1988 Winter Olympics 187504 225875600 2008-07-15T20:31:32Z Rockies77 1556597 /* History */ {{Olympics infobox|1988|Winter | Name = XV Olympic Winter Games | Logo = 1988_wolympics_logo.png | Size = 150 | Optional caption = The emblem is a stylized, pentagon-shaped, snowflake and/or maple leaf, <br> made up of five large and five small letters of “C” <br> to symbolize the country of Canada and the city of Calgary, above the Olympic rings. | Host city = [[Calgary, Alberta|Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] | Nations participating = 57 | Athletes participating = 1423 (1122 men, 301 women) | Events = 46 in 6 [[sport]]s | Opening ceremony = [[February 13]], [[1988]] | Closing ceremony = [[February 28]], [[1988]] | Officially opened by = The Rt. Hon. [[Jeanne Sauvé]], [[Governor General of Canada]] | Athlete's Oath = [[Pierre Harvey]] | Judge's Oath = [[Suzanna Morrow-Francis]] | Olympic Torch = [[Robyn Perry]] | Stadium = [[McMahon Stadium]] | }} The '''1988 [[Winter Olympics]]''', officially known as the '''XV Olympic Winter Games,''' were a [[winter]] [[multi-sport event]] which was celebrated in [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], [[Canada]] and opened by the [[List of Governors General of Canada|45th Governor General of Canada]]: [[Jeanne Sauvé]]. 1988 was the last year that the [[Winter Paralympics]] and the [[Winter Olympics]] were held in separate cities; all subsequent Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games have been hosted by the same city, starting with [[1992 Winter Olympics]] in [[Albertville]], [[France]]. These [[Winter Olympics]] were also the last time the teams from both the [[Soviet Union]] and [[East Germany]] competed as distinct [[National Olympic Committee|National Olympic Committees]] or NOCs. As at the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]], the Canadian team failed to win a gold medal, matching only former [[Yugoslavia]] in the dubious distinction of not having won an Olympic winter gold medal on home soil. ==History== ===Background=== Calgary first tried to win a bid for the Winter Olympics in [[1964 Winter Olympics|1964]], and again in [[1968 Winter Olympics|1968]]. Calgary did finally win the bid for Canada's first Winter Olympics on [[September 30]], [[1981]]. It beat out [[Falun]], [[Sweden]] and [[Cortina d'Ampezzo]], [[Italy]]. Cortina d'Ampezzo had hosted the [[1956 Winter Olympics]] before. The vote was conducted by the [[IOC]] in [[Baden-Baden]], [[West Germany]], at the 84th [[IOC Session]] and 11th [[Olympic Congress]]. The results can be seen by accessing this web page called [http://www.aldaver.com/votes.html the International Olympic Committee Vote History]. {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse: collapse;" |- ! colspan="6" | 1988 Winter Olympics Bidding Results |- | '''City''' | '''NOC Name''' | bgcolor=""|'''Round 1''' | bgcolor="" |'''Round 2''' |- ||[[Calgary]], [[Alberta]]||{{CAN}} ||'''35'''||'''48''' |- ||[[Falun]]||{{SWE}} ||25||31 |- ||[[Cortina d'Ampezzo]]||{{ITA}} ||18||- |} All levels of government helped to fund the Games. The federal government, in [[Ottawa]], provided $225 million ''(note all figures listed in [[Canadian dollar|CDN funds]], not adjusted for inflation)'', the province of [[Alberta]] paid $125 million and the city of Calgary with $50 million. The American host network, [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], paid a then record $398 million, while the main host broadcaster, the Canadian [[CTV Television Network|CTV]] television network, paying domestic rights for $45 million. A further $90 million was raised by sponsorships and licenses. Concern was raised almost from the beginning about the suitability of Calgary hosting the [[Winter Olympics]] because of the city's local weather conditions for the month of February. That area of [[Alberta]] is plagued unpredictably with a weather phenomenon called a [[chinook wind]], which are periods where the weather becomes extremely unseasonably mild (in the plus Celsius range) in short periods of time. A year prior to the event, the Whit Fraser report hinted that there was a possibility that mild winter weather could cause major problems for the Games. During the Games, there were indeed minor problems--for example, some bobsleigh runs had to be re-done because of sand getting blown onto the bobsleigh track. This '''Olympic Torch Relay''' (themed as '''''Share the Flame''''') is one of the longest in Olympic history. At least, it was especially so for the [[Winter Olympic Games]]. Also, it was a big contrast to Canada's first [[Olympic torch]] relay for the [[1976 Summer Olympics]]. The length of that torch relay only started in [[Ottawa]] to head just east to [[Montreal]] directly for only about 775km: the shortest in [[Summer Olympic Games]] history so far. In 88 days for Canada's first Winter Olympics, the [[Olympic torch]], modeled after the [[Calgary Tower]], was carried by famous and ordinary Canadians in a continuous run across Canada in all 10 provinces and 2 territories ([[Yukon]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]) for about 18,000km from ordinary running by foot to [[dog sled]] and [[snowmobile]]. The territory of [[Nunavut]] did not exist then until 1999. Citizens won the chance to run a 1-km distance with the Olympic torch by entering a lottery contest sponsored by [[Petro Canada]]. ===Highlights=== [[Image:Brian Orser - 1988 Calgary Olympics - LAC PA-209756.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Brian Orser]] carrying the Canadian flag at the opening ceremony]] The Games were opened by The Right Honourable [[Jeanne Sauvé]], 45th [[Governor General of Canada]], on behalf of the [[Monarchy in Canada|Queen of Canada]], [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]] at [[McMahon Stadium]]. The opening ceremony took place outdoors in a Canadian football (not soccer) stadium. * [[Matti Nykänen]] from [[Finland at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Finland]] dominated [[ski jumping]] events, winning three gold medals. * [[Netherlands at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Dutch]] [[Speed skating|speed skater]] [[Yvonne van Gennip]] won three gold medals, setting two world records. * [[Alberto Tomba]] from [[Italy at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Italy]] won two gold medals in [[alpine skiing]]. * Two competitors, [[Eddie 'the Eagle' Edwards]] of [[Great Britain]] in [[ski jumping]] and the [[Jamaica national bobsled team]], entered their respective competitions with little experience and less chance of winning any medals. However, the determination of these novices to compete, in spite of being outmatched by their competitors, won the affection of the spectators and the media alike, which sometimes overshadowed the actual winners. They were hailed as demonstrating the true Olympic spirit as playing for the simple thrill of competition. The story of the bobsledding team was made into a 1993 [[Disney]] [[comedy film]] called ''[[Cool Runnings]]'' that was directed by [[Jon Turteltaub]]. * The [[Super Giant Slalom skiing|Super G]] [[alpine skiing]] event for both men and women made its Olympic debut. * [[Curling]], [[freestyle skiing]], [[short track speed skating]] and Paralympic skiing were demonstration events. * For the first time, the [[Winter Olympics]] were extended to 16 days, the long track speed skating events were held indoors on a covered rink, the alpine events took place on artificial snow, and warm [[Chinook winds]] not only threatened to cancel events, but sent a ski jumper flying into a camera tower. * For the first time, the Closing Ceremony was held in the same main Olympic stadium as the Opening Ceremony at [[McMahon Stadium]]. ===Legacy=== [[Image:DSCF1903.jpg|thumb|Canada Olympic Park in 2006.]] The Games are notable for turning a [[profit]]. A surplus of between $90-$150 million was made, with the money going to fund the various Olympic venues in Calgary. Ever mindful of the financial disaster of the [[1976 Summer Olympics]], Calgary was financially successful, erasing the spectre of a second Canadian Games at a loss. Its use of the profits for the future ''[[Canada Olympic Park]]'' and the funding of Canadian athletes through the Calgary Olympic Development Association (CODA) gave Calgary a lasting legacy and impact on the Canadian sports scene. It also provided funds for the maintenance and upgrading of athletic facilities in Calgary, [[Banff, Alberta|Banff]], and [[Lake Louise Mountain Resort|Lake Louise]]. Well after the Olympics ended, CODA has continued to use its resources to develop resources for Olympic athletes in the city, which includes supporting [[National Sport School (Canada)|Canada's first high school designed for Olympic calibre athletes]], in a partnership with the [[Calgary Board of Education]]. Not only was there a profound economic impact, there was a substantial social one as well. From the unprecedented volunteer involvement in staging the Games, a program where ordinary Calgarians could purchase, for $19.88 in the summer of 1986, a brick at the [[Olympic Plaza (Calgary)|main medal presentation plaza called the Olympic Plaza]] with their names laser-engraved on it. The involvement of ordinary Calgarians was evident. This was of paramount importance to the organizing committee, [[OCO'88]], as it kept the Games from appearing distant and "out of reach". In 1999, a bribery scandal hit the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC) for the [[2002 Winter Olympics]]. The main focus of that scandal was the tactics used by that organizing committee then to win the bid in [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]], at the 104th [[IOC Session]] in 1995. There was talk of stripping the rights of hosting the Games away at the time because of that circumstance. That whole scene played out before the unforeseen [[9/11]] terrorist attacks on [[New York City]] and [[Washington, D.C.]] on the [[United States]]. Calgary then sent an offer to step in to be an alternate host of the 2002 Winter Olympics, if [[Salt Lake City]] was unable to host the Games because of both counts. Calgary tried again to bid for the [[Winter Olympic Games]] in 2010, but lost out when the [[Canadian Olympic Committee]] (COC) chose [[Vancouver]] as the city that would be the Canadian bid internationally. Eventually, Vancouver was chosen to host the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] over [[PyeongChang]], [[Korea]], and [[Salzburg]], [[Austria]] in July 2003 at the 115th [[IOC Session]] in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]]. Unfortunately, the host Canadian team failed to win a gold medal in the 1988 Winter Olympics. The [[Canadian Olympic Committee]] has pledged to change this at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] in [[Vancouver]] with a program called ''[[Own the Podium - 2010]]'', and the Olympic team's success in [[Canada at the 2006 Winter Olympics|Turin 2006]] made that seem like a distinct possibility. ====Continuing Funding of Venues==== The [[Alberta]] provincial government, under [[Ed Stelmach]] on [[August 30]], [[2007]], committed [[Canadian dollar|CDN$69-million]], of the '''Calgary Olympic Development Association''' (CODA) CDN$276-million overall project cost, to construct Canada's first [[Centre of Sport Excellence]]. This announcement included the unveiling of a new facility design for [[Canada Olympic Park]] (COP) called the [[Athletic and Ice Complex]]. Previous governments have already given funds recently to upgrade and/or maintain existing Olympic winter venues in Calgary and [[Canmore, Alberta]] in the past. For example, CDN$25.6-million was provided to renovate the [[Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park]] area, in time for the 2005 [[Alberta]] [[Centennial]] [[FIS]] [[World Cup]] event. CDN$600,000 was spent in maintaining the [[ski jumping]] venue at [[Canada Olympic Park]] <small>[http://www.canadaolympicpark.ca/media/release.asp?press=61]</small>. On [[October 5]], [[2007]], the Canadian federal government promised an additional [[Canadian dollar|CDN$40-million]] toward the project, according to an article written by the [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]. <small>[http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2007/10/05/olympic-park.html]</small> == Medals awarded == See the medal winners, ordered by sport: * [[Alpine skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Alpine skiing]] * [[Biathlon at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Biathlon]] * [[Bobsleigh at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Bobsleigh]] * [[Figure skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Figure skating]] * [[Ice hockey at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Ice hockey]] * [[Luge at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Luge]] * [[Nordic skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Nordic skiing]] **[[Nordic combined at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Nordic combined]] **[[Cross-country skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Cross-country skiing]] **[[Ski jumping at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Ski jumping]] * [[Speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Speed skating]] ===Demonstration sports=== * [[Curling at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Curling]] * [[Freestyle skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Freestyle skiing]] * [[Short track speed skating at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Short track speed skating]] * [[Disabled skiing at the 1988 Winter Olympics|Disabled skiing]] ==Venues== When awarded the games, Calgary had very little in the way of sports [[infrastructure]] to host such an event. The following is a list of venues built for the games ''(see venues below for complete list of all [[facilities]] used for the games)'': * [[Olympic Oval]] - for [[speed skating]], which was the first time in Olympic history where the event took place indoors under climate controlled conditions. This, along with the [[high altitude]] of the city, resulted in a few world records in the sport being broken during the Games. * [[Pengrowth Saddledome|Olympic Saddledome]] - Indoor [[arena]] for [[figure skating]] and [[ice hockey]] competitions (construction had already begun prior to the Games being awarded to Calgary). The [[Calgary Flames]] moved into the Saddledome for the [[1983-84 NHL season]]. *[[Canada Olympic Park]] - [[Canada Olympic Park bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track|Bobsleigh, luge]], [[ski jumping]], [[Nordic combined]], [[freestyle skiing]] (aerials and ballet), disabled alpine skiing *[[Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park]] - [[Cross-country skiing]], [[biathlon]], [[Nordic combined]], blind cross-country skiing *[[Max Bell Centre]] - [[Curling]] and [[short track speed skating]] *[[McMahon Stadium]] - opening and closing ceremonies *[[Nakiska]] - [[Alpine skiing]], freestyle moguls skiing *[[Stampede Corral]] - Figure skating and ice hockey (secondary venue) *[[Father David Bauer Olympic Arena]] - Ice hockey (secondary venue) ==Medal count== {| {{RankedMedalTable}} |- |1||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|URS|1988 Winter}} || 11 || 9 || 9 || 29 |- |2||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|GDR|1988 Winter}} || 9 || 10 || 6 || 25 |- |3||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|SUI|1988 Winter}} || 5 || 5 || 5 || 15 |- |4||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FIN|1988 Winter}} || 4 || 1 || 2 || 7 |- |5||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|SWE|1988 Winter}} || 4 || 0 || 2 || 6 |- |6||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|AUT|1988 Winter}} || 3 || 5 || 2 || 10 |- |7||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|NED|1988 Winter}} || 3 || 2 || 2 || 7 |- |8||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|FRG|1988 Winter}} || 2 || 4 || 2 || 8 |- |9||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|USA|1988 Winter}} || 2 || 1 || 3 || 6 |- |10||align=left| {{flagIOCteam|ITA|1988 Winter}} || 2 || 1 || 2 || 5 |} {{see|1988 Winter Olympics medal count}} ==Facts and figures== * The instrumental theme song ("Winter Games") and its vocal counterpart ("Can't You Feel It?") were both composed and performed by Canadian musician, [[David Foster]], of [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]]. === Mascots === * The official mascots of the games were two western-attired [[polar bears]] named [[Hidy and Howdy]]. The names were chosen from a field of 7,000 names through a contest sponsored by the [[Calgary Zoo]]. They were designed by Sheila Scott of Great Scott Productions, and produced by International Mascot Corporation of [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]. <big>[http://www.imcmascots.com/]</big> ==Participants== A record of 57 [[National Olympic Committee]]s (NOCs) entered athletes at the 1988 Winter Olympic Games. {| | *{{flagIOC|AND|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ARG|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|AUS|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|AUT|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|BEL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|BOL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|BUL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|CAN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|CHI|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|CHN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|TPE|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|CRC|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|CYP|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|TCH|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|DEN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|FIJ|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|FIN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|FRA|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|GDR|1988 Winter}} |width=20| |valign=top| *{{flagIOC|FRG|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|GBR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|GRE|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|GUM|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|GUA|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|HUN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ISL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|IND|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ITA|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|JAM|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|JPN|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|PRK|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|KOR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|LIB|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|LIE|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|LUX|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|MEX|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|MON|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|MGL|1988 Winter}} |width=20| |valign=top| *{{flagIOC|MAR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|NED|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|AHO|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|NZL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|NOR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|PHI|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|POL|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|POR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|PUR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ROU|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|SMR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|URS|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ESP|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|SWE|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|SUI|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|TUR|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|USA|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|ISV|1988 Winter}} *{{flagIOC|YUG|1988 Winter}} |} ==See also== *[[1988 in Canada]] *[[Winter Olympics]] *[[Olympic Games]] *[[1988 Winter Paralympics]] *[[1976 Summer Paralympics]] ==External links== {{commonscat}} * [http://www.coda.ca/ The Calgary Olympic Development Association] * [http://www.canadaolympicpark.ca/ The Calgary Canada Olympic Park] * [http://www.aafla.org/OlympicInformationCenter/OlympicReview/1988/ore245/ORE245t.pdf ''Olympic Review'', March 1988 - Official results] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-41-1322/sports/calgary_olympic_games/ CBC Digital Archives - The Winter of '88: Calgary's Olympic Games] * [http://www.canadaolympicpark.ca/extra/ccose.asp Possible 2010 Rendition of the Canadian Centre of Sport Excellence] {{Olympic_Games}} [[Category:1988 Winter Olympics|*]] [[Category:Sport in Calgary]] [[ar:ألعاب أولمبية شتوية 1988]] [[bs:XV Zimske olimpijske igre - Calgary 1988.]] [[bg:Зимни олимпийски игри 1988]] [[da:Vinter-OL 1988]] [[de:Olympische Winterspiele 1988]] [[et:1988. aasta taliolümpiamängud]] [[es:Juegos Olímpicos de Calgary 1988]] [[eo:Vintra Olimpiko 1988]] [[fr:Jeux Olympiques d'hiver de 1988]] [[ko:1988년 동계 올림픽]] [[hr:XV. Zimske olimpijske igre - Calgary 1988.]] [[id:Olimpiade Musim Dingin 1988]] [[it:XV Olimpiade Invernale]] [[he:אולימפיאדת קלגרי (1988)]] [[la:1988 Olympia Hiemalia]] [[lb:Olympesch Wanterspiller 1988]] [[nl:Olympische Winterspelen 1988]] [[ja:カルガリーオリンピック]] [[no:Vinter-OL 1988]] [[nn:Vinter-OL 1988]] [[pl:Zimowe Igrzyska Olimpijskie 1988]] [[pt:Jogos Olímpicos de Inverno de 1988]] [[ro:Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1988]] [[ru:Зимние Олимпийские игры 1988]] [[simple:1988 Winter Olympics]] [[sl:Zimske olimpijske igre 1988]] [[sh:Zimska Olimpijada 1988]] [[fi:Talviolympialaiset 1988]] [[sv:Olympiska vinterspelen 1988]] [[vi:Thế vận hội Mùa đông 1988]] [[zh:1988年冬季奥林匹克运动会]]