1931
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{{year nav|1931}}
{{C20YearInTopicX}}
Year '''1931''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MCMXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Thursday]] (link will display full 1931 calendar) of the [[Gregorian calendar]].
{{C20YearTOC|1931||Ship events|bimonthly=yes}}
== Events of 1931 ==
===January-February===
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* [[January 2]] - South Dakota native [[Ernest Lawrence]] invents the [[cyclotron]], used to accelerate particles to study [[nuclear physics]]
* [[January 4]] - [[Elly Beinhorn]] begins her flight to Africa.
* [[January 6]] - [[Thomas Edison]] submits his last [[patent]] application.
* [[January 22]] - Sir [[Isaac Isaacs]] sworn in as the first [[Australia]]n-born [[Governor-General of Australia]].
* [[January 25]] - [[Mohandas Gandhi]] released again.
* [[January 27]] - [[Pierre Laval]] forms a government in France.
[[Image:Gandhi studio 1931.jpg|thumb|90px|right| [[January 25]]: [[Mohandas Gandhi|Gandhi]] freed.]]
* [[February 3]] - [[1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake|Hawke's Bay earthquake]] - much of the [[New Zealand]] city of Napier is destroyed in an earthquake measuring 7.9 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].
* [[February 10]] - [[New Delhi]] becomes the capital of [[India]].
* [[February 12]] - [[Radio Vaticana]] first broadcast.
* [[February 14]] - The original film version of ''[[Dracula (1931 film)|Dracula]]'' with [[Bela Lugosi]] is released.
* [[February 16]] - [[Pehr Evind Svinhufvud]] elected president of [[Finland]].
* [[February 20]] - [[California]] gets the go-ahead by the [[Congress of the United States|U.S. Congress]] to build the [[San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge]].
* [[February 21]] - [[Peru]]vian revolutionaries hijack a [[Ford Trimotor]] aeroplane and demand that the pilot drop [[propaganda]] [[leaflet]]s over [[Lima]].
<br/>
[[Image:Humanyu.JPG|thumb|230px|right| [[February 10]]: [[New Delhi]] became capital.]]
[[Image:Ford Trimotor.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[February 21]]: [[Ford Trimotor]] hijacked.]]
===March-April===
* [[March 1]] - [[USS Arizona (BB-39)|USS ''Arizona'']] placed back in full commission after a refit.
* [[March 3]] - [[The Star-Spangled Banner]] is adopted as the [[United States]] [[National anthem]].
* [[March 4]] - British [[viceroy]] of India and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] negotiate.
* [[March 7]] - New House of Representatives opened in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]].
* [[March 11]] - ''[[Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR]]'' programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[March 17]] - [[Nevada]] legalizes [[gambling]].
* [[March 23]] - Revolt for Independent India leaders [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Rajguru]] and [[Sukhdev]] are hanged by the [[United Kingdom|British]] Government.
* [[March 25]] - The [[Scottsboro Boys]] are arrested in [[Alabama]] and charged with [[rape]].
* [[March 27]] - British writer [[Arnold Bennett]] dies in [[Paris]] when he drinks local water to prove it is safe to drink - but is [[poisoning|poisoned]].
* [[March 31]] - An [[1931 Nicaragua earthquake|earthquake]] destroys [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]] killing 2000 people.
<br/>
* [[April 6]] - Portuguese government declares martial law in [[Madeira]] and in the [[Azores]] because of an attempted military takeover in [[Funchal]].
* [[April 9]] - Execution of Argentinian anarchist [[Severino Digiovanni]].
* [[April 14]] - [[Second Spanish Republic|2nd Spanish Republic]] proclaimed in [[Spain]].
* [[April 15]] - The [[Castellemmarese War]] ends with the assassination of [[Joe Masseria|Joe "The Boss" Masseria]], briefly leaving [[Salvatore Maranzano]] as ''capo di tutti i capi'', "boss of all bosses" and undisputed ruler of the [[United States|American]] [[mafia]]. Maranzano is himself assassinated less than 6 months later, leading to the establishment of the [[Five Families]].
* [[April 18]] - An incorporation of [[Cheverly, Maryland]] is made.
* [[April 22]] - [[Austria]], [[United Kingdom|Britain]], [[Denmark]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]], [[Sweden]] and [[United States of America|USA]] recognize the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republic]].
===May-June===
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[[Image:Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker.jpg|thumb|100px|right| [[May 1]]: [[Empire State Building]] is completed.]]
* [[May 1]] - Construction of the [[Empire State Building]] is completed in [[New York City]].
* [[May 4]] - [[Kemal Atatürk]] re-elected president of [[Turkey]].
* [[May 13]] - [[Paul Doumer]] elected president of [[France]].
* [[June 12]] - [[Charlie Parker (cricketer)|Charlie Parker]] equals [[Jack Hearne (John Thomas Hearne)|J.T. Hearne's]] record for the earliest date to reach 100 wickets.
* [[June 14]] - Overloaded pleasure craft ''Saint-Philibert'', carrying trippers home to Nantes from Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the river [[Loire]] in [[France]] - over 450 drown
* [[June 23]] - [[Wiley Post]] and [[Harold Gatty]] take off from [[Roosevelt Field, Long Island]] in an attempt to accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane. [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm]
===July-August===
*July - [[John Haven Emerson]] of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]] perfects the [[iron lung|Emerson iron lung]] just in time for the growing [[polio]] epidemic
* [[July 1]] - Official opening of [[Milan Central Station]]
* [[July 16]] - Emperor [[Haile Selassie of Ethiopia]] signs the first [[constitution]] of [[Ethiopia]]
* [[1931 Huang He flood|Huang He flood]]s kill between 850,000 and 4,000,000 people - the most deadly historic [[natural disaster]].
* [[August 24]] - [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Government of [[Ramsay MacDonald]] resigns in Britain - replaced by [[UK National Government|National Government]] of people drawn from all parties also under MacDonald.
* [[August 31]] - [[Yangtze River]] floods - 23 million made homeless
===September-October===
* [[September 5]] - [[John Thomson (footballer)|John Thomson]], [[soccer]] player, dies in an accident during a [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] - [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] match
* [[September 10]] - The worst [[hurricane]] in [[Belize]] history kills an estimated 1,500 people.
* [[September 15]] - The [[Invergordon Mutiny]]: [[Strike action|Strikes]] in [[Royal Navy]] due to decreased salaries
* [[September 18]] - [[Mukden Incident]]. Later used by [[Japan]] to occupy [[Manchuria]].
* [[September 18]] - [[Geli Raubal]] is found shot dead in Hitler's apartment
*October - The [[Caltech]] Department of Physics Faculty and graduate students meet with [[Albert Einstein]] as a guest.
* [[October 18]] - [[Thomas Edison]] dies at his home in [[West Orange]], [[New Jersey]].
===November-December===
* [[November 6]] - Indian spiritual leader [[Meher Baba]] arrives in America for the first time.
* [[November 7]] - [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] proclaimed by [[Mao Zedong]].
* [[November 8]]
**French police launch a large scale raid against [[Corsica]]n bandits.
**[[Panama Canal]] is closed for couple of weeks due to damage caused by a number of [[earthquake]]s.
* [[December 10]] - [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] elected president of Spanish republic.
* [[December 11]] - The [[British Parliament]] enacts the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]], which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]], the [[Dominion of Canada]], the [[Irish Free State]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], the [[Dominion of New Zealand]], and the [[Union of South Africa]].
* [[December 12]] - Eta Chapter of [[Kappa Delta Phi]] was founded at The University of Maine at Machias
* [[December 13]] - [[Wakatsuki Reijiro]] resigned as [[Prime Minister of Japan|Prime Minister]] of [[Japan]].
* [[December 26]] - [[Phi Iota Alpha]], the oldest existing [[National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations|Latino fraternity]] is founded.
===Undated===
* [[Deuterium]] discovered by [[Harold Clayton Urey]].
* [[Ust-Abakanskoye]] becomes [[Abakan]].
* [[National Committee for Modification of the Volstead Act]] formed to work for [[repeal of prohibition]] in United States.
* [[The Persistence of Memory]] is put on display for the first time in Paris at the Galerie Pierre Colle.
===Ongoing===
* Rise of the [[NAZI]] party.
==Births==
{{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Shōwa]] 6}}
===January-February===
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*[[January 5]]
**[[Alvin Ailey]], American choreographer (d. [[1989]])
**[[Alfred Brendel]], Austrian pianist
**[[Robert Duvall]], American actor and director
*[[January 6]] - [[E. L. Doctorow]], American author
*[[January 8]] - [[Bill Graham (promoter)|Bill Graham]], German concert promoter (d. [[1991]])
*[[January 10]] - [[Peter Barnes]], English playwright and screenwriter (d. [[2004]])
*[[January 12]] - [[Roland Alphonso]], Jamaican musician (d. [[1998]])
*[[January 13]] - [[Charles Nelson Reilly]], American actor (d. [[2007]])
*[[January 14]] - [[Caterina Valente]], French singer and actress
*[[January 16]] - [[Johannes Rau]], [[President of Germany]] (d. [[2006]])
*[[January 17]] - [[James Earl Jones]], American actor
*[[January 19]] - [[Robert MacNeil]], Canadian journalist
*[[January 20]] - [[David Lee (physicist)|David Lee]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[January 22]] - [[Sam Cooke]], American singer (d. [[1964]])
*[[January 26]] - [[Alfred Lynch]], English actor (d. [[2003]])
*[[January 27]] - [[Mordecai Richler]], Canadian author (d. [[2001]])
*[[January 30]] - [[Allan W. Eckert]], American historian, naturalist, and author
*[[January 31]] - [[Ernie Banks]], baseball player
*[[February 1]] - [[Boris Yeltsin]], [[President of Russia]] (d. [[2007]])
*[[February 2]]
**[[Dries van Agt]], Dutch politician
**[[Les Dawson]], British comedian (d. [[1993]])
*[[February 6]] - [[Rip Torn]], American actor and director
*[[February 8]] - [[James Dean]], American actor (d. [[1955]])
*[[February 10]] - [[Thomas Bernhard]], Dutch author (d. [[1989]])
*[[February 11]] - [[Larry Merchant]], American author and boxing commentator
*[[February 13]] - [[Geoff Edwards]], American actor and game show host
*[[February 16]]
**[[George E. Sangmeister]], American politician (d. [[2007]])
**[[Ken Takakura]], Japanese actor
*[[February 18]] - [[Johnny Hart]], American cartoonist (d. [[2007]])
*[[February 18]] - [[Toni Morrison]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[February 18]] - [[Bob St. Clair]], American football player
*[[February 24]] - [[Brian Close]], British cricketer
*[[February 25]] - [[Eric Edgar Cooke]], [[Western Australia|Western Australian]] Murderer (d. 1964)
*[[February 26]] - [[Ally McLeod]], Scottish football manager
*[[February 28]] - [[Dean Smith]], American basketball coach
===March-April===
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*[[March 2]]
**[[Mikhail Gorbachev]], [[President of the Soviet Union]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
*[[March 4]]
**[[Wally Bruner]], American journalist and television host (d. [[1997]])
**[[William Henry Keeler]], American Roman Catholic Archbishop and Cardinal
**[[Alice Rivlin]], American economist
*[[March 8]] - [[Neil Postman]], American media theorist and cultural critic
*[[March 11]] - [[Rupert Murdoch]], Australian-born publisher
*[[March 22]]
**[[Burton Richter]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
**[[William Shatner]], Canadian actor
*[[March 26]] - [[Leonard Nimoy]], American actor and director
*[[March 29]]
**[[Aleksei Gubarev]], cosmonaut
**[[Norman Tebbit]], British politician
*[[April 1]] -
**[[Rolf Hochhuth]], German writer
**[[Ita Ever]], Estonian actress
*[[April 6]] - [[Suchitra Sen]] (Roma Dasgupta), the legendary [[Bengali people|Bengali]] [[Actress]], is born in Pabna (now in [[Bangladesh]]).
*[[April 11]] - [[Johnny Sheffield]], American actor
*[[April 27]] - [[Igor Oistrakh]], Ukrainian violinist
*[[April 29]]
**[[Frank Auerbach]], German-born painter
**[[Lonnie Donegan]], Scottish musician (d. [[2002]])
===May-June===
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*[[May 6]] - [[Willie Mays]], baseball player
*[[May 7]] - [[Teresa Brewer]], American pop and jazz singer (d. [[2007]])
*[[May 13]]
**[[Jim Jones]], American cult leader (d. [[1978]])
**[[Jiri Petr]], Czech university president
*[[May 14]] - [[Alvin Lucier]], American composer
*[[May 15]]
**[[Joseph A. Califano, Jr.]], Chairman of the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse
**[[Ken Venturi]], American golfer
*[[May 16]] - [[Natwar Singh]], Indian politician
*[[May 18]] - [[Robert Morse]], American actor
*[[May 19]] - [[Eric Tappy]], Swiss tenor
*[[May 20]] - [[Ken Boyer]], baseball player (d. [[1982]])
*[[May 25]] - [[Georgi Grechko]], cosmonaut
*[[May 30]] - [[Fr. John O'Brien]], Irish priest and musician (d. [[2008]])
*[[May 31]]
**[[John Robert Schrieffer]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
**[[Shirley Verrett]], American mezzo-soprano
*[[June 3]] - [[Lindy Remigino]], American athlete
*[[June 7]] - [[Malcolm Morley]], English-born painter
*[[June 9]] - [[Jackie Mason]], American comedian
* June 9 - [[Joe Santos]], American actor
*[[June 13]] - [[Moysés Baumstein]], Brazilian Holographer and artist
*[[June 14]] - [[Ross Higgins]], Australian actor
*[[June 27]] - [[Martinus J. G. Veltman]], Dutch physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
===July-August===
*[[July 1]] - [[Leslie Caron]], French actress
*[[July 4]] - [[Stephen Boyd]], Irish actor (d. [[1977]])
*[[July 6]] - [[Della Reese]], American singer and actress
*[[July 10]] - [[Alice Munro]], Canadian writer
*[[July 23]] - [[Te Atairangi Kaahu]], Māori Queen (d. [[2006]])
*[[July 26]] - [[Fred Foster]], American songwriter and record producer
*[[July 27]] - [[Jerry Van Dyke]], American comedian and actor
*[[August 7]] - [[Charles E. "Charlie" Rice]], Legal Scholar and Author
*[[August 12]] - [[William Goldman]], American author
*[[August 15]] - [[Joe Feeney]], American singer (d. [[2008]])
*[[August 15]] - [[Florian ZaBach]], American musician and TV personality (d. [[2006]])
*[[August 18]] - [[Bramwell Tillsley]], General of The Salvation Army
*[[August 19]] - [[Willie Shoemaker]], American jockey (d. [[2003]])
*[[August 23]] - [[Hamilton O. Smith]], American microbiologist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]
*[[August 25]] - [[Hal Fishman]], Los Angeles based local news anchor. (d. [[2007]])
*[[August 25]] - [[Regis Philbin]], American television personality
*[[August 28]] - [[John Shirley-Quirk]], English bass-baritone
*[[August 30]] - [[Jack Swigert]], American astronaut (d. [[1982]])
*[[August 31]] - [[Jean Béliveau]], Canadian hockey player
===September-October===
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*[[September 8]] - [[Jack Rosenthal]], English playwright (d. [[2004]])
*[[September 12]] - [[George Jones]], American singer and songwriter, king of country music
*[[September 17]] - [[Anne Bancroft]], American actress (d. [[2005]])
*[[September 21]] - [[Larry Hagman]], American actor
*[[September 22]]
**[[Fay Weldon]], British author
**[[George Younger, 4th Viscount Younger of Leckie]], British politician (d. [[2003]])
*[[September 23]] - [[Gerald Stairs Merrithew]], Canadian educator and statesman (d. [[2004]])
*[[September 29]]
**[[James Watson Cronin]], American nuclear physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
**[[Anita Ekberg]], Swedish actress
*[[September 30]]
**[[Angie Dickinson]], American actress
**[[Wesley L. Fox]], U.S. Marine Corps officer
*[[October 6]] - [[Riccardo Giacconi]], Italian-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate
*[[October 7]]
**[[Cotton Fitzsimmons]], American basketball coach (d. [[2004]])
**[[Desmond Tutu]], South African Anglican archbishop and activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
*[[October 13]] - [[Eddie Mathews]], baseball player (d. [[2001]])
*[[October 15]] - [[Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam]], President of India
*[[October 16]]
**[[James Chace]], American historian (d. [[2004]])
**[[Charles Colson]], American Watergate conspirator
**[[Rosa Rosal]], Filipino actress and humanitarian
*[[October 17]] - [[Ernst Hinterberger]], Austrian writer
*[[October 19]] - [[John le Carré]], English novelist
*[[October 20]] - [[Mickey Mantle]], baseball player (d. [[1995]])
*[[October 23]]
**[[Jim Bunning]], baseball player and U.S. Senator
**[[Diana Dors]], English actress (d. [[1984]])
*[[October 25]] - [[Jimmy McIlroy]], Irish footballer and football manager
*[[October 31]] - [[Dan Rather]], American television news reporter
===November-December===
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*[[November 3]] - [[Michael Fu Tieshan]], Chinese bishop (d. [[2007]])
*[[November 5]] - [[Ike Turner]], American singer and songwriter (d. [[2007]])
*[[November 15]] - [[Mwai Kibaki]], third [[President of Kenya]]
*[[November 21]]
**[[Malcolm Williamson]], Australian composer (d. [[2003]])
**[[Revaz Dogonadze]], Georgian physicist (d. [[1985]])
*[[November 23]] - [[Dervla Murphy]], Irish author
*[[November 26]] - [[Adolfo Pérez Esquivel]], Argentine activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]
*[[November 28]] - [[Hope Lange]], American actress (d. [[2003]])
*[[December 1]]
**[[Jimmy Lyons]], American musician (d. [[1986]])
**[[Jim Nesbitt]], singer
*[[December 2]]
**[[Edwin Meese]], American attorney general
**[[Nigel Calder]], British [[science writer]]
*[[December 11]] - [[Rita Moreno]], Academy award-winning Puerto Rican actress
*[[December 12]] - [[Lionel Blair]], British actor, choreographer, tap dancer, headmaster and TV presenter
*[[December 23]] - [[Ronnie Schell]], American actor
*[[December 24]] - [[Mauricio Kagel]], Argentine composer
*[[December 30]] - [[Skeeter Davis]], American singer (d. [[2004]])
*[[December 31]] - [[Bob Shaw]], Irish writer (d. [[1996]])
==Deaths==
===January - June===
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* [[January 11]] - [[James Milton Carroll]], Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. [[1852]])
* [[January 14]] - [[Hardy Richardson]], baseball player (b. [[1855]])
* [[January 22]] - [[Alma Rubens]], American actress (b. [[1897]])
* [[January 23]] - [[Anna Pavlova]], Russian ballerina (b. [[1881]])
* [[February 11]] - [[Charles Algernon Parsons]], British inventor (b. [[1854]])
* [[February 16]] - [[Wilhelm von Gloeden]], German photographer (b. [[1856]])
* [[February 23]] - [[Dame Nellie Melba]], Australian soprano (b. [[1861]])
* [[February 26]] - [[Otto Wallach]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1847]])
* [[March 5]] - [[Arthur Tooth]], Anglican clergyman (b. [[1839]])
* [[March 7]] - [[Akseli Gallén-Kallela]], Finnish painter (b. [[1865]])
* [[March 11]] - [[F.W. Murnau]], German director (b. [[1888]])
*[[March 20]] - [[Hermann Müller (politician)|Hermann Müller]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (b. [[1876]])
* [[March 21]] - [[Bhagat Singh]], Indian revolutionary (b. [[1908]])
*[[March 27]] - [[Arnold Bennett]], novelist (b. [[1867]])
* [[March 31]] - [[Knute Rockne]], American football coach (b. [[1888]])
* [[April 8]] - [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]], Swedish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1864]])
* [[April 10]] - [[Khalil Gibran]], Lebanese poet and painter (b. [[1883]])
* [[April 30]] - [[Sammy Woods]], English cricketer (b. [[1867]])
* [[May 9]] - [[Albert Abraham Michelson]], German-born physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (b. [[1852]])
* [[May 14]] - [[David Belasco]], American writer (b. [[1853]])
===July - December===
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* [[July 4]] - [[Buddie Petit]], American jazz musician
* [[July 12]] - [[Nathan Söderblom]], Swedish archbishop, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (b. [[1866]])
* [[August 6]] - [[Bix Beiderbecke]], American jazz trumpeter (b. [[1903]])
* [[August 26]] - [[Hamaguchi Osachi]], 27th [[Prime Minister of Japan]] (b. [[1870]])
* [[August 27]]
**[[Frank Harris]], Irish author and editor (b. [[1856]])
**[[Francis Marion Smith]], American businessman (b. [[1846]])
* [[September 5]] - [[John Thomson (footballer)|John Thomson]], Scottish footballer (b. [[1909]])
* [[October 13]] - [[Ernst Didring]], Swedish writer (b. [[1868]])
* [[October 18]] - [[Thomas Edison]], American inventor (b. [[1847]])
* [[November 11]] - [[Shibusawa Eiichi]], Japanese industrialist (b. [[1840]])
* [[December 2]] - [[Vincent d'Indy]], French composer (b. [[1851]])
* [[December 5]] - [[Vachel Lindsay]], American poet (b. [[1879]])
*''date unknown'' - [[Joseph Tabrar]], British songwriter (b. [[1857]])
==Nobel prizes==
* [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Physics]] - not awarded
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Chemistry]] - [[Carl Bosch]], [[Friedrich Bergius]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Physiology or Medicine]] - [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]]
* [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Literature]] - [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]]
* [[Nobel Peace Prize|Peace]] - [[Jane Addams]], [[Nicholas Murray Butler]]
==Ship events==
* [[List of ship launches in 1931]]
* [[List of ship commissionings in 1931]]
* [[List of ship decommissionings in 1931]]
* [[List of shipwrecks in 1931]]
==See also==
* [[20th century]]
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{commonscat}}
==External links==
*[http://xroads.virginia.edu/~1930s2/Time/1931/1931fr.html The 1930s Timeline: 1931] — from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
==Table of Contents==
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