1930s 34613 224835196 2008-07-10T17:03:40Z Lightbot 7178666 Units/dates/other {{Decadebox|193}} The '''1930s''' were described as an abrupt shift to more radical and conservative lifestyles, as countries were struggling to find a solution to the [[Great Depression]]. In [[East Asia]], the rise of [[militarism]] occurred. In [[Western Europe]], [[Australia]] and the [[United States]], more progressive reforms occurred as opposed to the extreme measures sought elsewhere. [[Roosevelt's New Deal]] attempted to use government spending to combat large-scale unemployment and severely negative growth. Ultimately, it would be the beginning of [[World War II]] in 1939 that would end the depression, although the worst years were the early 30s and by the later part of the decade much was already on the road to recovery. ==Technology== Many technological advances occurred in the 1930s, including: [[Image:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|110px|right| 1931: [[Empire State Building]] is opened.]] * The world's tallest building (for the next 43 years) was constructed, opening as the ''[[Empire State Building]]'' on [[May 3]], [[1931]] in [[New York City]]; * On [[March 8]], [[1930]], the first [[frozen food]]s of [[Clarence Birdseye]] were sold in [[Ringfield, Massachusetts]], [[USA]]. * [[Ub Iwerks]] produced the first Color Sound Cartoon in 1930, a [[Flip the Frog]] cartoon entitled: "Fiddlesticks"; * In 1930, [[Warner Brothers]] released the first All-Talking All-Color wide-screen movie, [[Song of the Flame]]; in 1930 alone, Warner Brothers released ten All-Color All-Talking feature movies in [[Technicolor]] and scores of shorts and features with color sequences; * [[Air mail]] service across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] began; * [[Radar]] was invented, known as RDF (Radio Direction Finding), such as in British Patent GB593017 by Robert Watt in 1938; * The first [[BBC]] [[television]] broadcast occurred; * In 1933, the [[3M]] company marketed [[Scotch Tape]]; and * In 1931, [[RCA Victor]] introduced the first long-playing phonograph record. * In 1935, the British [[London and North Eastern Railway]] introduced the [[A4 Pacific]], designed by [[Sir Nigel Gresley]]. Just three years later, one of these, [[LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard|No. 4468 Mallard]], would become the fastest steam locomotive in the world. *[[Nuclear fission]] discovered by [[Otto Hahn]], [[Lise Meitner]] and [[Fritz Strassman]] in 1939. * The [[Volkswagen Beetle]], arguably the most popular [[automobile]] in the world, had its roots in [[Nazi]] [[Germany]] in the late 1930s. The car would prove to be successful, and would be produced relatively unchanged well up into the 1990s. ==War, peace and politics== * [[Communists]] forecast "the death of Capitalism" * Rise to power of [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazism]] in [[Germany/History|Germany]].<ref>{{cite journal|author = Rainer Zitelmann|title = Hitler: Selbstverstandnis eines Revolutionars|journal = The Journal of Modern History|volume = 61|number = 4|date = December 1989|pages = 854–856|url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28198912%2961%3A4%3C854%3AHSER%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N|accessdate = 2007-05-29|doi = 10.1086/468402}}</ref> * In the [[Soviet Union]], agricultural collectivization and rapid industrialization take place, and the [[Great Purge]] occurs, in which much of the Soviet political and military establishment is eliminated.<ref>{{cite journal|author = A. L. Unger|title = Stalin's Renewal of the Leading Stratum: A Note on the Great Purge|journal = [[Soviet Studies]]|date = January 1969|volume = 20|number = 3|pages = 321–330|url = http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-5859%28196901%2920%3A3%3C321%3ASROTLS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S|accessdate = 2007-05-29|month = Jan|year = 1969|issue = 3}}</ref> * [[Adolf Hitler]] is the first to employ [[Blitzkrieg]] as a method of warfare. * Almost all of [[Continental Europe]] moves to [[Authoritarianism]] or [[Totalitarianism]] * [[Éamon de Valera]] introduces a new [[constitution]] for the [[Irish Free State]], effectively ending its status as a [[Dominion|British Dominion]]. * Starts or continue the ''[[Estado Novo]]'' in [[Brazil]] and [[Portugal]]. * Advent of the modern [[welfare state]] in [[New Zealand]] and [[Sweden]]. * The [[Empire of Japan]] invades the [[Republic of China]] in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]]. * Italian [[Invasion of Ethiopia]] * The [[Spanish Civil War]] * Nazi Germany invades [[Poland]] in September 1939, marking the beginning of World War II. * [[Mahatma Gandhi]] leads the non-violent [[Satyagraha]] movement in the [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] and the [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March]]. ==Economics== * The [[Great Depression]] occurred during the 1930s. ==Literature and Art== * Notable poetry include [[W. H. Auden]]'s ''Poems''. * Notable literature includes [[Aldous Huxley]]'s ''[[Brave New World]]'' (1932), [[John Steinbeck]]'s ''[[Grapes of Wrath]]'' (1939) and ''[[Of Mice and Men]]'' (1937), [[Ernest Hemingway]]'s ''[[To Have and Have Not]]'' (1937), [[John Dos Passos]]'s [[U.S.A trilogy]], [[William Faulkner]]'s ''[[As I Lay Dying (novel)|As I Lay Dying]]'' (1930) and ''[[Absalom, Absalom!]]'' (1936), [[John O'Hara]]'s ''[[Appointment in Samarra]]'' (1934) and ''[[Butterfield 8]]'' (1935). * Notable "[[hardboiled]]" crime fiction includes [[Raymond Chandler]]'s ''[[The Big Sleep]]'', [[James M. Cain]]'s ''[[The Postman Always Rings Twice]]'' (1934). * Notable plays include [[Thorton Wilder]]'s ''[[Our Town]]'' (1938). * In the art of film making, the [[Golden Age of Hollywood]] entered a whole decade, after the advent of talking pictures ("[[talkies]]") in 1927 and full-color films in 1930: more than 50 classic films were made in the 1930s: ** most notable were ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone With The Wind]]'' and ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' ** the soundtrack and photographic technology prompted many films to be made or re-made, such as the 1934 version of ''[[Cleopatra (1934 film)|Cleopatra]]'', using lush [[art deco]] sets which won an [[Academy Award]] (see films 1930-1939 in: [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography]]); ** the [[horror film]]s (or [[monster movie]]s) included many cult classics, such as ''[[Dracula (1931 film)|Dracula]]'', ''[[Frankenstein (1931 film)|Frankenstein]]'', ''[[The Mummy (1932 film)|The Mummy]]'', [[Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1931 film)|Jekyll/Hyde]], ''[[King Kong (1933 film)|King Kong]]'', ''[[The hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film)|The Hunchback of Notre Dame]]'', and other films about [[wax museum]]s, [[vampire]]s and [[zombie]]s, leading to the 1941 film ''[[The Wolf Man (1941 film)|The Wolf Man]]'' (wolfman); ** recurring themes included: [[Laurel and Hardy]], the [[Marx Brothers]], [[Tarzan]], [[Charlie Chan]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]] films, [[Our Gang]], and the filming of "[[superhero]]es" such as ''[[The Phantom]]'' and ''[[Superman]]''; ** two notable films were made in the 1930s (see: ''"[[1934 in film]]"'' or ''"[[1939 in film]]"''). ==Popular culture== [[Image:FlipFrogAnn.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of the ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' Annual Comic Book from 1930.]] * [[Radio]] becomes dominant mass media in industrial nations * "[[Old-time radio|Golden Age]]" of radio begins in U.S. * First intercontinental commercial airline flights * Height of the [[Art Deco]] movement in North America and western Europe. * The film ''[[The Wizard of Oz (1939 movie)|The Wizard of Oz]]'' immortalized [[tornado]]es, songs (''[[Somewhere Over the Rainbow]]''), the characters, and "Toto" too. * "[[Swing (genre)|Swing]]" music starts becoming popular (from 1935 onward). It gradually replaces the sweet form of [[Jazz]] that had been popular for the first half of the decade. * [[The Golden Age of American animation]]: [[The Walt Disney Company|Walt Disney's]] ''[[Silly Symphonies]]'' and ''[[Mickey Mouse]]'' series, ''[[Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)]]''; [[Ub Iwerks|Ub Iwerks']] ''[[Flip the Frog]]'' and ''[[Willie Whopper]]''; [[Walter Lantz Productions|Walter Lantz's]] ''[[Oswald the Lucky Rabbit]]''; [[Fleischer Studios|Fleischer Studios']] ''[[Talkartoons]]'', ''[[Betty Boop]]'' and ''[[Popeye|Popeye the Sailor]]''; [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.']] ''[[Looney Tunes]]'' and ''[[Merrie Melodies]]''; [[Charles B. Mintz|Charles B. Mintz's]] ''[[Scrappy]]''. * Popular newspaper [[comic strip]]s include ''[[The Phantom]]'', ''[[Terry and the Pirates]]'', and ''[[Popeye|Thimble Theater]]'' (featuring Popeye the Sailor). * Collections of reprinted comic strips evolve into modern [[comic book]]s, and costumed [[pulp magazine|pulp]] heroes lead to the creation of the [[superhero]] genre. The [[Golden Age of Comic Books]] begins with [[Superman|Superman's]] debut in ''[[Action Comics]]'' #1. * [[Russ Columbo]], one of the most popular singers of the decade, dies in an accidental shooting in 1934. * ''[[Triumph of the Will]]'' - [[Leni Riefenstahl]]'s ground-breaking [[Nazism|Nazist]] [[propaganda]] film. * Belgian cartoonist [[Hergé|Hergé's]] ''[[The Adventures of Tintin]]''. (Started in 1929) * In 1935, the game Monopoly was the best-selling game in America. This was its first year on the market with a major toy company. ==Others== [[Image:Enigma-plugboard.jpg|right|thumb|Military [[Enigma machine]]]] * In 1932 the [[Cipher Bureau]] broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine]] with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during [[World War II]]. * U.S. presidential candidate [[Huey Long]] assassinated (1935). * [[Board of Temperance Strategy]] established in U.S. to fight [[repeal of prohibition]] * Southern [[Great Plains]] devastated by decades-long [[Dust Bowl]] * German [[dirigible]] [[LZ 129 Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] is destroyed by fire, killing 36 (1937). * The [[New London School explosion|New London School]] in [[New London, Texas]] is destroyed by an explosion, killing in excess of 300 students and teachers (1937). *[[Amelia Earhart]] becomes the first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean (1932) ==People== ===World leaders=== [[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|right|thumb|[[Gandhi| Mahatma Gandhiji]] Spearheaded Non Violent Movement against foreign oppression]] [[Image:Rezashah.jpg|right|thumb|[[Reza Shah]] Pahlavi changed the name of [[Persia]] to [[Iran]] in 1935]] * Mahatma [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] ([[India]]) * President [[Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ([[Turkey]]) * [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] ([[India]]) * [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] ([[India]]) * Governor-General [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Edward Irwin]] ([[British India]]) * Governor-General [[The Marquess of Linlithgow]] ([[British India]]) * King [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal I]] ([[Iraq]]) * King [[Ghazi of Iraq|Ghazi]] ([[Iraq]]) * King [[Faisal II of Iraq|Faisal II]] ([[Iraq]]) * President of the Executive Council [[W. T. Cosgrave]] ([[Irish Free State]]) * President of the Executive Council [[Eamon de Valera]] ([[Irish Free State]]) * Taoiseach [[Eamon de Valera]] ([[Éire]]) * King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] ([[Italy]]) * Prime Minister [[Benito Mussolini]] ([[Italy]]) * Emperor [[Hirohito]] ([[Japan]]) * Emir [[Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]] ([[Kuwait]]) * Prime Minister [[António de Oliveira Salazar]] ([[Portugal]]) * President [[Lázaro Cárdenas]] ([[Mexico]]) * Sultan [[Mohammed V of Morocco|Mohammed V]] ([[Morocco]]) * Prime Minister [[Michael Joseph Savage]] ([[New Zealand]]) * President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[Germany]]) * Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Germany]]) * Prime Minister [[James Barry Munnik Hertzog]] ([[South Africa]]) * General Secretary [[Joseph Stalin]] ([[Soviet Union]]) * President [[Alcalá Zamora]] ([[Spain]]) * Prime Minister [[Manuel Azaña]] ([[Spain]]) * Prime Minister [[Alejandro Lerroux]] ([[Spain]]) * President ([[Syria]]) * President [[Bahij al-Khatib]] ([[Syria]]) * Bey (Crown Prince) [[Ahmad II of Tunis|Ahmad II]] ([[Tunisia]]) * King [[George V of the United Kingdom|George V]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * King [[Edward VIII of the United Kingdom|Edward VIII]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * King [[George VI of the United Kingdom|George VI]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * Prime Minister [[Ramsay MacDonald]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * Prime Minister [[Stanley Baldwin]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * Prime Minister [[Neville Chamberlain]] ([[United Kingdom]]) * President [[Herbert Hoover]] ([[United States]]) * President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] ([[United States]]) * Holy Father [[Pope Pius XI]] ([[Holy See|Vatican]]) * Minister of foreign [[Józef Beck]] ([[Poland]]) ===Sports figures=== ====British Commonwealth==== * [[Cliff Bastin]] (English [[football (soccer)|football]]er) * [[Donald Bradman]] (Australian [[cricket]]er) * [[Haydn Bunton, Sr]] (Australian Rules Footballer) * [[Jack Crawford (tennis)|Jack Crawford]] ([[tennis]]) * [[Jack Dyer]] ([[Australian rules football]] player) * [[Walter Hammond]] (English cricketer) * [[Eddie Hapgood]] (English footballer) * [[George Headley]] (West Indies cricketer) * [[Alex James (footballer)|Alex James]] (Scottish footballer) * [[Douglas Jardine]] (English cricketer) * [[Harold Larwood]] (English cricketer) * [[Jack Lovelock]] (New Zealand runner) * [[Fred Perry]] (English [[tennis]] player) * [[Leonard Hutton]], English cricketer. * [[Percy Williams]] (sprinter) * [[Dhyan Chand]], Indian hockey player * [[Lala Amarnath]], Indian cricketer ====United States==== * [[Joe Louis]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Lou Ambers]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Henry Armstrong]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Max Baer (boxer)|Max Baer]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Cliff Battles]] (halfback) * [[Jay Berwanger]] (halfback) * [[James J. Braddock]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Ellison M. Brown]] ([[marathon]]) * [[Don Budge]] ([[tennis]]) * [[Tony Canzoneri]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Mickey Cochrane]] ([[baseball]]) * [[Glenn Cunningham]] ([[running]]) * [[Dizzy Dean]] (baseball) * [[Joe DiMaggio]] (baseball) * [[Babe Didrikson]] (track) * [[Leo Durocher]] (baseball) * [[Turk Edwards]] (tackle) * [[Dixie Howell]] (halfback) * [[Don Hutson]] (end) * [[Cecil Isbell]] (quarterback) * [[John A. Kelley]] ([[marathon]]) * [[Nile Kinnick]] (halfback) * [[Tommy Loughran]] ([[boxing]]) * [[Alice Marble]] ([[tennis]]) * [[Ralph Metcalfe]] (sprinter) * [[Bronko Nagurski]] (fullback) * [[Mel Ott]] (baseball) * [[Jesse Owens]] (sprinter) * [[Bobby Riggs]] ([[tennis]]) * [[Helen Stephens]] (track) * [[Eddie Tolan]] (sprinter) * [[Ellsworth Vines]] ([[tennis]]) * [[Stella Walsh]] (sprinter) * [[Frank Wykoff]] (sprinter) * [[Lou Gehrig]] ([[baseball]]) ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/en/keys/webtours/GE_P4_1_EN.html The Dirty Thirties] &mdash; Images of the Great Depression in Canada *[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/timefr.html The 1930s Timeline] &mdash; from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia [[''de:1930er]] [[''eu:1930eko hamarkada]] [[mr''':इ.स.चे १९३० चे दशक]] [[Category:1930s| ]] [[als:1930er]] [[ar:عقد 1930]] [[ast:Años 1930]] [[zh-min-nan:1930 nî-tāi]] [[be-x-old:1930-я]] [[bs:1930te]] [[br:Bloavezhioù 1930]] [[ca:Dècada del 1930]] [[cv:1930-мĕш çулсем]] [[cy:1930au]] [[da:1930'erne]] [[de:1930er]] [[et:1930. aastad]] [[el:Δεκαετία 1930]] [[es:Años 1930]] [[eo:1930-aj jaroj]] [[eu:1930eko hamarkada]] [[fr:Années 1930]] [[ga:1930idí]] [[gd:1930an]] [[gan:1930年代]] [[ko:1930년대]] [[hr:1930-ih]] [[io:1930a yari]] [[id:1930-an]] [[ia:1930s]] [[os:1930-тæ]] [[is:1931-1940]] [[it:Anni 1930]] [[he:שנות ה-30 של המאה ה-20]] [[jv:1930-an]] [[ka:1930-იანები]] [[kk:1930 жж.]] [[la:Decennium 194]] [[lt:XX amžiaus 4-as dešimtmetis]] [[hu:1930-as évek]] [[mr:इ.स.चे १९३० चे दशक]] [[ms:1930-an]] [[nah:1930s]] [[nl:1930-1939]] [[ja:1930年代]] [[no:1930-årene]] [[nn:1930-åra]] [[nrm:Annaées 1930]] [[uz:1930-lar]] [[pl:Lata 30. XX wieku]] [[pt:Década de 1930]] [[ksh:1930-er Joohre]] [[ro:Anii 1930]] [[ru:1930-е]] [[se:1930-lohku]] [[sq:Vitet 1930]] [[scn:1930ini]] [[simple:1930s]] [[sk:30. roky 20. storočia]] [[sl:1930.]] [[sr:1930е]] [[sh:1930e]] [[su:1930-an]] [[fi:1930-luku]] [[sv:1930-talet]] [[ta:1930கள்]] [[tt:1930. yıllar]] [[uk:1930-ті]] [[wa:Anêyes 1930]] [[yi:1930ער]] [[zh-yue:1930年代]] [[zh:1930年代]]