**<!--March 6-->[[Bayer]] registers [[aspirin]] as a trademark.
[[Image:Aspirin-skeletal.svg|right |thumb|125px|[[March 6]]: Aspirin.]]<!-- to appear needs size 125px-->
* [[March 8]] - Frankfurter Fußball-Club Victoria von 1899, prequel for [[Eintracht Frankfurt]], is founded.
* [[March 20]] - At [[Sing Sing (prison)|Sing Sing]], [[Martha M. Place]] becomes the first woman executed in an [[electric chair]].
* [[March 24]] - [[George Dewey]] made [[Admiral of the Navy (United States)|Admiral of the Navy]].
=== April - June ===
* [[June 12]] - A [[New Richmond Tornado|tornado]] completely destroys the town of [[New Richmond, Wisconsin]], killing 117 and injuring more than 200.
* [[June 22]] – [[June 27]] - The highest ever recorded individual [[cricket]] score, 628 not out, is made by [[A. E. J. Collins]].
* [[June 25]] - Three [[Denver, Colorado]] newspapers publish a story that the Chinese government under the [[Guangxu Emperor]] is going to demolish the [[Great Wall of China]] - later proved to be a fabrication.
* [[June 27]] - The [[paperclip]] is patented by [[Johan Vaaler]], a Norwegian inventor.<ref>[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blpaperclip.htm Inventors: Paperclip]</ref>
* [[June 30]] - [[Mile-a-Minute Murphy]] earns his famous nickname this day after he becomes the first man to ride a bicycle for one mile in under a minute on [[Long Island]].
=== July - September ===
* [[July 17]]
**<!--July 17-->America's first [[juvenile court]] is established in [[Chicago]].
**<!--July 17-->[[NEC Corporation]] is organized as the first [[Japan]]ese joint venture with foreign capital.
**<!--July 17-->The [[France|French]] [[Henri Bretonnet|Bretonnet]]-[[Solomon Braun|Braun]] mission is destroyed in the [[battle of Togbao]], in [[Chad]], by the warlord [[Rabih az-Zubayr]].
* [[July 19]] - [[The Newsboys Strike]] takes place when the Newsies of [[New York]], USA, go on strike (strike lasts until August 2).
* [[July 29]] - The First Peace Conference ends with the signing of the [[Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)|Hague Convention]].
* [[August 3]] - [[The John Marshall Law School]] is founded in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]].
* [[August 17]] - A [[1899 Hurricane San Ciriaco|hurricane]] makes landfall in [[North Carolina]]'s [[Outer Banks]], completely destroying the town of [[Diamond City]].
* [[August 28]] - At least 512 killed when a debris hill from the [[Sumitomo]] [[Besshi copper mine]] at [[Niihama]], [[Shikoku]], [[Japan]], collapses after heavy rain. 122 houses, a smelting factory, hospital and many other facilities are destroyed.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}
*[[September 13]] - [[Halford Mackinder|Mackinder]], Ollier and Brocherel make the first ascent of Batian (5,199m - 17,058 ft), the highest peak of [[Mount Kenya]].
* [[September 19]] - [[Alfred Dreyfus]] is pardoned.
[[Image:Afrikaner commandos.JPG|thumb|140px|Boer [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]s during the Second Boer War]]
=== October - December ===
* [[October 11]] - [[Second Boer War]] begins: In [[South Africa]], a war between the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Boers]] of the [[Transvaal]] and [[Orange Free State]] erupts.
* [[October 30]] - [[Augusta, KY]] Augusta High School Building is completed. [[Augusta Methodist College]] shuts down.
*[[November 4]] - [[Alpha Sigma Tau]] Sorority is founded in [[Ypsilanti]], [[Michigan]].
*[[November 8]] - The [[Bronx Zoo]] opens.
* [[November 29]] - [[F.C. Barcelona]] is founded.
* [[December 2]] -
** [[Philippine-American War]]: The [[Battle of Tirad Pass]], termed "The Filipino Thermopylae", is fought; General [[Gregorio del Pilar]] and his troops are able to guard the retreat of Philippine President [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] before being wiped out.
** During the [[new moon]] on December 2-3, 1899, a near-grand [[conjunction (astronomy and astrology)|conjunction]] of the [[naked-eye planet|classical planets]] and several [[binoculars|binocular]] [[Solar System]] bodies occurred. The [[Sun]], [[Moon]], [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]], [[Mars]] and [[Saturn]] were all within 15° of each other, with [[Venus]] 5° ahead of this conjunction and [[Jupiter]] 15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction were [[Uranus]] (technically visible unaided in [[air pollution|pollution]]-free skies), [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]] and [[2 Pallas|Pallas]].
* [[December 16]]
**<!--December 16-->[[A.C. Milan]] is founded.
**<!--December 16-->[[Augusta, KY]] Augusta High School burns down due to a heating plant failure.
* [[December 26]] - [[Battle of Mafeking]] begins.
* [[December 31]] - A large standing stone at [[Stonehenge]] falls over, the the most recent time this has happened.
===Undated===
* [[David Hilbert]] creates the modern concept of [[geometry]] with the publication of his book ''Grundlagen der geometrie''.
* [[International Council of Nurses]] is founded.
* The significance of Chinese [[oracle bone]]s is discovered.
* The [[North Carolina General Assembly]] incorporates the town of [[Manteo, North Carolina|Manteo]], which was originally laid out as the [[Dare County, North Carolina|Dare]] county seat in [[1870]].
* Gold discovered in [[Nome, Alaska]].
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji period|Meiji]] 32}}
===January - March===
*[[January 1]] - [[Jack Beresford]], British Olympic rower (d.[[1977]])
*[[January 6]] - [[Heinrich Nordhoff]], German automotive engineer (d. [[1968]])
*[[January 7]] - [[Francis Poulenc]], French composer (d. [[1963]])
*[[January 11]] - [[Eva LeGallienne]], English actress (d. [[1991]])
*[[January 12]] - [[Paul Hermann Muller|Paul Hermann Müller]], Swiss chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1965]])
*[[January 14]] - [[Carlos Romulo]], Filipino diplomat (d. [[1985]])
*[[January 15]] - [[Goodman Ace]], American actor, comedian, and writer (d. [[1982]])
*[[January 17]]
**[[Al Capone]], American gangster (d. [[1947]])
**[[Nevil Shute]], English author (d. [[1960]])
*[[January 20]] - [[Kenjiro Takayanagi]], Japanese television development pioneer (d. [[1990]])
*[[January 21]] - [[John Bodkin Adams|Dr John Bodkin Adams]], suspected British serial killer (d. [[1983]])
*[[January 30]] - [[Max Theiler]], South African virologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1972]])
*[[February 3]]
**<!--February 3-->[[Doris Speed]], British actress (d. [[1994]])
**<!--February 3-->[[Lao She]], Chinese author (d. [[1966]])
*[[February 6]] - [[Ramón Novarro]], Mexican actor (d. [[1968]])
*[[February 7]] - [[Earl Whitehill]], American baseball player (d. [[1954]])
*[[February 15]]
**<!--February 15-->[[Georges Auric]], French composer (d. [[1983]])
**<!--February 15-->[[Gale Sondergaard]], American actress (d. [[1985]])
*[[February 17]] - [[Leo Najo]], American baseball player (d. [[1978]])
*[[February 22]]
**<!--February 22-->[[George O'Hara (actor)|George O'Hara]], American actor (d. [[1966]])
**<!--February 22-->[[Dechko Uzunov]], Bulgarian painter (d. [[1986]])
**<!--February 22-->[[Ian Clunies Ross]], Australian scientist (d. [[1959]])
*[[February 23]] - [[Erich Kästner]], German writer (d. [[1974]])
*[[February 26]]
**<!--February 26-->[[Alec Campbell]], Australian WWI soldier, last Australian Gallipoli veteran (d. [[2002]])
**<!--February 26-->[[Max Petitpierre]], member of the Swiss Federal Council (d. [[1994]])
*[[February 27]] - [[Charles Best]], Canadian medical scientist (d. [[1978]])
* [[March 11]] - King [[Frederick IX of Denmark]] (d. [[1972]])
* [[March 13]] - [[John Hasbrouck van Vleck]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1980]])
* [[March 18]] - [[Jean Goldkette]], French-born musician (d. [[1962]])
* [[March 24]] - [[Dorothy C. Stratton]], American director of the SPARS during World War II (d. [[2006]])
*[[March 27]] - [[Gloria Swanson]], American actress (d. [[1983]])
* [[March 28]] - [[Harold B. Lee]], eleventh president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. [[1973]])
* [[March 29]] - [[Lavrenty Beria]], Soviet official (d. [[1953]])
===April - June===
*[[April 1]] - [[Gustavs Celmins]], Latvian fascist leader (d. [[1968]])
*[[April 7]] - [[Robert Casadesus]], French pianist (d. [[1972]])
*[[April 16]] - [[Osman Achmatowicz]], Polish chemist (d. [[1988]])
*[[April 21]] - [[Percy Lavon Julian]], American scientist (d. [[1975]])
*[[April 22]] - [[Vladimir Nabokov]], Russian-born writer (d. [[1977]])
*[[April 23]] - [[Bertil Ohlin]], Swedish economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1979]])
*[[April 24]] - [[Oscar Zariski]], Russian mathematician (d. [[1986]])
*[[April 27]] - [[Walter Lantz]], American animator (d. [[1994]])
*[[April 29]] - [[Duke Ellington]], American jazz musician, bandleader (d. [[1974]])
*[[May 8]] - [[Friedrich Hayek]], Austrian economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1992]])
*[[May 10]]
**<!--May 10-->[[Fred Astaire]], American singer, dancer, and actor (d. [[1987]])
**<!--May 10-->[[Dimitri Tiomkin]], Ukrainian-born composer (d. [[1979]])
*[[May 12]] - [[Indra Devi]], Baltic-born yogi and actress (d. [[2002]])
*[[May 15]] - [[Jean-Etienne Valluy]], French general (d. [[1970]])
*[[May 24]] - [[Suzanne Lenglen]], French tennis player (d. [[1938]])
*[[June 1]] - [[Edward Charles Titchmarsh]], British mathematician (d. [[1963]])
*[[June 2]] - [[Lotte Reiniger]], German-born silhouette animator (d. [[1981]])
*[[June 3]] - [[Georg von Békésy]], Hungarian biophysicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1972]])
*[[June 12]] - [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1986]])
*[[June 13]] - [[Carlos Chávez]], Mexican composer (d. [[1978]])
*[[June 14]] - [[Yasunari Kawabata]], Japanese writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1972]])
*[[June 26]] - [[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia]], (d, [[1918]])
*[[June 27]] - [[Juan Trippe]], American airline entrepreneur and pioneer (d. [[1981]])
*[[June 30]] - [[Harry Shields]], American jazz clarinettist (d. [[1971]])
===July - September===
* [[July 5]] - [[Marcel Achard]], French play and scriptwriter (d. [[1974]])
* [[July 7]] - [[George Cukor]], American film director (d. [[1983]])
* [[July 10]] - [[John Gilbert (actor)|John Gilbert]], American actor (d. [[1936]])
* [[July 11]] - [[E. B. White]], American writer (d. [[1985]])
* [[July 15]] - [[Seán Lemass]], Taoiseach of Ireland (d. [[1971]])
* [[July 17]] - [[James Cagney]], American actor (d. [[1986]])
* [[July 21]]
**<!--July 21-->[[Hart Crane]], American poet (d. [[1932]])
**<!--July 21-->[[Ernest Hemingway]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1961]])
* [[July 22]] - King [[Sobhuza II of Swaziland]] (d. [[1982]])
* [[July 29]] - [[Walter Beall]], American baseball player (d. [[1959]])
* [[August 4]] - [[Ezra Taft Benson]], thirteenth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (d. [[1994]])
* [[August 13]] - [[Alfred Hitchcock]], British film director (d. [[1980]])
* [[August 24]]
**<!--August 24-->[[Jorge Luis Borges]], Argentine writer (d. [[1986]])
**<!--August 24-->[[Albert Claude]], Belgian biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1983]])
* [[August 29]] -
**<!--August 29-->[[Lyman Lemnitzer]], American general (d. [[1988]])
**<!--August 29-->[[Rufino Tamayo]], Mexican painter (d. [[1991]])
**[[August 30]] - [[Ray Arcel]], American boxing trainer (d.[[1994]])
* [[September 1]] - [[Andrei Platonovich Klimentov]], Russian-born Soviet writer (d. [[1951]])
* [[September 3]] - [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], Australian biologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1985]])
* [[September 9]]
**<!--September 9-->[[Brassaï]], French photographer (d. [[1984]])
**<!--September 9-->[[Waite Hoyt]], American baseball player (d. [[1984]])
* [[September 13]] - [[Corneliu Zelea Codreanu]], Romanian fascist politician, leader of the Iron Guard (d. [[1938]])
* [[September 21]] - [[Frederick Coutts]], 8th General of The Salvation Army (d. [[1986]])
* [[September 17]] - [[Harold Bennett]], British actor (d. [[1981]])
===October - December===
* [[October 1]] - [[Ernest Haycox]], American writer (d. [[1950]])
* [[October 3]] - [[Gertrude Berg]], American actress (d. [[1966]])
* [[October 5]] - [[Georg, Duke of Mecklenburg]], head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (d. [[1962]])
* [[October 19]] - [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]], Guatemalan writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
* [[October 20]] - [[Evelyn Brent]], American actress (d. [[1975]])
* [[November 15]]
**<!--November 15-->[[Avdy Andresson]], Estonian Minister of War in Exile (d. [[1990]])
**<!--November 15-->[[Iskander Mirza]], first President of Pakistan (d. [[1969]])
* [[November 17]] - [[Douglas Shearer]], American film sound engineer (d. [[1971]])
* [[November 18]] - [[Eugene Ormandy]], Hungarian conductor (d. [[1985]])
* [[November 21]] - [[Jobyna Ralston]], American actress (d. [[1967]])
* [[December 2]]
**<!--December 15-->[[John Barbirolli]], English conductor (d. [[1970]])
**<!--December 15-->[[Ray Morehart]], American baseball player (d. [[1989]])
* [[December 3]] - [[Hayato Ikeda]], Prime Minister of Japan (d. [[1965]])
* [[December 9]] - [[Jean de Brunhoff]], French writer (d. [[1937]])
* [[December 15]] - [[Harold Abrahams]], British athlete (d. [[1978]])
* [[December 16]] - [[Noel Coward]], English actor, playwright, and composer (d. [[1973]])
* [[December 18]] - [[Peter Wessel Zapffe]], Norwegian author and philosopher (d. [[1990]])
* [[December 25]] - [[Humphrey Bogart]], American actor (d. [[1957]])
* [[December 28]] - [[Eugeniusz Bodo]], Polish actor (d. [[1943]])
* [[December 29]] - [[Nie Rongzhen]], Chinese Communist military leader (d. [[1992]])
*''date unknown'' - [[Friedrich Panse]], German psychiatrist (d. [[1973]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
* [[January 16]] - [[Emilio Castelar y Ripoll]], President of the First Spanish Republic (b. [[1832]])
* [[January 23]] - [[Romualdo Pacheco]], Governor of California (b. [[1831]])
* [[February 6]]
** [[Leo von Caprivi]], Chancellor of Germany (b. [[1831]])
** Prince [[Prince Alfred of Edinburgh|Alfred of Edinburgh and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]] (b. [[1874]])
* [[February 16]] - [[Félix Faure]], President of France (b. [[1841]])
* [[February 25]] - [[Paul Julius Reuter]], German-born news agency founder (b. [[1816]])
* [[March 3]] - [[William P. Sprague]], American politician from Ohio (b. [[1827]])
* [[March 6]] - [[Princess Kaiulani]] of Hawaii, Last monarch of Hawaii (b. [[1875]])
* [[April 5]] - [[T. E. Ellis]], Welsh politician (b. [[1859]])
* [[April 7]] - [[Pieter Rijke]], Dutch physicist (b. [[1812]])
* [[April 16]] - [[Emilio Jacinto]], Filipino poet and revolutionary (b. [[1875]])
* [[May 24]] - [[William Brett, 1st Viscount Esher]], British law lord (b. [[1817]])
* [[June 3]] - [[Johann Strauss II|Johann Strauss, Jr.]], Austrian composer (b. [[1825]])
* [[June 4]] - [[Eugenio Beltrami]], Italian mathematician (b. [[1835]])
* [[June 10]] - [[Ernest Chausson]], French composer (b. [[1855]])
===July - December===
*[[July 18]] - [[Horatio Alger, Jr.]], American writer (b. [[1832]])
*[[July 21]] - [[Robert G. Ingersoll]], American politician (b. [[1833]])
*[[July 27]] - [[Tassilo von Heydebrand und der Lasa]], German chess-master (b. [[1818]])
*[[August 16]] - [[Robert Wilhelm Bunsen]], German chemist (b. [[1811]])
*[[September 12]] - [[Cornelius Vanderbilt II]], American railway magnate (b. [[1843]])
*[[September 17]] - [[Charles Alfred Pillsbury]], American industrialist (b. [[1842]])
*[[October 2]] - [[Percy Pilcher]], British aviation pioneer & glider pilot, (b. [[1866]])
*[[October 30]] - [[William Henry Webb]], American industrialist and philanthropist (b. [[1816]])
*[[November 16]]
**<!--November 16-->[[Vincas Kudirka]], Lithuanian doctor, poet, and national hero (b. [[1858]])
**<!--November 16-->[[Julius Hermann Moritz Busch]], German publicist (b. [[1821]])
*[[November 21]] - [[Garret A. Hobart]], Vice President of the United States (b. [[1844]])
*[[November 23]] - [[Thomas Henry Ismay]], British owner of the White Star Line (b. [[1837]])
*[[November 24]] - [[Abdallahi ibn Muhammad]], Sudanese political and religious leader (killed in battle) (b. [[1846]])
*[[December 2]] - [[Gregorio del Pilar]], Filipino general (killed in battle) (b. [[1875]])
*[[December 10]] - King [[Ngwane V of Swaziland]] (b. [[1876]])
*[[December 22]] - [[Dwight L. Moody]], American evangelist (b. [[1837]])
{{commonscat}}
==Notes==
<references/>
<br>
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