1930s
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2008-07-10T17:03:40Z
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The '''1930s''' were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the [[Great Depression]]. In [[East Asia]], the rise of [[militarism]] occurred.
In [[Western Europe]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States]], more progressive reforms occurred as opposed to the extreme measures sought elsewhere. [[Roosevelt's New Deal]] attempted to use government spending to combat large-scale unemployment and severely negative growth. Ultimately, it would be the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1939 that would end the depression, although the worst years were the early 30s and by the later part of the decade much was already on the road to recovery.
==Technology==
Many technological advances occurred in the 1930s, including:
[[Image:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|110px|right| 1931: [[Empire State Building]] is opened.]]
* The world's tallest building (for the next 43 years) was constructed, opening as the ''[[Empire State Building]]'' on [[May 3]], [[1931]] in [[New York City]];
* On [[March 8]], [[1930]], the first [[frozen food]]s of [[Clarence Birdseye]] were sold in [[Ringfield, Massachusetts]], [[USA]].
* [[Ub Iwerks]] produced the first Color Sound Cartoon in 1930, a [[Flip the Frog]] cartoon entitled: "Fiddlesticks";
* In 1930, [[Warner Brothers]] released the first All-Talking All-Color wide-screen movie, [[Song of the Flame]]; in 1930 alone, Warner Brothers released ten All-Color All-Talking feature movies in [[Technicolor]] and scores of shorts and features with color sequences;
* [[Air mail]] service across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] began;
* [[Radar]] was invented, known as RDF (Radio Direction Finding), such as in British Patent GB593017 by Robert Watt in 1938;
* The first [[BBC]] [[television]] broadcast occurred;
* In 1933, the [[3M]] company marketed [[Scotch Tape]]; and
* In 1931, [[RCA Victor]] introduced the first long-playing phonograph record.
* In 1935, the British [[London and North Eastern Railway]] introduced the [[A4 Pacific]], designed by [[Sir Nigel Gresley]]. Just three years later, one of these, [[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|No. 4468 Mallard]], would become the fastest steam locomotive in the world.
*[[Nuclear fission]] discovered by [[Otto Hahn]], [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Fritz Strassman]] in 1939.
* The [[Volkswagen Beetle]], arguably the most popular [[automobile]] in the world, had its roots in [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in the late 1930s. The car would prove to be successful, and would be produced relatively unchanged well up into the 1990s.
==War, peace and politics==
* [[Communists]] forecast "the death of Capitalism"
* Rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]] in [[Germany/History|Germany]].<ref>{{cite journal|author = Rainer Zitelmann|title = Hitler: Selbstverstandnis eines Revolutionars|journal = The Journal of Modern History|volume = 61|number = 4|date = December 1989|pages = 854–856|url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28198912%2961%3A4%3C854%3AHSER%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N|accessdate = 2007-05-29|doi = 10.1086/468402}}</ref>
* In the [[Soviet Union]], agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization take place, and the [[Great Purge]] occurs, in which much of the Soviet political and military establishment is eliminated.<ref>{{cite journal|author = A. L. Unger|title = Stalin's Renewal of the Leading Stratum: A Note on the Great Purge|journal = [[Soviet Studies]]|date = January 1969|volume = 20|number = 3|pages = 321–330|url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-5859%28196901%2920%3A3%3C321%3ASROTLS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S|accessdate = 2007-05-29|month = Jan|year = 1969|issue = 3}}</ref>
* [[Adolf Hitler]] is the first to employ [[Blitzkrieg]] as a method of warfare.
* Almost all of [[Continental Europe]] moves to [[Authoritarianism]] or [[Totalitarianism]]
* [[Éamon de Valera]] introduces a new [[constitution]] for the [[Irish Free State]], effectively ending its status as a [[Dominion|British Dominion]].
* Starts or continue the ''[[Estado Novo]]'' in [[Brazil]] and [[Portugal]].
* Advent of the modern [[welfare state]] in [[New Zealand]] and [[Sweden]].
* The [[Empire of Japan]] invades the [[Republic of China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]].
* Italian [[Invasion of Ethiopia]]
* The [[Spanish Civil War]]
* Nazi Germany invades [[Poland]] in September 1939, marking the beginning of World War II.
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] leads the non-violent [[Satyagraha]] movement in the [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] and the [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March]].
==Economics==
* The [[Great Depression]] occurred during the 1930s.
==Literature and Art==
* Notable poetry include [[W. H. Auden]]'s ''Poems''.
* Notable literature includes [[Aldous Huxley]]'s ''[[Brave New World]]'' (1932), [[John Steinbeck]]'s ''[[Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939) and ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' (1937), [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[To Have and Have Not]]'' (1937), [[John Dos Passos]]'s [[U.S.A trilogy]], [[William Faulkner]]'s ''[[As I Lay Dying (novel)|As I Lay Dying]]'' (1930) and ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936), [[John O'Hara]]'s ''[[Appointment in Samarra]]'' (1934) and ''[[Butterfield 8]]'' (1935).
* Notable "[[hardboiled]]" crime fiction includes [[Raymond Chandler]]'s ''[[The Big Sleep]]'', [[James M. Cain]]'s ''[[The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'' (1934).
* Notable plays include [[Thorton Wilder]]'s ''[[Our Town]]'' (1938).
* In the art of film making, the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]] entered a whole decade, after the advent of talking pictures ("[[talkies]]") in 1927 and full-color films in 1930: more than 50 classic films were made in the 1930s:
** most notable were ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone With The Wind]]'' and ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]''
** the soundtrack and photographic technology prompted many films to be made or re-made, such as the 1934 version of ''[[Cleopatra (1934 film)|Cleopatra]]'', using lush [[art deco]] sets which won an [[Academy Award]] (see films 1930-1939 in: [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]]);
** the [[horror film]]s (or [[monster movie]]s) included many cult classics, such as ''[[Dracula (1931 film)|Dracula]]'', ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'', ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'', [[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)|Jekyll/Hyde]], ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[The hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'', and other films about [[wax museum]]s, [[vampire]]s and [[zombie]]s, leading to the 1941 film ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]'' (wolfman);
** recurring themes included: [[Laurel and Hardy]], the [[Marx Brothers]], [[Tarzan]], [[Charlie Chan]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films, [[Our Gang]], and the filming of "[[superhero]]es" such as ''[[The Phantom]]'' and ''[[Superman]]'';
** two notable films were made in the 1930s (see: ''"[[1934 in film]]"'' or ''"[[1939 in film]]"'').
==Popular culture==
[[Image:FlipFrogAnn.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' Annual Comic Book from 1930.]]
* [[Radio]] becomes dominant mass media in industrial nations
* "[[Old-time radio|Golden Age]]" of radio begins in U.S.
* First intercontinental commercial airline flights
* Height of the [[Art Deco]] movement in North America and western Europe.
* The film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' immortalized [[tornado]]es, songs (''[[Somewhere Over the Rainbow]]''), the characters, and "Toto" too.
* "[[Swing (genre)|Swing]]" music starts becoming popular (from 1935 onward). It gradually replaces the sweet form of [[Jazz]] that had been popular for the first half of the decade.
* [[The Golden Age of American animation]]: [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney's]] ''[[Silly Symphonies]]'' and ''[[Mickey Mouse]]'' series, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)]]''; [[Ub Iwerks|Ub Iwerks']] ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' and ''[[Willie Whopper]]''; [[Walter Lantz Productions|Walter Lantz's]] ''[[Oswald the Lucky Rabbit]]''; [[Fleischer Studios|Fleischer Studios']] ''[[Talkartoons]]'', ''[[Betty Boop]]'' and ''[[Popeye|Popeye the Sailor]]''; [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.']] ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' and ''[[Merrie Melodies]]''; [[Charles B. Mintz|Charles B. Mintz's]] ''[[Scrappy]]''.
* Popular newspaper [[comic strip]]s include ''[[The Phantom]]'', ''[[Terry and the Pirates]]'', and ''[[Popeye|Thimble Theater]]'' (featuring Popeye the Sailor).
* Collections of reprinted comic strips evolve into modern [[comic book]]s, and costumed [[pulp magazine|pulp]] heroes lead to the creation of the [[superhero]] genre. The [[Golden Age of Comic Books]] begins with [[Superman|Superman's]] debut in ''[[Action Comics]]'' #1.
* [[Russ Columbo]], one of the most popular singers of the decade, dies in an accidental shooting in 1934.
* ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' - [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s ground-breaking [[Nazism|Nazist]] [[propaganda]] film.
* Belgian cartoonist [[Hergé|Hergé's]] ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]''. (Started in 1929)
* In 1935, the game Monopoly was the best-selling game in America. This was its first year on the market with a major toy company.
==Others==
[[Image:Enigma-plugboard.jpg|right|thumb|Military [[Enigma machine]]]]
* In 1932 the [[Cipher Bureau]] broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine]] with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during [[World War II]].
* U.S. presidential candidate [[Huey Long]] assassinated (1935).
* [[Board of Temperance Strategy]] established in U.S. to fight [[repeal of prohibition]]
* Southern [[Great Plains]] devastated by decades-long [[Dust Bowl]]
* German [[dirigible]] [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] is destroyed by fire, killing 36 (1937).
* The [[New London School explosion|New London School]] in [[New London, Texas]] is destroyed by an explosion, killing in excess of 300 students and teachers (1937).
*[[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (1932)
==People==
===World leaders===
[[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gandhi| Mahatma Gandhiji]] Spearheaded Non Violent Movement against foreign oppression]]
[[Image:Rezashah.jpg|right|thumb|[[Reza Shah]] Pahlavi changed the name of [[Persia]] to [[Iran]] in 1935]]
* Mahatma [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] ([[India]])
* President [[Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ([[Turkey]])
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] ([[India]])
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ([[India]])
* Governor-General [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Edward Irwin]] ([[British India]])
* Governor-General [[The Marquess of Linlithgow]] ([[British India]])
* King [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]] ([[Iraq]])
* King [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]] ([[Iraq]])
* King [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] ([[Iraq]])
* President of the Executive Council [[W. T. Cosgrave]] ([[Irish Free State]])
* President of the Executive Council [[Eamon de Valera]] ([[Irish Free State]])
* Taoiseach [[Eamon de Valera]] ([[Éire]])
* King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] ([[Italy]])
* Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] ([[Italy]])
* Emperor [[Hirohito]] ([[Japan]])
* Emir [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] ([[Kuwait]])
* Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] ([[Portugal]])
* President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] ([[Mexico]])
* Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] ([[Morocco]])
* Prime Minister [[Michael Joseph Savage]] ([[New Zealand]])
* President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[Germany]])
* Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Germany]])
* Prime Minister [[James Barry Munnik Hertzog]] ([[South Africa]])
* General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] ([[Soviet Union]])
* President [[Alcalá Zamora]] ([[Spain]])
* Prime Minister [[Manuel Azaña]] ([[Spain]])
* Prime Minister [[Alejandro Lerroux]] ([[Spain]])
* President ([[Syria]])
* President [[Bahij al-Khatib]] ([[Syria]])
* Bey (Crown Prince) [[Ahmad II of Tunis|Ahmad II]] ([[Tunisia]])
* King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] ([[United Kingdom]])
* President [[Herbert Hoover]] ([[United States]])
* President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ([[United States]])
* Holy Father [[Pope Pius XI]] ([[Holy See|Vatican]])
* Minister of foreign [[Józef Beck]] ([[Poland]])
===Sports figures===
====British Commonwealth====
* [[Cliff Bastin]] (English [[football (soccer)|football]]er)
* [[Donald Bradman]] (Australian [[cricket]]er)
* [[Haydn Bunton, Sr]] (Australian Rules Footballer)
* [[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]] ([[tennis]])
* [[Jack Dyer]] ([[Australian rules football]] player)
* [[Walter Hammond]] (English cricketer)
* [[Eddie Hapgood]] (English footballer)
* [[George Headley]] (West Indies cricketer)
* [[Alex James (footballer)|Alex James]] (Scottish footballer)
* [[Douglas Jardine]] (English cricketer)
* [[Harold Larwood]] (English cricketer)
* [[Jack Lovelock]] (New Zealand runner)
* [[Fred Perry]] (English [[tennis]] player)
* [[Leonard Hutton]], English cricketer.
* [[Percy Williams]] (sprinter)
* [[Dhyan Chand]], Indian hockey player
* [[Lala Amarnath]], Indian cricketer
====United States====
* [[Joe Louis]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Lou Ambers]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Henry Armstrong]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Cliff Battles]] (halfback)
* [[Jay Berwanger]] (halfback)
* [[James J. Braddock]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Ellison M. Brown]] ([[marathon]])
* [[Don Budge]] ([[tennis]])
* [[Tony Canzoneri]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Mickey Cochrane]] ([[baseball]])
* [[Glenn Cunningham]] ([[running]])
* [[Dizzy Dean]] (baseball)
* [[Joe DiMaggio]] (baseball)
* [[Babe Didrikson]] (track)
* [[Leo Durocher]] (baseball)
* [[Turk Edwards]] (tackle)
* [[Dixie Howell]] (halfback)
* [[Don Hutson]] (end)
* [[Cecil Isbell]] (quarterback)
* [[John A. Kelley]] ([[marathon]])
* [[Nile Kinnick]] (halfback)
* [[Tommy Loughran]] ([[boxing]])
* [[Alice Marble]] ([[tennis]])
* [[Ralph Metcalfe]] (sprinter)
* [[Bronko Nagurski]] (fullback)
* [[Mel Ott]] (baseball)
* [[Jesse Owens]] (sprinter)
* [[Bobby Riggs]] ([[tennis]])
* [[Helen Stephens]] (track)
* [[Eddie Tolan]] (sprinter)
* [[Ellsworth Vines]] ([[tennis]])
* [[Stella Walsh]] (sprinter)
* [[Frank Wykoff]] (sprinter)
* [[Lou Gehrig]] ([[baseball]])
==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P4_1_EN.html The Dirty Thirties] — Images of the Great Depression in Canada
*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/timefr.html The 1930s Timeline] — from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
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