1918
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225512853
2008-07-14T02:15:21Z
SmackBot
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Date the maintenance tags or general fixes
{{year nav|1918}}
{{C20YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1918''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCMXVIII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (link will display the full calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]] (or a [[common year starting on Monday]]<ref><!--
--> "Calendar in year 1918 ([[Russia]])" (Julian calendar, starting Tuesday), webpage: <!--
--> [http://www.timeanddate.com/calendar/index.html?year=1918&country=19 Julian-1918]<!--
--> (Romania used Julian in 1919, when Russia adopted Gregorian).
</ref>
of the 13-day-slower [[Julian calendar]]).
<!-- 13-day span=Mon-Sun,Tue-Mon,Wed-Tue,Thu-Wed,Fr-Th,Sa-Fr,Sun-Sat
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{{C20YearTOC}}
==Events of 1918==
===January===
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*[[January 12]] - [[Finland]] enacts "Mosaic Confessors" law granting Finnish Jews civil rights.
*[[January 25]] - The [[Ukraine|Ukrainian people]] declare independence from [[Bolshevik]] [[Russia]].
*[[January 27]] - Breakout of the [[Finnish Civil War]].
===February===
[[Image:Nepriklausomybes aktas.gif|thumb|right|[[February 16]]: The [[Act of Independence of Lithuania]]]]
* [[February 1]] - [[Russia]] switches from the [[Julian calendar]] to the [[Gregorian calendar]], date skips to February 14.
* [[February 16]] - The [[Council of Lithuania]] adopts the [[Act of Independence of Lithuania]], declaring [[Lithuania]]'s independence from the [[Russian Empire]].
* [[February 24]] - After 7 centuries of foreign rule, [[Estonia]] declares its independence from the Russian Empire. The country is occupied by [[German Empire|Germany]] the next day. [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] also declare their independence from the [[Russian Empire]] but as the [[Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic]].
===March===
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* [[March 1]] - German submarine [[Unterseeboot 19|U 19]] sinks [[HMS Calgarian|HMS ''Calgarian'']] off [[Rathlin Island]], Northern Ireland.
* [[March 3]] - [[World War I]]: Germany, [[Austria]] and [[Bolshevist Russia]] sign the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] ending Russia's involvement in the war.
* [[March 4]] - A soldier at Camp Fuston, Kansas falls sick with the first confirmed case of the [[Spanish Flu]].
* [[March 5]] - The Soviet Russia moves its national capital from [[Petrograd]] to [[Moscow]]
* [[March 6]] - [[Finnish Air Force]] founded. The blue [[swastika]] is adopted as its symbol as a tribute to the Swedish explorer and aviator [[Eric von Rosen]] who donated the first plane. Von Rosen had painted the Buddhist symbol on the plane as his personal lucky insignia.
* [[March 7]] - World War I: [[Finland]] forms an alliance with Germany.
* [[March 12]] – [[Moscow]] becomes the capital of Soviet Russia.
* [[March 19]] - The [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] establishes [[time zone]]s and approves [[daylight saving time]] (DST went into effect on [[March 31]]).
* [[March 21]] - World War I: [[First Battle of the Somme (1918)|Second Battle of the Somme]] begins.
* [[March 23]]
**The giant German cannon, the so-called [[Paris Gun]] begins to shell Paris from 114 km (75 miles) away.
**In London at the [[Wood Green]] Empire, [[Chung Ling Soo]] (William E Robinson, US-born magician) dies during his trick where he was supposed to "catch" two separate bullets – one of them perforates his lung. He dies the following morning in hospital.
**The [[Social Revolutionary Party]] declares [[Belarus]] independent; [[Bolshevik]] armies soon crush them.
* [[March 25]] - [[Belarus]] declares independence.
* [[March 27]] - [[Bessarabia]] votes for becoming a part of [[Romania]].
===April===
* [[April 1]] - The [[Royal Flying Corps]] and the [[Royal Naval Air Service]] are merged to form the [[Royal Air Force]].
===May===
* [[May 1]] - German troops enter [[Don River, Russia|Don]] province; they take [[Rostov]] [[May 6]].
* [[May 2]] - [[General Motors Corporation|General Motors]] acquires the [[Chevrolet Motor Company]] of [[Delaware]].
* [[May 11]] - The [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]] was officially established.
* [[May 15]] - The Post Office Department (later renamed the [[United States Postal Service|USPS]]) begins the first regular [[airmail]] service in the world (between [[New York City]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Washington, DC]]).
* [[May 16]] - The [[Sedition Act of 1918]] is approved by US Congress.
* [[May 20]] - The small town of [[Codell, Kansas]] was hit for the third year in a row by a [[tornado]] in 1918. Coincidentally, all three tornadoes hit on May 20th, 1916, 1917, and 1918 respectively.
* [[May 26]] - The Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic is abolished. Georgia declares its independence as the [[Democratic Republic of Georgia]].
* [[May 27]] - The [[Third Battle of The Aisne]] commenced.
* [[May 28]] - [[Armenia]] and [[Azerbaijan]] declare their independence as the [[Democratic Republic of Armenia]] and the [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]] respectively.
===June===
* [[June 1]] - World War I: [[Battle for Belleau Wood]] begins.
* [[June 22]] - Suspects in the Chicago Restaurant Poisonings arrested and more than 100 waiters taken into custody for poisoning restaurant customers with a lethal powder called [[Mickey Finn (drugs)]].
===July===
* [[July 3]]- The [[Siberian Expedition]] is launched to extract the Czechoslovak Legion from the Russian civil war.
* [[July 4]] - Change of [[Ottoman Emperor|emperor]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] from [[Mehmed V]] (Resad) ([[1909]]-1918) to [[Mehmed VI]] (1918-[[1922]]).
* [[July 9]] - [[Great train wreck of 1918]]: In [[Nashville, Tennessee]], an inbound local train collides with an outbound express killing 101.
* [[July 12]] - At least 621 killed, [[Japanese Imperial Navy]] battle ship ''[[Kawachi]]'' blew up at [[Yamaguchi Prefecture|Shunan]], western [[Honshu]], [[Japan]].
* [[July 13]] - The National Czechoslovak Committee was established.
* [[July 15]] - World War I: [[Second Battle of the Marne]] - The battle begins near the [[River Marne]] with a German attack.
* [[July 17]] - By order of the [[Bolshevik|Bolshevik Party]] and carried out by [[Cheka]], [[Nicholas II of Russia|Emperor Nicholas II of Russia]], his immediate family, and retainers were murdered at the [[Ipatiev House]] in [[Yekaterinburg|Ekaterinburg, Russia]].
* [[July 17]] - [[RMS Carpathia]], the rescue ship of the [[RMS Titanic]], is sunk off the coast of [[Ireland]] by the [[Underseeboat 55]] with 5 lives lost.
===August===
*August - "[[Spanish Flu]]" [[Influenza]] becomes [[pandemic]]; over twenty-five million people die in the following six months (almost twice as many as died during the war).
* [[August 1]] - British anti-Bolshevik forces occupy [[Archangel, Russia]]. [[August 10]] commander is told to help [[White movement|White Russians]].
* [[August 8]] - World War I: [[Battle of Amiens]] - [[Canada|Canadian]] troops, backed by [[Australia]]ns, begin a string of almost continuous victories with a push through the German front lines. German General [[Erich Ludendorff]] will later call this the "black day of the German army."
* [[August 30]]
**Strike of 20,000 London policemen with demands of increased pay and union recognition.
**[[Fanya Kaplan]] tries to shoot [[Lenin]]. Petrograd head of [[Cheka]] is assassinated the same day.
===September===
* [[September 11]] - The [[Boston Red Sox]] defeat the [[Chicago Cubs]] for the [[1918 World Series]] championship, their last World Series win until [[2004]]. They won again in [[2007]].
* [[September 29]] - [[Bulgaria]] requests an armistice in World War I.
===October===
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* [[October 3]] - [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Kaiser]] makes [[Max von Baden]] [[German chancellor]].
* [[October 3]] - Abdication of King [[Ferdinand I of Bulgaria|Ferdinand]] of [[Bulgaria]] in the wake of the collapse of the Bulgarian military position in World War I. He is succeeded by his son, [[Boris III of Bulgaria|Boris III]].
* [[October 8]] - World War I - In the [[Argonne Forest]] in [[France]], US Corporal [[Alvin C. York]] almost single-handedly kills 25 German soldiers and captures 132.
* [[October 11]] - The city of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]] and other adjacent towns was nearly destroyed by an 7.5 earthquake and a tsunami.
* [[October 12]] - The city of [[Cloquet, Minnesota]] and nearby areas are destroyed in a fire killing 453, known as the [[1918 Cloquet Fire]].
* [[October 15]] - The great spiritual teacher Sri Sai Baba of Shirdi attained his MAHASAMADHI
* [[October 18]]
**Washington Declaration proclaimed the independent Czechoslovak Republic.
* [[October 25]] - The [[Princess Sophia (steamer)|Princess Sophia]] sinks on [[Vanderbilt Reef]] near [[Juneau, Alaska]], 353 people die in the greatest maritime disaster in the Pacific Northwest.
* [[October 28]]
**[[Czechoslovakia]] declares its independence from [[Austria-Hungary]].
**New Polish government in Western [[Galicia (Central Europe)]]
* [[October 30]]
**The Martin Declaration is published, including [[Slovakia]] in the formation of Czecho-Slovak state.
**[[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]] is conceded independence from the [[Ottoman Empire]] by the [[Armistice of Mudros]].
* [[October 31]]
** The [[Hungaria]]n government terminates the personal union with Austria, officially dissolving the [[Austro-Hungarian empire]].
* [[October]] - [[Mammy Lou]] becomes the oldest person to ever star in a [[film]], at age [[114]].
===November===
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* [[November 1]]
**[[Malbone Street Wreck]]: the worst [[rapid transit]] accident in world history occurs under the intersection of Malbone Street and Flatbush Avenue, [[Brooklyn]], New York City, with at least 93 dead.
**[[Ruthenia]] in eastern [[Czechoslovakia]] declares brief [[independence]]
* [[November 3]]
**World War I: Austria-Hungary enters an armistice with the [[Allies]].
**[[Poland]] declares its independence from Russia.
* [[November 4]]
** World War I: [[Austria-Hungary]] surrenders to [[Italy]].
**Mutiny in the German fleet at [[Kiel]] begin the [[German Revolution]].
* [[November 6]] - A new Polish government is proclaimed in [[Lublin]].
* [[November 8]] - German army withdraws its support of the Kaiser
* [[November 9]]
**Kaiser [[Wilhelm II of Germany]] abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the [[Netherlands]].
**Provisional National Council Minister-President [[Kurt Eisner]] declares [[Bavaria]] to be a [[republic]].
* [[November 11]]
**[[World War I]] ends: Germany signs [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|an armistice agreement]] with the Allies in a [[railroad]] car outside of [[Compiègne]] in [[France]]. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}
**Poland regains independence after 123 years of [[Partitions of Poland|partitions]]. [[Józef Piłsudski]] is appointed [[Commander-in-Chief]].
**Emperor [[Charles I of Austria]] gives up his absolute power but does not abdicate.
* [[November 12]] - [[Austria]] becomes a [[republic]].
* [[November 14]]
**[[Czechoslovakia]] becomes a [[republic]].
**[[Józef Piłsudski]] is appointed [[head of state]] of [[Poland]]
* [[November 16]]
**[[Hungary]] declares independence from [[Austria]]
**[[Hungarian People's Republic]] declared
* [[November 18]] - [[Latvia]] declares its independence from Russia.
* [[November 22]]
**[[Spartacist League]] founds German Communist Party
**[[Belgium|Belgian]] [[Monarchy of Belgium|royal family]] returns to [[Brussels]] after the war
* [[November 26]] - the [[Podgorica]] Assembly voted for "union of the people", declaring a joining into the Kingdom of [[Serbia]]
* [[November 28]] - [[Estonian War of Independence|Estonian Freedom War]]: [[Bolshevist Russia]] invades [[Estonia]], beginning of the war. A [[Commune of the Working People of Estonia|socialist republic]] is established in [[Narva]] the next day.
*[[November 30]] - [[Ernest Ansermet]] conducts the first concert by the [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]].
===December===
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* [[December 1]]
**[[Iceland]] becomes a self-governing kingdom, yet remains in personal union with the king of Denmark who also becomes king of the Kingdom of Iceland.
**New voting laws in [[Sweden]]: votes no longer dependent on taxable assets; one person, one vote.
**Proclamation of Union of [[Alba Iulia]]. Following the [[March 27]] incorporation of [[Bessarabia]] and [[Bucovina]], [[Transylvania]] unites with [[Romania]].
**The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]]) is proclaimed.
* [[December 4]] - US President [[Woodrow Wilson]] sails for the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], becoming the first US president to travel to [[Europe]] while in office.
* [[December 20]] - [[Tomáš Masaryk|Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] returned to the Czechoslovak Republic.
* [[December 27]] - Beginning of [[Great Poland Uprising]], the Poles in [[Greater Poland]] (or [[Grand Duchy of Poznan|Grand Duchy of Poznań]]) rise against the Germans.
* [[December 28]] - [[Constance Georgine, Countess Markiewicz|Constance Markiewicz]] becomes the first woman elected to the [[British House of Commons]].
*[[December 31]] – A [[United Kingdom|British]]-brokered ceasefire ends two weeks of [[Georgian-Armenian War|Armeno-Georgian]] fighting.
===Undated===
* [[Habsburg]] Empire ceases to exist.
* [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] ceases to exist.
* British occupy [[Palestine]]
* [[Native American Church]] is formally founded.
* [[Association Against the Prohibition Amendment]] founded to promote [[repeal of prohibition]] in U.S.
* [[United Business Media]] founded in London (as United Newspapers Ltd.)
* The last captive [[Carolina Parakeet]] dies at [[Cincinnati Zoo]] - the last breed of [[parrot]] native to North America.
===Ongoing===
* [[Finnish Civil War]] between the Reds and the Whites, from January - April.
* [[Katla]] erupts in [[Iceland]], from [[12 October]] - [[4 November]].
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Taishō]] 7}}
===January - February ===
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*[[January 1]] - [[Patrick Anthony Porteous]], Scottish recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]] (d. [[2000]])
*[[January 10]] - [[Arthur Chung]], [[President of Guyana]] (d. [[2008]])
*[[January 15]] - [[Gamal Abdal Nasser]], 2nd [[President of Egypt]] (d. [[1970]])
*[[January 16]]
**[[Nel Benschop]], Dutch poet (d. [[2005]])
**[[Stirling Silliphant]], American writer and producer (d. [[1996]])
*[[January 19]] - [[John H. Johnson]], American publisher (d. [[2005]])
*[[January 20]] - [[Juan García Esquivel]], Mexican bandleader (d. [[2002]])
*[[January 21]]
**[[Richard D. Winters]], U.S. Army officer
**[[Chichay]], Filipino actress (d. [[1993]])
*[[January 23]] - [[Gertrude B. Elion]], American scientist recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1999]])
*[[January 24]] - [[Oral Roberts]], American neo-Pentecostal televangelist
*[[January 25]] - [[Ernie Harwell]], American baseball sportscaster
*[[January 26]]
**[[Nicolae Ceauşescu]], Romanian dictator (d. [[1989]])
**[[Philip José Farmer]], American writer
*[[January 27]]
**[[Skitch Henderson]], English-born musician and bandleader (d. [[2005]])
**[[Elmore James]], American musician (d. [[1963]])
*[[January 29]] - [[John Forsythe]], American actor
<!--FEBRUARY-->
*[[February 1]] - [[Muriel Spark]], Scottish author (d. [[2006]])
*[[February 2]] - [[Hella Haasse]], Dutch writer
*[[February 3]]
**[[Helen Stephens]], American runner (d. [[1994]])
**[[Joey Bishop]], American entertainer, member of the [[Rat Pack]] (d. [[2007]])
*[[February 4]]
**[[Ida Lupino]], English actress, screenwriter, director/producer (d. [[1995]])
**[[Janet Waldo]], American Actress & Voice Artist, (voice of [[Judy Jetson]] on [[The Jetsons]])
*[[February 6]] - [[Lothar-Günther Buchheim]], German author (d. [[2007]])
*[[February 7]] - [[Markey Robinson]], Irish painter (d. [[1999]])
*[[February 8]] - [[Fred Blassie]], American professional wrestler (d. [[2003]])
*[[February 12]] - [[Julian Schwinger]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1994]])
*[[February 15]] - [[Allan Arbus]], [[Dr. Sidney Freedman]] on ''[[M*A*S*H (TV series)|M*A*S*H]]''
*[[February 16]] - [[Patty Andrews]], American singer ([[The Andrews Sisters]])
*[[February 17]] - [[William Bronk]], American poet (d. [[1999]])
*[[February 20]] - [[Ben Klassen]], founder of the [[Creativity]] racist sect. (d. [[1993]])
*[[February 22]]
**[[Don Pardo]], ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' [[announcer]]
**[[Robert Pershing Wadlow]], American tallest man record-holder (d. [[1940]])
**[[Charlie Finley]], Owner of the Oakland A's 1960-80 (d. [[1996]])
*[[February 25]]
**[[Barney Ewell]], American athlete (d. [[1996]])
**[[Bobby Riggs]], American tennis player (d. [[1995]])
*[[February 26]] - [[Theodore Sturgeon]], American writer (d. [[1985]])
===March - April===
[[Image:Postcard21000SoldiersCreateImageofPresidentWilsonCampShermanOH1918.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Image of President [[Woodrow Wilson]] created by 21,000 soldiers at Camp Sherman, [[Chillicothe, Ohio]]]]
*[[March 1]]
**[[Roger Delgado]], British actor (d. [[1973]])
**[[João Goulart]], [[President of Brazil]] (d. [[1976]])
*[[March 3]]
**[[Arthur Kornberg]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2007]])
**[[Fritz Thiedemann]], German equestrian (d. [[2000]])
*[[March 4]] - [[Margaret Osborne duPont]], former American female tennis player
*[[March 5]] - [[James Tobin]], American economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2002]])
*[[March 9]]
**[[George Lincoln Rockwell]], American Nazi leader (d. [[1967]])
**[[Mickey Spillane]], American writer (d. [[2006]])
*[[March 11]] - [[Jack Coe]], American evangelist (d. [[1956]])
*[[March 12]] - [[Elaine de Kooning]], American artist (d. [[1989]])
*[[March 15]] - [[William McIntyre]], [[Canada|Canadian]] [[Puisne Justice]]
*[[March 16]] - [[Frederick Reines]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1998]])
*[[March 17]] - [[Mercedes McCambridge]], American actress (d. [[2004]])
*[[March 18]] - [[Bob Broeg]], American sports writer (d. [[2005]])
*[[March 20]] - [[Jack Barry]], American television game show host and producer (d. [[1984]])
*[[March 22]] - [[Cheddi Jagan]], [[President of Guyana]] (d. [[1997]])
*[[March 23]] - [[Émile Derlin Zinsou]], President of [[Benin]]
*[[March 25]] - [[Howard Cosell]], American attorney, lecturer, and sports journalist (d. [[1995]])
*[[March 29]]
**[[Pearl Bailey]], American singer and actress (d. [[1990]])
**[[Sam Walton]], founder of Wal-Mart (d. [[1992]])
*[[March 30]] - Joseph Allen (Jr.), American actor (d. [[1962]])
*[[April 8]] - [[Betty Ford]], [[First Lady of the United States]]
*[[April 9]] - [[Jørn Utzon]], Danish architect
*[[April 16]] - [[Spike Milligan]], Irish comedian (d. [[2002]])
*[[April 17]] - [[William Holden (actor)|William Holden]], American actor (d. [[1981]])
*[[April 18]] - [[Clifton Hillegass]], American author, founder of ''[[CliffsNotes]]'' (d. [[2001]])
*[[April 20]] - [[Kai Siegbahn]], Swedish physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2007]])
*[[April 22]] - [[Mickey Vernon]], baseball player
*[[April 22]] - [[William Jay Smith]], American poet
*[[April 26]] - [[Fanny Blankers-Koen]], Dutch athlete (d. [[2004]])
===May - June===
*[[May 1]] - [[Jack Paar]], American television show host (d. [[2004]])
*[[May 3]] - [[Benjamin C. Thompson]], American architect (d. [[2002]])
*[[May 9]]
**[[Mike Wallace (journalist)|Mike Wallace]], American journalist
**[[Orville L. Freeman]], American politician (d. [[2003]])
*[[May 11]] - [[Richard Feynman]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1988]])
*[[May 12]] - [[Ethel and Julius Rosenberg|Julius Rosenberg]], American-born Soviet spy (d. [[1953]])
*[[May 15]] -
**[[Eddy Arnold]], American country music singer (d. [[2008]])
**[[Joseph Wiseman]], Canadian actor
*[[May 16]] - [[Wilf Mannion]], English footballer (d. [[2000]])
*[[May 17]] - [[Birgit Nilsson]], Swedish soprano (d. [[2005]])
*[[May 19]] - [[Abraham Pais]], Dutch-born American physicist (d. [[2000]])
*[[May 20]] - [[Edward B. Lewis]], American geneticist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[2004]])
*[[May 23]] - [[Frank Mancuso]], major league baseball player and politician (d. [[2007]])
*[[May 27]] - [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Japan]], 1982-87
*[[May 30]] (towards) - [[Károly Doncsecz]], Slovenian potter, ''Master of folk art'' (d. [[2002]])
<!--JUNE-->
*[[June 4]] - [[Johnny Klein]], American drummer (d. [[1997]])
*[[June 6]] - [[Edwin G. Krebs]], American biochemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[June 8]] - [[Robert Preston]], American Actor in [[The Music Man]] (d. [[1987]])
*[[June 18]]
**[[Jerome Karle]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
**[[Franco Modigliani]], Italian-born economist, [[Nobel Prize in Economics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2003]])
===July - August===
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*[[July 4]]
**[[Ann Landers]], American advice columnist (d. [[2002]])
**[[Abigail Van Buren]], American advice columnist and twin sister to Ann Landers
**[[Taufa'ahau Tupou IV]], King of Tonga (d. [[2006]])
*[[July 5]] - [[George Rochberg]], American composer (d. [[2005]])
*[[July 6]] - [[Sebastian Cabot (actor)|Sebastian Cabot]], American Actor (d. [[1977]])
*[[July 9]] - [[Jarl Wahlström]], Salvation Army General (d. [[1999]])
*[[July 13]] - [[Alberto Ascari]], Italian race car driver (d. [[1955]])
*[[July 14]] - [[Ingmar Bergman]], Swedish film director (d. [[2007]])
*[[July 15]] - [[Bertram N. Brockhouse]], Canadian physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[2003]])
*[[July 16]] - [[Bayani Casimiro]], Filipino dancer and actor (d. [[1989]])
*[[July 17]] - [[Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio]], [[President of Guatemala]] (d. [[2003]])
*[[July 18]] - [[Nelson Mandela]], [[President of South Africa]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
*[[July 24]] - [[Ruggiero Ricci]], Italian-born violinist
*[[July 25]] - [[Jane Frank]], American artist (d. [[1986]])
*[[July 27]] - [[Leonard Rose]], American cellist (d. [[1984]])
*[[July 29]] - [[Edwin O'Connor]], American novelist and [[Pulitzer Prize for Fiction]] winner (d. [[1968]])
*[[July 31]] - [[Paul D. Boyer]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
<!--AUGUST-->
*[[August 3]] - [[Sidney Gottlieb]], American Central Intelligence Agency official (d. [[1999]])
*[[August 5]] - [[Betty Oliphant]], co-founder of National Ballet of Canada (d. [[2004]])
*[[August 8]] - [[Brian Stonehouse]], English painter and World War II spy (d. [[1998]])
*[[August 13]] - [[Frederick Sanger]], English biochemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[August 25]] - [[Leonard Bernstein]], American composer and conductor (d. [[1990]])
*[[August 26]] - [[Hutton Gibson]], [[Mel Gibson]]'s father; a writer on religion
*[[August 30]] - [[Ted Williams]], American baseball player (d. [[2002]])
=== September - October===
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*[[September 3]] - [[Helen Wagner]], American actress/Soap opera star
*[[September 4]] - [[Paul Harvey]], American radio broadcaster
*[[September 8]] - [[Derek Harold Richard Barton]], British chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1998]])
*[[September 13]] - [[Rosemary Kennedy]], sister of [[President of the United States]] [[John F. Kennedy]] (d. [[2005]])
*[[September 17]] - [[Chaim Herzog]], 6th [[President of Israel]] 1983–93 (d. [[1997]])
*[[September 19]] - [[Robert S. Strauss]], Democratic National Committee Chairman, [[Jimmy Carter]]'s Presidential Campaign Chairman.
*[[September 21]] - [[John Gofman]], American [[Manhattan Project]] scientist and advocate (d. [[2007]])
*[[September 22]] - [[Henryk Szeryng]], Polish-born violinist (d. [[1988]])
*[[September 27]] - [[Martin Ryle]], English radio astronomer, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physics]] (d. [[1984]])
*[[October 4]] - [[Kenichi Fukui]], Japanese chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1998]])
*[[October 8]] - [[Jens Christian Skou]], Danish chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[October 9]] - [[E. Howard Hunt]], Coordinated [[Watergate scandal|Watergate]] break-in (d. [[2007]])
*[[October 17]] - [[Rita Hayworth]], American actress (d. [[1987]])
*[[October 18]] - [[Constantine Mitsotakis]], former Greek Prime Minister
*[[October 19]] - [[Louis Althusser]], French philosopher (d. [[1990]])
*[[October 23]] - [[Augusta Dabney]], American actress
*[[October 27]]
**[[Mihkel Mathiesen]], Estonian statesman (d. [[2003]])
**[[Teresa Wright]], American actress (d. [[2005]])
*[[October 31]] - [[Ian Stevenson]], American parapsychologist (d. [[2007]])
===November - December===
*[[November 3]]
**[[Bob Feller]], baseball player
**[[Elizabeth P. Hoisington]], American Brigadier General (d. [[2007]])
**[[Russell B. Long]], U.S. Senator from Louisiana (d. [[2003]])
**[[Dean Riesner]], film and television screenwriter (d. [[2002]])
*[[November 4]] - [[Art Carney]], American actor (d. [[2003]])
*[[November 7]] - [[Billy Graham]], American Evangelist, Spiritual Adviser to Multiple U.S. Presidents
*[[November 9]] - [[Spiro Agnew]], American Vice President (d. [[1996]])
*[[November 10]] - [[Ernst Otto Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[November 13]] - [[Jack Elam]], American actor (d. [[2003]])
*[[November 29]] - [[Madeleine L'Engle]], American author (d. [[2007]])
*[[November 30]] - [[Efrem Zimbalist, Jr]], American Actor ~ Voice Reading the Audio [[Bible]]
<!--DECEMBER-->
*[[December 8]] - [[Gérard Souzay]], French baritone (d. [[2004]])
*[[December 9]] - [[Jerome Beatty, Jr.]], author of children's literature (d. [[2002]])
*[[December 11]] - [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]], Russian writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[December 12]] - [[Joe Williams (jazz singer)|Joe Williams]], American jazz singer (d. [[1999]])
*[[December 15]] - [[Jeff Chandler (actor)|Jeff Chandler]], American actor (d. [[1961]])
*[[December 21]]
**[[Donald Regan]], American [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Treasury Secretary]] and [[White House Chief of Staff]] (d. [[2003]])
**[[Kurt Waldheim]], [[President of Austria]] and [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] (d. [[2007]])
*[[December 23]]
**[[José Greco]], Italian-born flamenco dancer (d. [[2001]])
**[[Helmut Schmidt]] [[Head of State]] ~ [[Chancellor of Germany]] 1974-82
*[[December 25]] - [[Anwar Sadat]], [[President of Egypt]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1981]])
==Deaths==
===January - June=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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*[[January 6]] - [[Georg Cantor]], German mathematician (b. [[1845]])
*[[January 8]] - [[Ellis H. Roberts]], American politician (b. [[1827]])
*[[January 9]] - [[Émile Reynaud]], French science teacher and maker of the first animated films (b. [[1844]])
*[[January 28]] - [[John McCrae]], Canadian soldier and poet (b. [[1872]])
*[[February 5]] - [[Leonard Monteagle Barlow]], British World War I pilot (b.[[1898]])
*[[February 6]] - [[Gustav Klimt]], Austrian painter (b. [[1862]])
*[[February 10]] - [[Ernesto Teodoro Moneta]], Italian pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1833]])
*[[February 23]] - [[Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz]] (b. [[1882]])
*[[March 10]] - [[Jim McCormick]], baseball player (b. [[1856]])
*[[March 13]] - [[César Cui]], Lithuanian composer (b. [[1835]])
*[[March 23]] - [[T. P. Cameron Wilson]], poet and novelist (killed in action) (b. [[1888]])
*[[March 25]] - [[Claude Debussy]], French composer (b. [[1862]])
*[[March 27]] - [[Henry Adams]], American historian (b. [[1838]])
*[[April 5]] - [[George Tupou II of Tonga|George Tupou II]], king of Tonga (b. [[1874]])
*[[April 20]] - [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]], German phyicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1850]])
*[[April 22]] - [[Manfred von Richthofen]], "Red Baron", German World War I pilot (b, [[1892]])
*[[April 28]] - [[Gavrilo Princip]], assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. [[1894]])
*[[May 14]] - [[James Gordon Bennett, Jr.]], American newspaper publisher (b. [[1841]])
*[[May 19]] - [[Raoul Lufbery]], American World War I pilot (b. [[1885]])
*[[May 30]] - [[Georgi Plekhanov]], Russian revolutionary and Marxist theoretician (b. [[1856]])
*[[June 1]] - [[Roderic Dallas]], Australian air ace (killed in action) (b. [[1891]])
*[[June 10]] - [[Arrigo Boito]], Italian poet and composer (b. [[1842]])
===July - December=== <!-- DEATHS -->
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-->
*[[July 3]] - Sultan [[Mehmed V of the Ottoman Empire]] (b. [[1844]])
*[[July 9]] - [[James McCudden]], British World War I pilot, VC recipient (b. [[1895]])
*[[July 16]] ([[New Style|N.S.]]) - [[Nicholas II of Russia|Tsar Nicholas II of Russia]] (b. [[1868]]). and his family:
**[[Alexandra of Hesse|Tsarina Alexandra of Russia]] (b. [[1872]])
**[[Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia]] (b. [[1895]])
**[[Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia]] (b. [[1897]])
**[[Grand Duchess Maria Nikolaevna of Russia]] (b. [[1899]])
**[[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia]] (b. [[1901]])
**[[Tsarevich Alexei of Russia]] (b. [[1904]])
*[[July 22]] - [[Indra Lal Roy]], Indian World War I pilot (killed in combat) (b. [[1898]])
*[[July 26]] - [[Edward Mannock]], Irish World War I pilot (Killed in combat) (b.[[1887]])
*[[July 29]] - [[Ernest William Christmas]], Australian [[painter]] (b. [[1863]])
*[[July 31]] - [[George McElroy]], British World War I pilot (Killed in combat) (b.[[1893]])
*[[August 1]] - [[John Riley Banister]], American law officer, cowboy, and Texas Ranger (b. [[1854]])
*[[August 10]] - [[Jean Brillant]], Canadian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1890]])
*[[August 18]] - [[Henry Norwest]], Canadian World War I sniper (b. [[1884]])
*[[September 12]] - [[George Reid (Australian politician)|George Reid]], fourth [[Prime Minister of Australia]] (b. [[1845]])
*[[September 28]] - [[Georg Simmel]], German sociologist and philosopher (b. [[1858]])
*[[September 28]] - [[Freddie Stowers]], American soldier (b. 1896)
*[[October 5]] - [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]], French pilot (shot down) (b. [[1888]])
*[[October 11]] - [[Wallace Lloyd Algie]], Canadian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. [[1891]])
*[[October 15]] - [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]], Indian [[guru]] and [[fakir]] (b. circa [[1838]])
*[[October 22]] - [[Myrtle Gonzalez]], American stage and screen actress (b. [[1891]])
*[[November 2]] - [[Hugh Cairns (VC)]] Canadian Victoria Cross Recipient From Saskaton, SK
*[[November 4]] - [[Wilfred Owen]], English poet (killed in action) (b. [[1893]])
*[[November 9]] - [[Guillaume Apollinaire]], French poet (b. [[1880]])
*[[November 19]] - [[Joseph F. Smith|Joseph Fielding Smith]], sixth president of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (b. [[1838]])
*[[December 11]] - [[Ivan Cankar]], Slovenian writer (b. [[1876]])
*[[December 28]] - [[Olavo Bilac]], Brazilian poet (b. [[1865]])
==Nobel prizes==
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - [[Max Planck|Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Fritz Haber]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Medicine]] - not awarded
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - not awarded
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] - not awarded
Mark Harlost(1988)-head of plastic surgery
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
==External references==
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