1920s
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{{Unreferenced|date=April 2008}}
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The '''1920s''' is sometimes referred to as the "[[Jazz Age]]" or the "[[Roaring Twenties]]", usually when speaking about the [[United States]]. In [[Canada]] the decade is usually referred to as the "[[Roaring Twenties]]", much like in the United States. In Europe the decade is sometimes referred to as the "[[Golden Twenties]]".
Since the closing of the 20th century, the economic strength during the 1920s has drawn close associations with the [[1950s]] and [[1990s]], especially in the United States. These three decades are regarded as periods of economic prosperity, which lasted throughout almost the entire decades following a tremendous event that occurred in the previous decade ([[World War I]] and [[Spanish flu]] in the [[1910s]], [[World War II]] in the [[1940s]], and the end of the [[Cold War]] in the late [[1980s]]).
However, not all countries enjoyed this prosperity. The [[Weimar Republic]], like many other European countries, had to face a severe economic downturn in the opening years of the decade, because of the enormous debt caused by the war as well as the one-sided [[Treaty of Versailles]]. Such a crisis would culminate with a devaluation of the Mark in 1923, eventually leading to severe economic problems and, in the long term, favour the rise of the [[Nazi Party]].
Additionally, the decade was characterized by the rise of radical political movements, especially in regions that were once part of empires. [[Communism]] began attracting large numbers of followers following the success of the [[October Revolution]] and the [[Bolshevik]]s' determination to win the subsequent [[Russian Civil War]]. The Bolsheviks would eventually adopt a policy of [[New Economic Policy|mixed economics]], from 1921 to 1928, and also give birth to the [[USSR]], at the end of 1922.
The twenties marked the first time in America that the population in the cities surpassed the population of rural areas. This was due to rapid urbanization starting in the 1920s.
The 1920s also experienced the rise of the [[far-right]] in [[Europe]] and elsewhere, starting with [[Fascism]] in Italy as a perceived antidote to [[Communism]]. The knotty economic problems also favoured the rise of dictatorships and monarchies in Eastern Europe and the Balkans, such as [[Józef Piłsudski]] in Poland and [[Peter I of Serbia|Peter]] and [[Alexander I of Yugoslavia|Alexander Karađorđević]] of Yugoslavia.
The Stock Market collapsed during October 1929 (see [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|Black Tuesday]]) and drew a line under the prosperous 1920s.
==Technology==
[[Image:GoldDiggersBroadway2.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Poster for the second All-Color All-Talking movie: [[Gold Diggers of Broadway]] 1929.]]
* [[John Logie Baird]] invents the first working mechanical [[television]] system (1925). In 1928 he invents and demonstrates the first color television.
* [[Warner Brothers]] produces the first movie with a soundtrack [[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]] in 1926, followed by the first Part-Talkie [[The Jazz Singer (1927 film)|The Jazz Singer]] in 1927, the first All-Talking movie [[Lights of New York]] in 1928 and the first All-Color All-Talking movie [[On with the Show]] 1929.
* [[Charles Lindbergh]] becomes the first person to fly solo across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] ([[20 May]]-[[21 May]] 1927)
* [[Karl Ferdinand Braun]] invented the modern electronic [[cathode ray tube]] in 1897. The CRT became a commercial product in 1922.
* Record companies (such as Victor, Brunswick and Columbia) introduce an [[Electrical Recording]] process on their phonograph records in 1925 (that had been developed by [[Western Electric]]), resulting in a more life-like sound.
* [[Robert Goddard]] makes the first flight of a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926.
* In the 20s new speed records were set almost daily due to the new popularity and development.
==War, peace and politics==
:''See also [[Social issues of the 1920s]]''
[[Image:Lenin 1920.jpg|thumb|225px|left|[[Vladimir Lenin]] in 1920. He was the leading figure of the Communist movement until his death in [[1924]].]]
* Rise of [[communism]] after [[World War I]]
* The [[First Red Scare|Red Scare]] in the [[United States]] (1920-1921)
* In the [[United States]], peak of the [[Ku Klux Klan]] (about five million members)
* In the United States, [[KKK auxiliaries]] established.
* [[Irish War of Independence]] (1919-1921) and [[Irish Civil War]] (1922-23)
* The [[Irish Free State]] gains independence from the [[United Kingdom]] in [[1922]]
* [[Marie C. Brehm]] becomes [[temperance movement]] leader.
* [[Turkish War of Independence]]
* [[Moderation League of New York]] worked for [[repeal of prohibition]].
* [[Polish-Soviet war]]
* First [[UK Labour Party|Labour]] Government of [[Ramsay MacDonald]] formed in the [[United Kingdom]]
* [[Kellogg-Briand Pact]] to end war
* [[Prohibition leaders]] were at the height of their power.
* The [[Qajar dynasty]] ended under [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] and [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] formed the [[Pahlavi Dynasty]], which would later become the last monarchy of [[Iran]].
* Hitler publishes ''[[Mein Kampf]]'', a book that foreshadows many of the events in the 1930s.
* [[Mussolini]] became [[Italy]]'s Prime Minister and started a [[Fascism|fascist]] dictatorship.
* Women in the United States received the right to vote when the [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|19th amendment]] was passed..
==Economics==
* The [[New Economic Policy]] is created by the Bolsheviks in Russia.
* The [[Dawes Plan]], which lasted from 1924-1928
* Economic boom ended by "[[Black Tuesday]]" ([[October 29]], [[1929]]); the [[stock market crash]]es, leading to the [[Great Depression]]
==Literature and Arts==
{{See also|List of years in literature#1920s}}
* [[Virginia Woolf]] publishes ''[[Mrs. Dalloway]]'', ''[[To the Lighthouse]]'', and ''[[A Room of One's Own]]''
* [[George Gershwin]] writes ''[[Rhapsody in Blue]]''
* [[T. S. Eliot]] publishes ''[[The Waste Land]]''
* [[James Joyce]] publishes ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]''
* [[Franz Kafka]] publishes ''[[The Trial]]''
* [[Erich Maria Remarque]] publishes ''[[All Quiet on the Western Front]]''
* [[Rene Magritte]] paints ''[[The Treachery of Images]]''
* [[Walter Gropius]] builds the [[Bauhaus]] in [[Dessau]]
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] publishes ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'' and ''[[The Great Gatsby]]''
* [[Hermann Hesse]] publishes ''[[Siddhartha (novel)|Siddhartha]]''
* [[Ernest Hemingway]] publishes ''[[The Sun Also Rises]]'' and ''[[A Farewell to Arms]]''
* [[Thornton Wilder]] publishes ''[[The Bridge of San Luis Rey]]''
* [[Alexey Tolstoy]] publishes ''[[Aelita (novel)|Aelita]]''
* [[George Bernard Shaw]] publishes ''[[Back to Methuselah]]''
* Eugene O'Neill awarded [[Pulitzer Prizes]] for ''[[Beyond the Horizon]]'' in 1920, ''[[Anna Christie]]'' in 1922, and ''[[Strange Interlude]]'' in 1928.
* [[Sinclair Lewis]] publishes ''[[Babbitt (novel)|Babbitt]]'', ''[[Dodsworth]]'', ''[[Arrowsmith (novel)|Arrowsmith]]'', and ''[[Elmer Gantry]]''
*[[Wallace Stevens]] publishes his first book of poetry, ''[[Harmonium]]''
==Culture and religion==
* [[Prohibition]] — legal attempt to end consumption of [[alcoholic beverage|alcohol]] in Canada, the USA, [[Norway]] and [[Finland]][[Image:Prohibition.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Prohibition agents destroying barrels of alcohol.]]
* Youth culture of '''[[Lost Generation|The Lost Generation]]'''; [[flapper]]s, the [[Charleston (dance)|Charleston]], and bobbed hair
* "The Jazz Age" — [[jazz]] and jazz-influenced dance music widely popular
* [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]] publishes some of the most enduring novels characterizing the Jazz Age. ''[[This Side of Paradise]]'', ''[[The Beautiful and Damned]]'', and ''[[The Great Gatsby]]'', as well as three short story collections, were all published in these years.
* [[Women's suffrage]] movement continues to make gains as women obtain full voting rights in [[Denmark]] in 1915, in the USA in 1920, and in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] in 1918 (women over 30) and in 1928 (full enfranchisement); and women begin to enter the workplace in larger numbers
* In the US, [[gangsters]] and the rise of [[organized crime]], often associated with [[bootleg liquor]], in defiance of Prohibition.
* [[Rum rows]] are established to import bootleg alcoholic beverages into U.S.
* First commercial [[radio]] station in the U.S. goes on air in [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]], in 1920, and radio quickly becomes a popular entertainment medium
* [[Methodist Board of Temperance, Prohibition, and Public Morals]] defends alcohol prohibition in U.S.
* First feature-length [[motion picture]] with a [[Talking Pictures|sound track]] (''[[Don Juan (1926 film)|Don Juan]]'') is released in 1926. First part-talkie (''[[The Jazz Singer (1927 film)|The Jazz Singer]]'') released in 1927, first all-talking feature (''[[Lights of New York]]'') released in 1928 and first all-color all-talking feature (''[[On with the Show]]'') released in 1929.
* Beginning of [[surrealist]] movement
* Beginning of the [[Art Deco]] movement
* Fads such as [[marathon dancing]], [[mah-jongg]], [[crossword puzzle]]s and [[pole-sitting]] are popular
* The height of the [[clip joint]]
* The [[Harlem Renaissance]]
* The [[Scopes Trial|Scopes Monkey Trial]] (1925) which declared that John T. Scopes had violated the law by teaching [[evolution]] in schools, creating tension between the competing theories of [[creationism]] and [[evolution]].
* [[Bishop James Cannon, Jr.]] becomes a U.S. [[temperance movement]] leader.
* The [[Group of Seven (artists)]]
* [[Repeal organizations]] organized to fight national prohibition in U.S.
* Minister [[Daisey Douglas Barr]] heads Women's Ku Klux Klan ([[WKKK]]).
* The tomb of [[Tutankhamun]] is discovered intact by [[Howard Carter (archaeologist)|Howard Carter]] (1922). This begins a second revival of [[Egyptomania]].
* Edward Higgins becomes the third General ( international leader) of [[The Salvation Army]] . His term is from 1929-1934.
==People==
===World leaders===
* President [[Mustafa Kemal]] ([[Atatürk]]) ([[Turkey]])
* President [[Woodrow Wilson]] (United States)
* President [[Warren G. Harding]] (United States)
* President [[Calvin Coolidge]] (United States)
* President [[Herbert Hoover]] (United States)
* President [[Alexandre Millerand]] ([[France]])
* President [[Gaston Doumergue]] (France)
* Prime Minister [[James Scullin]] ([[Australia]])
* Prime Minister [[Stanley Bruce]] (Australia)
* Prime Minister [[William Hughes]] (Australia)
* Prime Minister [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]] ([[Canada]])
* President [[Sun Yat-sen]] ([[Republic of China]])
* President [[Chiang Kai-shek]] (Republic of China)
* President [[Friedrich Ebert]] ([[Germany]])
* President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] (Germany)
* President [[Eamon De Valera]] ([[Ireland]])
* [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]] of [[Qajar dynasty]] ([[Persia]]/[[Iran]])
* [[Reza Shah Pahlavi]] of [[Pahlavi Dynasty]] (Iran)
* King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] ([[Italy]])
* Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] (Italy)
* President [[W. T. Cosgrave]] ([[Irish Free State]])
* Regent [[Miklós Horthy]] ([[Hungary]])
* Emperor [[Hirohito]] ([[Japan]])
* [[Pope Pius XI]]
* [[Józef Piłsudski]] ([[Poland]])
* [[Vladimir Lenin]] ([[Soviet Union]])
* [[Joseph Stalin]] (Soviet Union)
* King [[Alfonso XIII]] ([[Spain]])
* King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George V]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* Prime Minister [[David Lloyd George]] (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister [[Andrew Bonar Law]] (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] (United Kingdom)
* Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (United Kingdom)
===Entertainers===
<!--alphabetical order-->
* [[Roscoe Arbuckle|Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle]]
* [[Louis Armstrong]]
* [[Mary Astor]]
* [[Josephine Baker]]
* [[John Barrymore]]
* [[Lionel Barrymore]]
* [[Irving Berlin]]
* [[Clara Bow]]
* [[Louise Brooks]]
* [[Eddie Cantor]]
* [[Lon Chaney, Sr.|Lon Chaney]]
* [[Charlie Chaplin]]
* [[Joan Crawford]]
* [[Bebe Daniels]]
* [[Marion Davies]]
* [[Duke Ellington]]
* [[Douglas Fairbanks]]
* [[Greta Garbo]]
* [[Janet Gaynor]]
* [[George Gershwin]]
* [[John Gilbert]]
* [[Dorothy Gish]]
* [[Lillian Gish]]
* [[William Haines]]
* [[Kelly Harrell]]
* [[William S. Hart]]
* [[Harry Houdini]]
* [[Al Jolson]]
* [[Buster Keaton]]
* [[Harold Lloyd]]
* [[Tom Mix]]
* [[Colleen Moore]]
* [[Mae Murray]]
* [[Jelly Roll Morton]]
* [[Pola Negri]]
* [[Ramon Novarro]]
* [[Will Rogers]]
* [[Mary Pickford]]
* [[Cole Porter]]
* [[Norma Shearer]]
* [[Bessie Smith]]
* [[Gloria Swanson]]
* [[Chief Tahachee (actor)|Chief Tahachee]]
* [[Norma Talmadge]]
* [[Rudolph Valentino]]
* [[Rudy Vallee]]
* [[Paul Whiteman]]
* [[Florenz Ziegfeld]]
===Sports figures===
<!-- alphabetical order-->
* [[Warwick Armstrong]] (Australian [[cricket]] captain)
* [[Gordon Coventry]] ([[Australian rules football]] player)
* [[Jack Dempsey]] (American boxer)
* [[Red Grange]] ([[American football]] player)
* [[Jack Hobbs]] (Surrey & England cricketer)
* [[Alex James (footballer)|Alex James]] (Arsenal & Scotland footballer)
* [[Bobby Jones (golfer)|Bobby Jones]] (American [[golf]]er)
* [[Kenesaw Mountain Landis]] (American [[Baseball]] Commissioner)
* [[Suzanne Lenglen]] (French [[tennis]] player )
* [[Helen Wills Moody]] (American tennis player)
* [[Paavo Nurmi]] (Finnish runner)
* [[Wilfred Rhodes]] (Yorkshire & England cricketer)
* [[Babe Ruth]] (American [[baseball]] player)
* [[Herbert Sutcliffe]] (Yorkshire & England cricketer)
* [[Bill Tilden]] (American tennis player)
* [[Lou Gehrig]] (American baseball player)
==Styles==
*[[Robert Sobel]] ''The Great Bull Market: Wall Street in the 1920s'' ([[1968]])
[[Category:1920s| ]]
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