1982 Lebanon War 181820 224820031 2008-07-10T15:45:02Z Philip Trueman 3150196 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/84.9.50.104|84.9.50.104]] ([[User talk:84.9.50.104|talk]]) to last version by George {{Infobox Military Conflict| |conflict=1982 Lebanon War <br>([[Israel-Lebanon conflict]]) |image=[[Image:Map of Lebanon.png|300px]] |caption=Map of modern Lebanon |date=June - September 1982 |place=Southern [[Lebanon]] |casus=Two main causes: *Terrorist raids on northern Israel by [[PLO]] [[guerrilla]] based in Lebanon *the [[Shlomo Argov|shooting of Israel's ambassador]] by the [[Abu Nidal Organization]]<ref>[http://www.usatoday.com/graphics/news/gra/gisrael2/flash.htm The Middle East conflict], ''[[USA Today]]'' (sourced guardian.co.uk, Facts on File, AP) "Israel invades Lebanon in response to terrorist attacks by PLO guerrillas based there".</ref><ref>{{cite book |author = Mark C. Carnes, John A. Garraty |title = The American Nation |publisher = Pearson Education, Inc. |date = 2006 |location = USA |pages = 903 |id = ISBN 0-321-42606-1 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author= ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' |title = The Year in Review |publisher = Time Books |date = 2006 |location = 1271 Avenue of the Americs, New York, NY 10020 |id = ISSN: 1097-5721 }} "For decades now, Arab terrorists operating out of southern Lebanon have staged raids and fired mortar shells into northern Israel, denying the Israelis peace of mind. In the early 1980s, the terrorists operating out of Lebanon were controlled by Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organization (P.L.O.). After Israel's ambassador to Britain, Shlomo Argov, was shot in cold blood and seriously wounded by the Palestinian terror group Abu Nidal in London in 1982, fed-up Israelis sent tanks and troops rolling into Lebanon to disperse the guerrillas." (pg. 44-45)</ref><ref>"The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) had been launching guerrilla attacks against Israel since the 1960s (see Palestine Liberation Organization). After the PLO was driven from Jordan in 1971, the organization established bases in southern Lebanon, from which it continued to attack Israel. In 1981 heavy PLO rocket fire on Israeli settlements led Israel to conduct air strikes in Lebanon. The Israelis also destroyed Iraq's nuclear reactor at Daura near Baghdad. In an attempt to destroy the PLO forces, Israel began bombing southern Lebanon and Beirut on [[June 5]] [[1982]].<ref>"Israel - War in Lebanon". Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2007-04-13 from http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-203066.</ref><ref>[http://www.photius.com/countries/israel/national_security/israel_national_security_1982_invasion_of_leb~47.html Israel 1982 Invasion of Lebanon], The [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]; [[CIA World Factbook]] via [[Photius Coutsoukis]]. "Since 1970, Israeli settlements near the southern border of Lebanon had been exposed to harassing attacks from forces of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which had been driven out of Jordan. On three occasions, in 1970, 1972, and 1978, Israel had retaliated by ground operations carried out up to Lebanon's Litani River. ... Meanwhile Israel had conducted preemptive shelling and air strikes to deter PLO terrorist attacks on settlements in Galilee in northern Israel."</ref><ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107652.html Israel], [[Infoplease]] "The PLO had long plagued Israelis with terrorist actions."</ref> |result=Results of conflict: *[[PLO]] withdrawal (1982) *Israeli occupation of southern Lebanon (1982&ndash;1985) *[[Israeli Security Zone]] and the [[South Lebanon Army|SLA]] (1985&ndash;2000) *[[1982-2000 South Lebanon conflict|South Lebanon conflict]] (1982-2000) *[[Syria]]n ''de facto'' occupation of Lebanon (1976&ndash;2005) *[[Hezbollah]] control of southern Lebanon and southern Beirut (1980s&ndash;present) |combatant1=[[Image:Flag of Israel.svg|22px]] [[Israel]]<br />[[Image:SLA patch.png|20px]] [[South Lebanon Army]]<br />[[Image:Logo of Lebanese Forces.gif|22px]] [[Lebanese Forces|LF]] (nominally neutral) |combatant2=[[Image:Plo emblem.png|20px]] [[PLO]]<br/>[[Image:Flag of Syria.svg|20px]] [[Syria]]<br /> [[Image:Flag of the Amal Movement.svg|22px]] [[Amal Movement|Amal]] (switched sides)<br>[[Image:Flag of the Lebanese Communist Party.svg|20px]] [[Lebanese Communist Party|LCP]] |commander1=[[Menachem Begin]] ([[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]])<br />[[Ariel Sharon]], (Ministry of Defence)<br />[[Rafael Eitan]], <small>([[Ramatkal|CoS]])</small> |commander2=[[Yasser Arafat]] |strength1='''Israel:'''<br>76,000 troops<br>800 tanks<br>1,500 APCs<br>634 aircraft |strength2='''Syria:'''<br>22,000 troops<br>352 tanks<br>300 APCs<br>450 aircraft<br>300 major artillery<br>225 anti-aircraft (100 guns 125 SAM)<br>'''PLO:'''<br>15,000 troops<br>300 tanks<br>150 APCs<br>350+ major artillery<br>250+ anti-aircraft |casualties1=Killed: 675<br>Wounded: unknown |casualties2= Killed: ~9,798 (Syrian & PLO)<br>Wounded: unknown }} {{Campaignbox 1982 Lebanon War}} {{Campaignbox Israel-Lebanon conflict}} {{Campaignbox Arab-Israeli conflict}} The '''1982 Lebanon War''' ({{lang-he|מלחמת לבנון}}, ''Milkhemet Levanon''), ({{lang-ar|''الإجتياح (Al-Ijtiah or the invasion)''}}), called by Israel the '''Operation Peace of the Galilee''' ({{lang-he|מבצע שלום הגליל, or מבצע של"ג ''Mivtsa Shlom HaGalil'' or ''Mivtsa Sheleg''}}), and later colloquially also known in Israel as the '''First Lebanon War''', began on [[6 June]] [[1982]], when the [[Israel Defense Forces]] invaded [[southern Lebanon]]. The [[Politics of Israel|Government of Israel]] ordered the invasion as a response to the assassination attempt against Israel's ambassador to the [[United Kingdom]], [[Shlomo Argov]], by the [[Abu Nidal Organization]]. After attacking the [[PLO]], as well as [[Syria]]n and [[Muslim]] [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] forces, Israel occupied southern Lebanon. Surrounded in West [[Beirut]] and subject to heavy bombardment, the [[PLO]] and the [[Syria]]n forces negotiated passage from Lebanon with the aid of international peacekeepers. == Background == {{main|Israel-Lebanon conflict}} After the [[1948 Arab-Israeli conflict]], Lebanon became home to more than 110,000 [[Palestinian]] refugees from their homes in present day Israel. In 1970 and again in 1971, the PLO was engaged in the [[Black September in Jordan|attempted overthrow of the Jordanian monarchy]], which routed a large number of Palestinian fighters and refugees into Lebanon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/bravo/blacksept1970.htm |title=Black September in Jordan 1970-1971 |year=2000 |month=December |day=16 |accessmonthday=15 September |accessyear=2006 |publisher=Armed Conflict Events Database}}</ref> By 1975, they numbered more than 300,000, effectively creating an unofficial state-within-a-state in [[South Lebanon]]. The PLO became a powerful force and played an important role in the [[Lebanese Civil War]]. Continual violence occurred between [[Israel]] and the [[PLO]] from 1968, peaking in [[Operation Litani]]. == Precursors to War == On [[10 July]] [[1981]], violence erupted in [[South Lebanon]]. According to the [[United Nations]], Israeli air forces bombarded Palestinian targets in south Lebanon, followed by Palestinian elements retaliating with artillery and rockets into northern Israel. This attack on northern Israel was met with an Israeli bombardment of PLO encampments in southern Lebanon."<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/israel/33.htm Israel - Israel in Lebanon<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> On [[24 July]] [[1981]], United States envoy [[Philip Habib]] brokered a shaky ceasefire, but incidents continued. Over the next 11 months, Israel charged that the PLO committed 270 violations of the cease-fire, in which 29 Israelis were killed and more than 300 were injured.{{Fact|date=July 2007}} On [[21 April]] [[1982]], after a land mine killed an Israeli officer in Lebanon, the Israeli Air Force attacked the Palestinian-controlled coastal town of [[Damour]], killing 23 people. The [[United Nations Secretary-General|Secretary-General]] reported to the [[Security Council]] (S/14789, S/15194) that from August 1981 to May 1982, inclusive, there were 2096 violations of Lebanese airspace and 652 violations of Lebanese territorial waters (Chomsky, 1999, p. 195; Cobban, 1984, p. 112).<ref>http://www.sf.indymedia.org/news/2003/06/1621818.php?theme=2</ref> ===International reaction=== U.N. Secretary-General [[Kurt Waldheim]] noted: "After several weeks of relative quiet in the area, a new cycle of violence has begun and has, in the past week, steadily intensified." He further stated: "There have been heavy civilian casualties in Lebanon; there have been civilian casualties in Israel as well. I deeply deplore the extensive human suffering caused by these developments." The President of the [[United Nations Security Council|U.N. Security Council]], [[Ide Oumarou]] of [[Niger]], expressed "deep concern at the extent of the loss of life and the scale of the destruction caused by the deplorable events that have been taking place for several days in Lebanon".<ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/43220e2368a3ddf7052568000052412c?OpenDocument S/PV.2292 of 17 July 1981<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.wsws.org/articles/2002/feb2002/sab-f22.shtml Sharon's war crimes in Lebanon: the record<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ===Palestinian and Lebanese Forces=== The Palestinian forces continued to grow in Lebanon with full-time military personnel numbering around 15,000, although only 6,000 of these, including 4,500 regulars, were deployed in the south. They were armed with 60 aging tanks, many of which were no longer mobile, and 100 to 200 pieces of artillery (Sayigh, 1999, p. 524). According to Israeli analysts [[Ze'ev Schiff|Schiff]] and [[Ehud Ya'ari|Ya'ari]] (1984), the PLO more than tripled its artillery from 80 cannons and rocket launchers in July 1981 to 250 in June 1982.<ref>pp. 83-84</ref> The same authors also refer to Israeli intelligence estimates of the number of PLO fighters in southern Lebanon of 6,000 as "divided into three concentrations; about 1,500 south of the Litani River in the so-called Iron Triangle (between the villages of Kana, Dir Amas, and Juya), [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]], and its surrounding refugee camps; another 2,500 of the Kastel Brigade in three districts between the Litani and a line running from Sidon to northeast of Nabatiye; and a third large concentration of about 1,500-2,000 men of the Karameh Brigade in the east, on the slopes of Mount Hermon".<ref>pp. 134-135</ref> ===Israeli casus belli=== Starting in 1968, [[Palestinian]] groups in southern Lebanon raided northern Israel, and bombarded Israeli towns with [[katyusha]] rockets. Israel wanted to protect its northern border and also derail the establishment of a regional base of operations for the [[PLO]]'s activities, such as the [[26 December]] [[1968]] attack on an Israeli civilian airliner in [[Athens]]. Another reason given for the invasion was to intervene in the ongoing Lebanese Civil War in order to counteract [[Syria]]'s influence in Lebanon. ===Assassination attempt=== On [[3 June]] [[1982]], the Palestinian militant group Fatah-The Revolutionary Council (headed by [[Yasser Arafat]]'s opponent [[Abu Nidal]]) attempted to assassinate Shlomo Argov, Israel's ambassador in [[London]], paralyzing him. Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]] had been informed by Israeli intelligence that the PLO was not involved in the attack on Argov, but withheld this information from his Cabinet.<ref>Gilbert, 1998, p. 503</ref> [[Rafael Eitan]], who was then the [[Ramatkal|Chief of Staff of the Israeli Defence Forces]], responded to the aforementioned information in his famous saying: "Abu Nidal, abu shmidal... we need to screw the PLO."<ref>Asia Times (March 11, 2008). [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/JC11Ak03.html Iran shifts focus fully on Iraq]. Retrieved June 30, 2008.</ref> ==Timeline== [[Image:Lebanon PLO ammunition stadium 1982.jpg|thumb|250px| An aerial view of the stadium used as an ammunition supply site for the PLO after Israeli airstrikes in 1982.]] ===Invasion=== On [[4 June]] and [[5 June]] [[1982]], Israeli [[F-16 Fighting Falcon|F-16]] planes bombed Palestinian refugee camps and other [[PLO]] targets in Beirut and southern Lebanon killing 300 and wounding 500. For the first time in over ten months, the PLO responded by launching artillery and mortar attacks on civilian centers in northern Israel. On [[6 June]] [[1982]], Israeli forces under direction of Defense Minister [[Ariel Sharon]] invaded southern Lebanon in "Operation Peace of the Galilee". === Course of the fighting === {{main|Siege of Beirut}} <!-- this section obviously needs some work --> Israel's publicly stated objective was to push [[Palestine Liberation Organization|PLO]] forces back 40 kilometers to the north. Israeli forces soon reached that target but were determined to drive the PLO from southern Lebanon.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/DTM.htm Lebanon 1982: The Imbalance Of Political Ends And Military Means<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Tyre (Lebanon)|Tyre]] and [[Sidon]] (major cities in [[South Lebanon]], still within the 40 kilometer limit) were heavily damaged, and the Lebanese capital Beirut was shelled for ten weeks, killing both PLO members and civilians. The [[Israeli Air Force]] shot down 86 Syrian aircraft, with no air combat losses of its own. This was the largest combat of the jet age with 150 fighters from both sides.<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/08/israels_lost_moment.html RealClearPolitics - Articles - Israel's Lost Moment<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> It also performed ground attacks, notably destroying the majority of Syrian anti-aircraft batteries stationed in Lebanon. [[AH-1 Cobra]] helicopter gunships were used widely against Syrian armor and fortifications. The IAF Cobras destroyed dozens of Syrian [[armored fighting vehicle]]s, including some of the modern Soviet [[T-72]] [[main battle tank]]s. An agreement was reached later in 1982, and American, French, and Italian peacekeepers, known as the [[Multinational Force in Lebanon]], sent more than 14,000 PLO combatants out of the country in August and September. About 6,500 Fatah fighters sailed from Beirut to Jordan, Syria, [[Iraq]], [[Sudan]], both [[North Yemen|North]] and [[South Yemen]], Greece, and Tunisia — the latter of which became the new PLO headquarters.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/30/newsid_2536000/2536441.stm BBC ON THIS DAY | 30 | 1982: PLO leader forced from Beirut<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> [[Philip Habib]], [[Ronald Reagan]]'s envoy to Lebanon, provided an undertaking (i.e., assurance) to the PLO that the Palestinian civilians in the refugee camps would not be harmed. However, the United States Marines left West Beirut two weeks before the end of their official mandate following the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing]]. On [[14 September]] [[1982]], [[Bashir Gemayel]], the newly appointed President of Lebanon, was assassinated.<!--by whom?--> Israeli forces occupied West Beirut the next day, in violation of the [[Habib agreement]]. At that time, the Lebanese Christian Militia, also known as the [[Kataeb Party|Phalangists]], were allied with Israel.<ref name="bbcfb">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1779713.stm Flashback: Sabra and Shatila massacres], ''[[BBC]]''</ref> The Israeli command authorized the entrance of a force of approximately 150 Phalangist fighters' into the [[Sabra and Shatila]] refugee camps, claiming there was a remaining force of approximately "2000 PLO terrorists" in the camps.<ref>[http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_sabra_shatila.php What happened at the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in 1982?]</ref><ref name="bbcfb"/> The result was a [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|massacre]] of between 700 and 3,500 defenseless Palestinians by the Phalangists, who themselves suffered only two casualties. Meanwhile, Israeli troops surrounded the camps with tanks and checkpoints, monitoring entrances and exits.<ref name="bbcfb"/> Further Israeli investigation found that [[Ariel Sharon]] was indirectly responsible for failing to prevent the massacre, leading to his resignation as Israel's Defense Minister.<ref name="bbcfb"/> == Outcome of the war == === Casualties === It is estimated that around 17,825 Arabs were killed during the war, with differing estimates of the proportion of civilians killed. Beirut newspaper ''An Nahar'' estimated that 5,515 people, both military and civilian, were killed in the Beirut area only during the conflict, while 9,797 military personnel (PLO, Syrian, and others) and 2,513 civilians were killed outside of the Beirut area.<ref>[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat3.htm#Lebanon Twentieth Century Atlas - Death Tolls and Casualty Statistics for Wars, Dictatorships and Genocides<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Approximately 675 Israeli soldiers were killed. === The security buffer zone === In September 1982, the PLO withdrew most of its forces from Lebanon. With U.S. assistance, Israel and Lebanon reached [[The Peace Treaty between Israel and Lebanon|an accord]] in May 1983 that set the stage to withdraw Israeli forces from Lebanon while letting them patrol a "security zone" together with the [[Lebanese Army]]. The instruments of ratification were never exchanged, however, and in March 1984, under pressure from Syria, Lebanon canceled the agreement. In January 1985, Israel started to withdraw most of its troops, leaving a small residual Israeli force and an Israeli-supported militia in southern Lebanon in a "[[Israeli Security Zone|security zone]]", which Israel considered a necessary buffer against attacks on its northern territory. The Israeli withdrawal to the security zone ended in June 1985. === Political results === In the voting in the [[Knesset]] on the war, only [[Hadash]] opposed the war (and even submitted a [[no-confidence motion]] against the government). Hadash Knesset member [[Meir Vilner]] said in the Knesset plenary session that: "The government is leading Israel to an abyss. It is doing something that in the course of time might lead to crying for generations." In response, they were condemned, and calls were heard, among others from the editor of [[Yedioth Ahronoth|Yediot Ahronoth]], to prosecute them for treason. Left-wing Knesset members, including [[Shulamit Aloni]] and [[Yossi Sarid]], were absent from the plenary for the vote. Even the [[Labour (Israel)|Labour]] faction voted in support. The newspapers, except [[Haaretz]], also supported the war, publishing a continuous stream of optimistic articles.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} For example, reports were made on a lessening in the number of theft in [[Gush Dan]] region, implying that there was a connection with the war.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The most famous case of the cooperation between the media with the government was during the [[Battle of the Beaufort (1982)|Battle of the Beaufort]]. The [[Prime Minister of Israel]] reported that Beaufort was conquered "without losses", even though it was known that six soldiers of [[Golani Brigade|Sayeret Golani]], including the commander of the Sayeret, Major [[Goni Hernik]], fell during the fighting. The media itself reported the courage and bravery of the soldiers in the battle, but did not mention the losses.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} Only fastidious examination of the obituaries showed another picture: "On the death of Major Goni Hernik, in the time of the conquest of Beaufort, mourn Peace Now movement."{{Fact|date=May 2008}} But heavy Israeli casualties, alleged [[disinformation]] of government leaders and the public by military and political advocates of the campaign, and lack of clear goals led to increasing disquiet among Israelis. This culminated in a large protest rally in [[Tel Aviv]], organized by the [[Peace Now]] movement, following the 1982 [[Sabra and Shatila massacre]]. Organizers claimed 400,000 people participated in the rally, and it became known as the "400,000 rally". Other estimates put the figure much lower.<ref>http://www.ameu.org/page.asp?iid=266&aid=576&pg=3</ref> In addition, it has been noted that the [[April 1983 US Embassy bombing|US Embassy bombing]] on [[18 April]] [[1983]] and the [[1983 Beirut barracks bombing|bombing of the United States Marine barracks]] in Lebanon on [[23 October]] [[1983]] were forerunners of the kinds of [[asymmetrical warfare]] experienced with increasing frequency in later decades. Such attacks revealed the limited utility of overwhelming superiority of conventional forces in providing immunity from highly visible losses when the attackers are willing and able to operate anonymously from the midst of noncombatant populations which the leadership of those conventional forces are unwilling to destroy. In 2000, when [[Ehud Barak]] was Prime Minister, Israel finally withdrew from the [[Israeli Security Zone|security zone]] to behind the [[Blue Line (Lebanon)|Blue Line]]. Lebanon and Hezbollah continue to claim a small area called [[Shebaa Farms]] as Lebanese territory, but Israel insists that it is captured Syrian territory with the same status as the [[Golan Heights]]. The United Nations has determined that Shebaa Farms is not part of Lebanon. The UN Secretary-General had concluded that, as of [[16 June]] [[2000]], Israel had withdrawn its forces from Lebanon in accordance with [[UN Security Council Resolution 425]] of 1978, bringing closure to the 1982 invasion as far as the UN was concerned.<ref>[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2000/20000618.sc6878.doc.html [18 Jun 2000&#93; SC/6878 : SECURITY COUNCIL ENDORSES SECRETARY-GENERAL’S CONCLUSION ON ISRAELI WITHDRAWAL FROM LEBANON AS OF 16 JUNE<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> == Consequences == The 1982 Lebanon War had a number of lasting consequences: *From the standpoint of the Israeli Military, the invasion was a limited success, removing [[PLO]] presence from Southern Lebanon and destroying its [[infrastructure]], as well as increasing deterrence on other Arab anti-Israeli militant organizations. The Syrian military was weakened by combat losses, especially in the air. *The elimination of any opportunity of cross-border attacks for the PLO forced it eventually to seek a political solution of the conflict with Israel. *Increased erosion of the consensus against criticizing the military in Israeli public opinion and disillusionment with its leadership, a process which is commonly held to be rooted in the aftermath of the [[Yom Kippur War]]. *The invasion is popularly held to be the major catalyst for the creation of the Iranian and Syrian supported [[Hezbollah]] organization, which by 1991 was the sole armed militia in Lebanon not supported by Israel and by 2000 had completely replaced the vanquished [[PLO]] in Southern Lebanon. *The [[Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction]] estimated the cost of the damage from the invasion at 7,622,774,000 Lebanese pounds, equivalent to US$2 billion at the time. <ref>[http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/0/0a660a16a0ef988d852568b60053c49a?OpenDocument E/CN.4/2000/22/Add.1 of 3 March 2000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *Al-Qaeda leader [[Osama bin Laden]] said in a videotape released on the eve of the 2004 U.S. presidential elections that he was inspired to attack the buildings of the United States by the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon in which towers and buildings in Beirut were destroyed in the siege of the capital.<ref>[http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/10/30/terror/main652425.shtml Osama Bin Laden Warns America , Terror Leader Admits For First Time That He Ordered 9/11 Attacks - CBS News<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> *The withdrawal of the IDF back to South Lebanon in the summer of 1983, led to one of the bloodiest phases of the Lebanese war, where the Christian Militia (the Lebanese Forces) was left alone to defend the "Mountain" area which composed of the Aley and Chouf districts, against a coalition of Druze PSP, Palestinian PLO, Syrian Army, Lebanese Communist, and Syrian Social National Party. The result was catastrophic on the civilian population from both sides, especially on the Christian population (more than 5,000 killed from both sides). The war ended after the Christian forces and civilians withdrew to the town of Deir el Kamar where they were besieged for 3 months before all hostilities ceased and they were transported to East Beirut. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Bibliography== * "Arab-Israeli Conflict." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 58-121. * Bregman, Ahron (2002). ''Israel's Wars: A History Since 1947''. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28716-2 * Brzoska, M., & Pearson, F. S. (1994). ''Arms and Warfare: Escalation, De-Escalation, and Negotiation''. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 0-87249-982-0 * Chomsky, N. (1999). ''Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians''. London, Pluto Press. ISBN 0-89608-601-1 * Cobban, H. (1984). ''The Palestinian Liberation Organization: People, Power and Politics''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-27216-5 * Gilbert, M. (1998). ''Israel: A History''. London, Black Swan. ISBN 0-688-12362-7 * Harkabi, Y. (1989). ''Israel's Fateful Hour''. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-091613-3 * Sayigh, Y. (1999). ''Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement, 1949-1993''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829643-6 * Schiff, Z. & Ya'ari, E. (1984). ''Israel's Lebanon War''. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-47991-1 ==See also== *[[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]] *[[Sabra and Shatila massacre]] *[[Palestine Liberation Army]] *[[Lebanese civil war]] *[[UN Security Council Resolution 425]] *[[Siege of Beirut]] *[[Golan Heights Law]] *[[2006 Lebanon War]] *[[Operation Litani]] ==External links== *[http://www.liberty05.com/civilwar/civi2.html Lebanese civil war 1982 Full of Pictures and Information] *[http://www.ariel-sharon-life-story.com/14-Ariel-Sharon-Biography-1982-The-Lebanon-War.shtml A detailed account of 1982 Lebanon War - From Ariel Sharon's Biography] *[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284684,00.html 1978 Israel - Lebanon Conflict] by [[Ynetnews]] *[http://www.lebanon-israel.info www.lebanon-israel.info An ongoing discussion on the Lebanon-Israel conflict] {{Arab-Israeli Conflict}} [[Category:Invasions]] [[Category:Israel-Lebanon conflict]] [[Category:1982 in Israel]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1982|Lebanon War]] [[Category:1982 in Lebanon]] {{Link FA|ar}} [[ar:غزو لبنان 1982]] [[bg:Мир за Галилея]] [[cs:První libanonská válka]] [[da:Israels invasion af Libanon 1982]] [[de:Libanonkrieg 1982]] [[es:Guerra del Líbano de 1982]] [[fr:Intervention militaire israélienne au Liban de 1982]] [[hr:Libanonski rat 1982.]] [[id:Perang Lebanon 1982]] [[it:Guerra del Libano (1982)]] [[he:מלחמת לבנון]] [[mk:Израелско-либанска војна од 1982 година]] [[no:Israels invasjon av Libanon]] [[pl:Wojna libańska]] [[pt:Guerra do Líbano de 1982]] [[ru:Ливанская война (1982)]] [[sr:Либански рат 1982.]] [[fi:Libanonin sota 1982]] [[zh:第五次中东战争]]