1998 Pacific hurricane season 2187585 225397918 2008-07-13T13:49:03Z Juliancolton 2793164 /* References */ reflist|2 {{Infobox hurricane season | Basin=EPac | Year=1998 | Track=1998 Pacific hurricane season map.png | First storm formed=[[June 11]], [[1998]] | Last storm dissipated=[[October 20]], [[1998]] | Strongest storm name=Howard | Strongest storm winds=130 | Strongest storm pressure=932 | Average wind speed= | Total depressions=16 | Total storms=13 | Total hurricanes=9 | Total intense=6 | Fatalities=19 direct, 31 indirect | Damages=10 | Inflated=0 | five seasons=[[1996 Pacific hurricane season|1996]], [[1997 Pacific hurricane season|1997]], '''1998''', [[1999 Pacific hurricane season|1999]], [[2000 Pacific hurricane season|2000]] }} The '''1998 Pacific hurricane season''' was a moderately active [[Pacific hurricane]] season with seven [[tropical cyclone]]s directly affecting land. The season officially started on [[May 15]] in the eastern Pacific, and on [[June 1]] in the central Pacific, and ended on [[November 30]]; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern [[Pacific Ocean]]. The first tropical cyclone developed on [[June 11]], which was about ten days later than the normal start of the season.<ref name="agathatcr">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Agatha Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998agatha.html}}</ref> The final storm of the year, Hurricane Madeline, dissipated on [[October 20]]. Storm activity in the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center|Central Pacific Ocean]] was low, with just one tropical depression forming in the basin. Two tropical cyclones from the Eastern Pacific, Darby and Estelle, also entered the central Pacific, with the former entering as a hurricane. The season produced 13 named storms, which was slightly below the average of 16&nbsp;named storms per season. However, the total of nine hurricanes during the season was equal to the average, and the total of six [[tropical cyclone scales|major hurricanes]] surpassed the average.<ref name="climo">{{cite web|author=National Hurricane Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Cyclone Climatology|accessdate=2007-02-25|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/pastprofile.shtml}}</ref> The most notable tropical cyclone was [[Hurricane Isis (1998)|Hurricane Isis]], which killed fourteen people when it made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on southern [[Baja California Sur|Baja California]] and coastal [[Sinaloa]] in [[Mexico]]. Isis caused moderate damage in the nation, destroying more than 700&nbsp;homes and damaging dozens of cars.<ref name="ap9055">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=1998-09-05|title=At least 10 dead from Hurricane Isis|accessdate=2007-03-31}}</ref> It later produced light rainfall and caused dozens of traffic accidents in the southwestern [[United States]]. In addition to Isis, Tropical Storm Javier made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] on [[Mexico]]; the nation experienced the effects of other offshore storms, with six tropical cyclones having some impact on the country. One tropical cyclone, Hurricane Lester, affected [[Central America]], and caused two deaths in [[Guatemala]]. Three tropical cyclones produced light to moderate rainfall across the southwestern [[United States]], and one hurricane produced rough surf along the coast of [[California]]. Hurricane Madeline contributed to a costly and deadly flood in southern [[Texas]]. ==Storms== ===Tropical Storm Agatha=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Storm Agatha | category=storm | type=tropical storm | image=TS Agatha 14 jun 1998 0103Z.jpg | track=Agatha 1998 track.png | formed=[[June 11]] | dissipated=[[June 16]] | highest winds=65&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (100&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=993&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A poorly defined [[tropical wave]] crossed [[Central America]] into the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[June 8]]. As it tracked westward under the influence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its north, a broad circulation developed. However, convection remained sporadic and well-removed from smaller surface centers embedded in the system. Gradually, a dominant center of circulation became better defined, with increasingly organized convection and developing [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]].<ref name="agathatcr">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Agatha Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998agatha.html}}</ref> By early on [[June 11]], the center became sufficiently associated with the convection for the [[National Hurricane Center]] (NHC) to classify the system as Tropical Depression One-E. This occurred while the area of unsettled weather was about 460&nbsp;miles (765&nbsp;km) south-southwest of [[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="td1edisc1">{{cite web|author=Guiney & Pasch|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression One-E Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0198.001}}</ref> The center of the depression was not initially well defined, with restricted [[tropical cyclone#structure|outflow]] in the eastern half of the circulation.<ref name="td1edisc1"/> As such, the depression failed to attain any significant organization in the days subsequent to its formation. Later, an approaching tropical wave merged with the depression, resulting in a trend of intensification and increased organization. By [[June 13]], the NHC upgraded the depression to [[tropical storm]] status, and gave it the name "Agatha". Agatha was about 650&nbsp;miles (1050&nbsp;km) south-southeast of [[Cabo San Lucas]] when it became a tropical storm.<ref name="agathatcr"/> As Agatha became a tropical storm, forecasters predicted that it would not strengthen further, due to its forecasted track passing over cooler waters.<ref name="agathadisc8">{{cite web|author=Jarvinen|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Agatha Discussion Eight|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0198.008}}</ref> However, Agatha quickly strengthened, developing a curved band of [[convection]] wrapping around its center,<ref name="agathadisc11">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Agatha Discussion Eleven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0198.011}}</ref> and early on [[June 11]] it attained a peak intensity of 65&nbsp;mph (100&nbsp;km/h) while about 615&nbsp;miles (985&nbsp;km) southwest of the southern tip of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. Agatha maintained peak winds for about 12&nbsp;hours before moving over colder waters and gradually weakening. On [[June 15]], it degenerated back into a tropical depression, and a day later, it dissipated over the open waters of the Pacific Ocean. The storm never affected land.<ref name="agathatcr"/> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Depression Two-E=== {{storm path needed}} {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Depression Two-E | category=depression | type=tropical depression | image=TD 2E 20 jun 1998 2000Z.jpg | formed=[[June 19]] | dissipated=[[June 22]] | highest winds=35&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (55&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=1003&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A few days later, another westward-moving tropical disturbance paralleled the southern coast of [[Central America]] and [[Mexico]]. Convection in the area organized steadily, and late on [[June 19]], the system developed into Tropical Depression Two-E about 260&nbsp;miles (420&nbsp;km) south-southwest of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], [[Mexico]]. On becoming a tropical depression, the system maintained a large, elongated, low-level circulation with some [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]] and restricted [[tropical cyclone#structure|outflow]] due to [[wind shear]]. The [[National Hurricane Center]] first predicted that the depression would intensify, reaching winds of 50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;km/h), though two [[Tropical cyclone prediction model|computer models]] projected it to quickly dissipate. Under the influence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over Mexico, the depression moved to the west-northwest,<ref name="td2edisc1">{{cite web|author=Guiney & Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Two-E Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0298.001}}</ref> and, under the influence of increasing wind shear, the depression failed to organize significantly. By [[June 20]], the circulation center was partially exposed, and was located to the northeast of the primary convection – traits that signal a weak storm. Two-E approached tropical storm status,<ref name="td2edisc5">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Two-E Discussion Five|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0298.005}}</ref> though deep convection waned after the system moved over cooler waters. On [[June 21]], the National Hurricane Center issued the last advisory on the depression, stating that the depression maintained a very well-defined, low-level circulation, but had no convection associated with the system. The depression never affected land.<ref name="td2edisc10">{{cite web|author=Mayfield|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Two-E Discussion Ten|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0298.010}}</ref> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Hurricane Blas=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Blas | category=cat4 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Blas 24 jun 1998 1645Z.jpg | track=Blas 1998 track.png | formed=[[June 22]] | dissipated=[[June 30]] | highest winds=140&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (225&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=943&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} On [[June 8]], a [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]]. The wave remained weak and nondescript as it crossed the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and entered the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[June 19]]. An area of convection developed and organized along the wave's axis, and the National Hurricane Center began to employ [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] on [[June 20]]. Convective [[tropical cyclone#physical structure|banding features]] increased as the broad circulation became better defined, and on [[June 22]], the disturbance developed into Tropical Depression Three-E about 575&nbsp;miles (925&nbsp;km) south of the [[Gulf of Tehuantepec]]. Well-defined steering currents resulted in a general west-northwestward movement. Deep convection concentrated near the center, and about 12&nbsp;hours after becoming a tropical depression, the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Blas about 400&nbsp;miles (640&nbsp;km) south of [[Puerto Angel, Oaxaca]].<ref name="blastcr">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|year=1998|title=Hurricane Blas Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-17|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998blas.html}}</ref> Tropical Storm Blas continued to organize as it moved parallel to the [[Mexico|Mexican]] coast. Banding features increased, and on [[June 23]] the storm attained [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|hurricane status]] about 345&nbsp;miles (555&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Acapulco]]. The next day, an [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed and became apparent on satellite imagery, while [[tropical cyclone#physical structure|upper-level outflow]] became better defined. Blas quickly strengthened and reached its peak intensity on [[June 25]], with maximum sustained winds of 140&nbsp;mph (225&nbsp;km/h), while about 575&nbsp;miles (925&nbsp;km) south-southeast of the southern tip of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. Temperatures warmed in the convection around the eye, though the eye remained visible for several days as Blas turned west under the influence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its north. On [[June 28]], it degenerated into a tropical storm after entering an area of cooler water. Blas weakened to a tropical depression on [[June 30]], and a day later was considered to have dissipated due to a lack of convection near the center. A remnant low-level cloud swirl persisted for several days, passing well to the south of [[Hawaii]] on [[July 5]] before dissipating. The [[Associated Press]] attributed 4&nbsp;deaths from a [[mudslide]] in [[Michoacán]] to Blas. However, as the primary convection remained offshore, the National Hurricane Center did not consider the deaths related to the hurricane.<ref name="blastcr"/> The threat of Blas prompted officials in [[Acapulco]] to close the port to all navigation.<ref name="aj623">{{cite news|author=Atlanta Journal|date=1998-06-23|title=Storm likely to become hurricane|accessdate=2007-02-18}}</ref> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Storm Celia=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Storm Celia | category=storm | type=tropical storm | image=TS Celia 18 july 1998 2130Z.jpg | track=Celia 1998 track.png | formed=[[July 17]] | dissipated=[[July 21]] | highest winds=60&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (95&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=997&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} On [[July 1]], another [[tropical wave]] emerged off the coast of [[Africa]]. It moved westward due to strong [[wind shear]] without further organization, and crossed [[Central America]] into the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[July 11]]. An area of organizing [[convection]] developed along the wave axis, and [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] began on [[July 13]]<!--people began them-who?-->, while the tropical wave was south of the [[Gulf of Tehuantepec]]. The cloud pattern soon became disorganized, and the area of disturbed weather continued west-northwestward. On [[July 16]], convection increased and organized into [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]]; early on [[July 17]], the system developed into Tropical Depression Four-E about 150&nbsp;miles (240&nbsp;km) south of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo, Mexico]]. Soon after becoming a tropical depression, the storm rapidly organized and intensified into Tropical Storm Celia six hours after becoming a tropical depression. The tropical storm initially moved northwestward, and briefly threatened southern [[Baja California Sur|Baja California]]. As a result, the government of [[Mexico]] issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] on [[July 18]] for [[La Paz, Baja California Sur|La Paz]] southward. Shortly thereafter, a mid- to upper-level [[anticyclone]] turned Celia to the west-northwest and forced it to pass about 150&nbsp;miles (240&nbsp;km) south-southwest of [[Cabo San Lucas]]. On [[July 19]], Celia attained maximum sustained winds of 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h) before moving over cooler waters and diminishing in convection. The storm degenerated into a tropical depression on [[July 20]], and Celia dissipated early on [[July 21]], well away from the Mexican coastline.<ref name="celiatcr">{{cite web|author=Richard Pasch|year=1999|title=Tropical Storm Celia Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-26|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998celia.html}}</ref> The precursor tropical disturbance produced locally heavy rainfall along the south coast of [[Mexico]].<ref name="celiatcr"/> Authorities in Mexico closed the port at [[Acapulco]] to small fishing and recreational boats, and advised larger craft to use caution.<ref name"ap717">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=1998-07-17|title=Tropical Storm Celia strengthening off Mexico|accessdate=2007-02-26}}</ref> Damage from the storm, if any, is unknown. <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Hurricane Darby=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Darby | category=cat3 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Darby 25 july 1998 1605Z.jpg | track=Darby 1998 track.png | formed=[[July 23]] | dissipated=[[August 1]] | highest winds=115&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (185&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=958&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A [[tropical wave]] moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on [[July 4]]. It tracked westward across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] with little increase in [[convection]], and crossed [[Central America]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[July 16]]. Three days later, convection began to increase along the wave axis while the wave was well to the south of [[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]]. On [[July 21]], [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] began as the cloud pattern displayed curvature on satellite images. Convective [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]] gradually developed, and it is estimated that the system organized into Tropical Depression Five-E early on [[July 23]] about 720&nbsp;miles (1160&nbsp;km) south of the southern tip of the [[Baja California peninsula]]. Under the influence of a mid- to upper-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its north, the depression tracked west-northwestward. Convection became more concentrated as [[tropical cyclone#structure|outflow]] organized further, and 18&nbsp;hours after the depression first developed, it intensified into Tropical Storm Darby.<ref name="darbytcr">{{cite web|author=Rappaport|year=1999|title=Hurricane Darby Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-25|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998darby.html}}</ref> Located in an area conducive to further development, Darby attained hurricane status on [[July 24]], subsequent to the development of a 17&nbsp;mile (27&nbsp;km)-wide [[eye (cyclone)|eye]].<ref name="darbytcr"/> The eye became more distinct while surrounded by an area of deep convection, and on [[July 25]] the hurricane reached peak winds of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h) about 850&nbsp;miles (1370&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Cabo San Lucas]].<ref name="darbydisc8">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=1998|title=Hurricane Darby Discussion Eight|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-25|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0598.008}}</ref> The eye soon disappeared on satellite imagery, believed to be from an [[eye (cyclone)#Eyewall replacement cycle|eyewall replacement cycle]], and Darby's winds weakened to about 105&nbsp;mph (170&nbsp;km/h). A 25&nbsp;mile (40&nbsp;km) eye next developed, and on [[July 26]], the hurricane re-intensified to reach peak winds of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h).<ref name="darbytcr"/> For a 30-hour period, Darby attained the characteristics of an [[annular hurricane]], retaining a well-defined structure with few banding features for an extended period.<ref name="annular">{{cite web|author=John A. Knaff, James P. Kossin, and Mark DeMaria|year=2002|title=Annular Hurricanes|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2007-02-12|url=http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/~kossin/articles/annularhurr.pdf}}</ref> The hurricane began to weaken while entering an area of cooler water and increased [[wind shear]], and after crossing into the jurisdiction of the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]], Darby weakened to a tropical storm on [[July 29]]. The storm degenerated into a tropical depression on [[July 31]], and early on [[August 1]], Darby dissipated a moderate distance north of the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. It never affected land.<ref name="darbytcr"/> ===Hurricane Estelle=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Estelle | category=cat4 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Estelle 01 aug 1998 1620Z.jpg | track=Estelle 1998 track.png | formed=[[July 29]] | dissipated=[[August 8]] | highest winds=135&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (215&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=948&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} On [[July 18]], a [[tropical wave]] exited the western coast of [[Africa]], and moved westward across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] with sporadic convection but no development. The wave moved across the [[Caribbean Sea]] and the southern [[Gulf of Mexico]] before crossing [[Central America]] into the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[July 28]]. Early on [[July 29]], [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] began on the system, and subsequent to the formation of [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]] and a surface circulation, the system developed into Tropical Depression Six-E about 170&nbsp;miles (275&nbsp;km) southeast of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo, Mexico]]. The depression continued to organize, with increasing [[convection]] and distinct upper-level [[tropical cyclone#structure|outflow]], and early on [[July 30]] the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Estelle.<ref name="estelletcr">{{cite web|author=Guiney|year=1999|title=Hurricane Estelle Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-26|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998estelle.html}}</ref> Tropical Storm Estelle gradually intensified as it tracked west-northwestward, a motion caused by a large [[anticyclone]] to its north. On [[July 31]], the storm attained hurricane status about 550&nbsp;miles (885&nbsp;km) south-southeast of the southern tip of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. Its intensification continued as a well-defined [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] about 30&nbsp;miles (48&nbsp;km) in diameter became visible on satellite imagery, and on [[August 2]] Estelle reached its peak intensity of 135&nbsp;mph (215&nbsp;km/h). The hurricane soon began to weaken as deep convection diminished and the eye disappeared on satellite imagery. Two days after peaking in intensity, Estelle weakened to tropical storm status. Late on [[August 4]], the convection associated with the storm dissipated, and the next day the storm weakened to tropical depression status. Convection briefly re-developed on [[August 6]], though increased [[wind shear]] and cooler water weakened the depression further. Two days later, Estelle dissipated about 400&nbsp;miles (645&nbsp;km) east-northeast of the [[Hawaiian Islands]].<ref name="estelletcr"/> High surf from Estelle impacted southern [[California]], resulting in a number of lifeguard rescues.<ref name="kcal804">{{cite news|author=KCAL-TV|date=1998-08-04|title=Hurricane Estelle is hitting hard|accessdate=2007-02-26}}</ref> The storm disrupted the [[trade wind]]s around [[Hawaii]], resulting in light winds and rain showers on [[Kauai]] and [[Oahu]].<ref name="cphc">{{cite web|author=Central Pacific Hurricane Center|year=1999|title=1998 Central Pacific Tropical Cyclone Season|accessdate=2007-02-18|url=http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/summaries/1998.php}}</ref> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Storm Frank=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Storm Frank | category=storm | type=tropical storm | image=TS Frank 09 aug 1998 0000Z.jpg | track=Frank 1998 track.png | formed=[[August 6]] | dissipated=[[August 10]] | highest winds=45&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (75&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=1001&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} On [[July 19]], a [[tropical wave]] moved off the coast of [[Africa]]. A mid-level circulation developed to the south of [[Cape Verde]] on [[July 22]], though the wave became less distinct as it continued westward. The wave axis crossed [[Central America]] into the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[July 31]]. Convection steadily increased, though it was not until [[August 4]] that the convection began to organize. [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] began on [[August 4]], and subsequent to the formation of a low-level circulation the system developed into Tropical Depression Seven-E on [[August 6]] about 550&nbsp;miles (885&nbsp;km) south of the southern tip of the [[Baja California Peninsula]]. The depression tracked generally northward, under the influence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] over [[Mexico]] and a mid-level [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] to its west.<ref name="franktcr">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Frank Tropical Cyclone Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998frank.html}}</ref> The center of the depression was initially elongated, with northerly [[wind shear]] impacting the structure of the cyclone.<ref name="td7edisc1">{{cite web|author=Pasch|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Seven-E Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0798.001}}</ref> This at first prevented further strengthening,<ref name="franktcr"/> though convection increased and organized into [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]] as it moved through an area of warm water.<ref name="frankdisc6">{{cite web|author=Jarvinen|year=1998|title=Tropical Storm Frank Discussion Six|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0798.006}}</ref> On [[August 8]], the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Frank, and it soon turned to the north-northwest, brushing the western coastline of [[Baja California peninsula|Baja California]]. On [[August 9]], Frank reached peak winds of 45&nbsp;mph (75&nbsp;km/h) about 105&nbsp;miles (170&nbsp;km) west-northwest of [[Ciudad Constitución]]. It turned to the northwest, with a portion of the circulation of<!-- ?? --> the land, and steadily weakened after moving over cooler water. On [[August 10]], Frank dissipated a short distance off Baja California.<ref name="franktcr"/> On [[August 8]], the government of Mexico issued a [[tropical cyclone warnings and watches|tropical storm warning]] for portions of the southwestern Baja California Peninsula.<ref name="franktcr"/> Officials ordered the evacuation of some residents near [[Cabo San Lucas]], whose port was closed, due to the threat of mudslides.<ref name="ap809">{{cite news|author=Associated Press|date=1998-08-09|title=Tropical depression parallels Mexico's Baja California peninsula|accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref> Gusty winds and moderate rainfall were reported in a localized area of Baja California Sur,<ref name="franktcr"/> with rainfall peaking at 9.61&nbsp;inches (244&nbsp;mm) at Santa Anita, near [[Los Cabos]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|year=2007|title=Tropical Storm Frank Rainfall Data|accessdate=2007-02-12|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/frank1998.html}}</ref> Moisture from Frank extended into the southwestern [[United States]],<ref name="franktcr"/> producing more than 2&nbsp;inches (50&nbsp;mm) of rain in southern [[California]] and [[Arizona]].<ref name="usda">{{cite web|author=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/nass/WWNatSumm//1990s/1998/WWNatSumm-08-18-1998.txt|title=National Weather Summary|year=1998}}</ref> One news agency attributed three deaths to the storm,<ref name="cbs">{{cite news|author=CBS Network Programming|date=1998-08-10|title=Tropical Storm Frank|accessdate=2007-02-21}}</ref> though elsewhere there were no reports of damage.<ref name="franktcr"/> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Hurricane Georgette=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Georgette | category=cat3 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Georgette 14 aug 1998.jpg | track=Georgette 1998 track.png | formed=[[August 11]] | dissipated=[[August 17]] | highest winds=115&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (185&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=960&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A [[tropical wave]] was first observed in the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[August 4]] in association with the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]]. It tracked westward, and by [[August 9]] a low-level circulation formed well to the south of [[Mexico]]. [[Tropical cyclone#structure|Banding features]] increased as the system detached from the Intertropical Convergence Zone, and on [[August 11]], the system developed into Tropical Depression Eight-E about 730&nbsp;miles (1170&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Acapulco]].<ref name="georgettetcr">{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence|year=1998|title=Hurricane Georgette Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998georgette.html}}</ref> On becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression maintained an area of concentrated deep convection near the center. The [[National Hurricane Center]] initially predicted that the depression would slowly intensify and reach winds of 70&nbsp;mph (115&nbsp;km/h) within 72&nbsp;hours. For much of the rest of the storm's duration, the National Hurricane Center underestimated the intensity of the cyclone.<ref name="td8edisc1">{{cite web|author=Rappaport|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Eight-E Tropical Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0898.001}}</ref> The depression tracked steadily northwestward, caused by its location along the western periphery of a [[subtropical ridge]]. It would retain that direction for most of its remaining duration. Late on [[August 11]], it intensified into Tropical Storm Georgette, and two days later it attained hurricane status after developing a 40&nbsp;mile (65&nbsp;km) [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] about 615&nbsp;miles (990&nbsp;km) south-southwest of [[Cabo San Lucas]].<ref name="georgettetcr"/> The eye became increasingly distinct while [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding features]] became very well organized.<ref name="georgettedisc12">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=1998|title=Hurricane Georgette Discussion Twelve|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-21|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP0898.012}}</ref> Georgette attained peak winds of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h) while centered 690&nbsp;miles (1110&nbsp;km) west-southwest of the southern tip of [[Baja California Sur|Baja California]].<ref name="georgettetcr"/> The hurricane soon moved over cooler water,<ref name="georgettedisc12"/> and began to weaken as convection warmed and decreased. On [[August 16]], it degenerated into a tropical storm, and Georgette dissipated on [[August 17]] without ever affecting land.<ref name="georgettetcr"/> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Depression One-C=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Depression One-C | category=depression | type=tropical depression | image=Tropical Depression One-C (1998).JPG | formed=[[August 16]] | dissipated=[[August 19]] | highest winds=35&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] | lowest pressure= }} An area of convection developed in association with a northward bulge of the near-equatorial [[convergence zone]]. It tracked west-northwestward under the influence of a [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]] to its north, and organized into Tropical Depression One-C on [[August 19]], about 1000&nbsp;miles (1600&nbsp;km) southeast of the [[Hawaiian Islands]]. The depression failed to organize significantly as it turned westward. High [[wind shear]] from an upper-level [[trough (meteorology)|trough]] continually weakened the system, and on [[August 19]], the [[Central Pacific Hurricane Center]] issued the final advisory on the tropical depression about 365&nbsp;miles (585&nbsp;km) south of [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]] on the island of [[Hawaii (island)|Hawaii]]. It never affected land.<ref name="cphc"/><div style="clear:both;"></div> ===Hurricane Howard=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Howard | category=cat4 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Howard 22 aug 1998.jpg | track=Howard 1998 track.png | formed=[[August 20]] | dissipated=[[August 30]] | highest winds=150&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (240&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=932&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A [[tropical wave]] moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on [[August 7]]. As it moved across the [[Atlantic Ocean]], it failed to organize. On reaching the eastern [[Pacific Ocean]] on [[August 17]], however, an area of [[convection]] developed along the wave axis. [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] began the next day, and a broad center of circulation gradually formed. Convection was intermittent at first, though it gradually organized and persisted near the center, and on [[August 20]], the disturbance developed into Tropical Depression Nine-E about {{convert|345|mi|km}} south of [[Puerto Angel, Mexico]]. It tracked generally west-northwestward, developing more pronounced [[tropical cyclone#structure|banding feature]]s, and on [[August 21]], the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Howard. The center of Howard became embedded within the deep convection, and the storm quickly strengthened to attain hurricane status late on the 21st. An [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed as [[tropical cyclone#structure|outflow]] organized further, and Howard began to [[rapid deepening|rapidly intensify]] to reach peak winds of 150&nbsp;mph (240&nbsp;km/h) about 600&nbsp;miles (965&nbsp;km) south-southeast of the southern tip of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. At the time of its peak intensity, the eye was small and located within a very cold [[eye (cyclone)#structure|central dense overcast]].<ref name="howardtcr">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|year=1998|title=Hurricane Howard Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-14|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998howard.html}}</ref> Shortly after peaking in intensity, the eye of Hurricane Howard gradually became larger, resulting in a slight weakening trend. After weakening to winds of 125&nbsp;mph (200&nbsp;km/h),<ref name="howardtcr"/> the eye reached a diameter of about 30 miles (50&nbsp;km), and the structure of the hurricane transitioned into that of an [[annular hurricane]], similar to that of Darby earlier in the season.<ref name="annular">{{cite web|author=John A. Knaff, James P. Kossin, and Mark DeMaria|year=2002|title=Annular Hurricanes|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2007-02-12|url=http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/~kossin/articles/annularhurr.pdf}}</ref> Howard strengthened again into a [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale|Category 4 hurricane]] on [[August 25]] before weakening slightly the following day.<ref name="howardtcr"/> The hurricane retained annular characteristics for about 48&nbsp;hours before moving over cooler water.<ref name="annular"/> On [[August 28]], it weakened to a tropical storm, and early on [[August 30]], Howard was considered to have [[dissipation|dissipated]]. A small, low-level swirl of clouds devoid of convection persisted for a few days before dissipating. Howard never affected land.<ref name="howardtcr"/> ===Hurricane Isis=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Isis | category=cat1 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Isis 02 sept 1998 1625Z.jpg | track=Isis 1998 track.png | formed=[[September 1]] | dissipated=[[September 3]] | highest winds=75&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (120&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=988&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} {{hurricane main|Hurricane Isis (1998)}} Isis developed on [[September 1]] out of the interaction between a [[tropical wave]] and a large, low-level circulation to the southwest of [[Mexico]]. It moved northward, striking the extreme southeastern portion of the [[Baja California Peninsula]] before attaining hurricane status in the [[Gulf of California]]. Isis made landfall at [[Topolobampo]] in the state of [[Sinaloa]] on [[September 3]] and quickly lost its low-level circulation.<ref name="isistcr">{{cite web|author=Richard J. Pasch|year=1999|title=Hurricane Isis Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998isis.html}}</ref> The remnants persisted for several days before dissipating in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Idaho]].<ref name="isisrain">{{cite web|author=David Roth|year=2003|title=Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Isis|publisher=Hydrometeorological Prediction Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/isis1998.html}}</ref> In Mexico, Isis destroyed more than 700&nbsp;houses and killed 14&nbsp;people,<ref name="isistcr"/> primarily due to heavy rainfall of more than 20&nbsp;inches (500&nbsp;mm) in southern Baja California Sur.<ref name="isisrain"/> The rainfall caused widespread damage to roads and railways, stranding thousands of people.<ref name="gob">{{cite web|author=President Ernesto Zedillo|year=1998|title=Versión estenográfica de las palabras del presidente Ernesto Zedillo, en la Reunión de Trabajo sobre la Reconstrucción de la Zona Afectada por el Huracán "Isis" en la sala del aeropuerto internacional de Los Mochis, de este municipio|language=Spanish|publisher=Government of Mexico|accessdate=2007-02-08|url=http://zedillo.presidencia.gob.mx/pages/disc/oct98/05oct98.html}}</ref> Moisture from the remnants of Isis extended into the southwestern [[United States]], resulting in light rainfall, dozens of traffic accidents, and power outages for thousands of residents in [[San Diego County, California|San Diego County]].<ref name="cns0903">{{cite news|author=Wade Booth|date=1998-09-03|title=Isis Brings Trouble to San Diego County|publisher=City News Service|accessdate=2007-02-09}}</ref> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Storm Javier=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Storm Javier | category=storm | type=tropical storm | image=Javier 09 sept 1998 2030Z.jpg | track=Javier 1998 track.png | formed=[[September 6]] | dissipated=[[September 14]] | highest winds=60&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (95&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=995&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} Javier is believed to have originated from a [[tropical wave]] that moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on [[August 22]]. A convective disturbance along the northern portion of the wave developed into Atlantic [[Hurricane Danielle (1998)|Hurricane Danielle]] on [[August 24]], while the southern portion of the wave axis continued westward. The wave remained inactive and difficult to track as it crossed the Atlantic. On [[September 3]], an area of convection began to develop near [[Acapulco]], at the same time and location where the wave would have been based on extrapolation. The disturbance became better defined on [[September 5]] as it tracked west-northwestward, and on [[September 6]] the convection became sufficiently organized and persistent for the [[National Hurricane Center]] to classify it as Tropical Depression Eleven-E, while it was located about 200&nbsp;miles (330&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo, Mexico]].<ref name="javiertcr">{{cite web|author=Edward N. Rappaport|year=1999|title=Tropical Storm Javier Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998javier.html}}</ref> Easterly [[wind shear]] initially dislocated the circulation center to the eastern edge of the convection. The [[subtropical ridge]] to its north resulted in a general west-northwest motion,<ref name="td11disc1">{{cite web|author=Pasch|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Eleven Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1198.001}}</ref> and the depression slowly intensified into Tropical Storm Javier late on [[September 7]]. [[Tropical cyclone#structure|Banding feature]]s in the system did not organize significantly, and on [[September 8]], Javier attained a peak intensity of 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h), which coincided with a sharp increase in convection over the center. Steering currents soon weakened, and the storm turned to the east while convection quickly decreased. By [[September 9]], the center was exposed from the diminishing deep convection, and that night it degenerated into a tropical depression. On [[September 11]], the [[National Hurricane Center]] issued its final advisory on Javier, though later analysis indicates that it remained a tropical cyclone as it turned southeastward. At times, it became difficult to distinguish Javier from the broader area of disturbed weather that persisted over the tropical eastern Pacific, though a brief increase in convection and a ship report of winds exceeding 40&nbsp;mph (65&nbsp;km/h) indicate that Javier strengthened again into a tropical storm late on [[September 12]]. It turned to the northeast, and reached winds of 50&nbsp;mph (80&nbsp;km/h) before weakening due to waning convection. Javier made [[landfall (meteorology)|landfall]] about 35&nbsp;miles (55&nbsp;km) east-southeast of [[Cabo Corrientes]] early on [[September 14]], and dissipated within 12&nbsp;hours of moving ashore. The National Hurricane Center advised small craft along coastal areas of Mexico to monitor the progress of the storm.<ref name="javiertcr"/> Javier produced moderate rainfall along coastal regions of Mexico, including a 24-hour peak of 7.36&nbsp;inches (187&nbsp;mm) in [[Colima]], 6.69&nbsp;inches (170&nbsp;mm) in [[Michoacán]], and 3.34&nbsp;inches (85&nbsp;mm) in [[Jalisco]]. Puerto Vallarta reported the highest total rainfall, at 17.33&nbsp;inches (440&nbsp;mm).<ref>Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2007). [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/javier1998.html Tropical Storm Javier.] Retrieved on [[2007-02-12]].</ref> Damage, if any, is unknown.<ref name="smn">{{cite web|author=[[Servicio Meteorológico Nacional]]|year=1998|title=Tormenta Tropical "Javier" del Océano Pacífico|accessdate=2007-02-13|language=Spanish|url=http://smn.cna.gob.mx/ciclones/tempo1998/pacifico/javier/javier.html}}</ref> <div style="clear: both"></div> ===Tropical Depression Twelve-E=== {{storm path needed}} {{infobox hurricane small | name=Tropical Depression Twelve-E | category=depression | type=tropical depression | image=TD 12E 03 oct 1998 0000Z.jpg | formed=[[October 1]] | dissipated=[[October 3]] | highest winds=35&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (55&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=1003&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A tropical disturbance developed persistent convection in association with a low-level circulation, and organized into Tropical Depression Twelve-E late on [[October 1]] about 350&nbsp;miles (565&nbsp;km) west-northwest of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo, Mexico]]. Within an environment of weak steering currents, the depression was initially forecasted to track slowly west-northwestward and reach winds of 60&nbsp;mph (95&nbsp;km/h), but instead it drifted eastward before turning slowly to the west.<ref name="td12disc1">{{cite web|author=Guiney|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1298.001}}</ref><ref name="12tcr">{{cite web|author=Guiney|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Twelve-E Best Track|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998td12e.html}}</ref> The depression failed to organize and gradually worsened in appearance. Early on [[October 2]], two ships reported southwest winds much further to the north, with the [[National Hurricane Center]] indicating that either the center was exceedingly small, that no center existed at the time, or that the center was located far to the north of the thunderstorm activity. Operationally, the center was relocated further to the north,<ref name="td12disc3">{{cite web|author=Rappaport|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion Three|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1298.003}}</ref> then relocated about {{convert|115|mi|km}} to the south six hours later based on visible satellite images,<ref name="td12disc4">{{cite web|author=Lawrence|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion Four|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1298.004}}</ref> then again relocated to the north, coinciding with officials issuing the last advisory on the system. By early [[October 3]], the depression possessed only intermittent convection,<ref name="td12disc6">{{cite web|author=Avila|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Twelve-E Discussion Six|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1298.006}}</ref> and later that day it dissipated to the southwest of the [[Baja California peninsula]]. It never affected land.<ref name="12tcr"/><div style="clear: both"></div> ===Hurricane Kay=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Kay | category=cat1 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Kay 13 oct 1998.jpg | track=Kay 1998 track.png | formed=[[October 13]] | dissipated=[[October 17]] | highest winds=75&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (120&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=987&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A small, low-level circulation separated itself from the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]] on [[October 10]], several hundred miles southwest of [[Baja California Peninsula|Baja California]]. The circulation was well defined, though its convection was initially minimal and disorganized. On [[October 12]], the convection increased greatly, and the system was sufficiently organized to be classified Tropical Depression Thirteen-E early on [[October 13]], about 715&nbsp;miles (1150&nbsp;km) southwest of [[Cabo San Lucas]]. [[Dvorak technique|Dvorak classifications]] also indicated winds of about 35&nbsp;mph (55&nbsp;km/h). Operationally, the depression was forecasted to intensify to reach peak winds of 45&nbsp;mph (70&nbsp;km/h) while tracking steadily west-northwestward.<ref name="td13edisc1">{{cite web|author=Guiney|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Thirteen-E Discussion One|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1398.001}}</ref> The storm center was at first ill-defined,<ref name="td13edisc2">{{cite web|author=Lawrence|year=1998|title=Tropical Depression Thirteen-E Discussion Two|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/dis/NEP1398.002}}</ref> and post-season analysis estimates that it intensified into Tropical Storm Kay about 6&nbsp;hours after developing. After becoming a tropical storm, Kay rapidly organized as it tracked generally westward. A pinhole [[eye (cyclone)|eye]] developed in the center of the convection, and Kay attained hurricane status late on [[October 13]], about 18&nbsp;hours after developing. After remaining a hurricane for about 12&nbsp;hours, the eye disappeared and the convection weakened, and early on [[October 14]] Kay degenerated into a tropical storm. Within an environment of weak steering currents, the storm turned to the southwest, then to the south, after weakening to a tropical depression on [[October 15]]. Convection sporadically redeveloped, but failed to persist. Kay turned to the southeast and later to the east, and the system dissipated on [[October 17]], about 330&nbsp;miles (530&nbsp;km) south-southwest of its origin. Kay never affected land.<ref name="kaytcr">{{cite web|author=Lixion A. Avila|year=1998|title=Hurricane Kay Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998kay.html}}</ref> ===Hurricane Lester=== {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Lester | category=cat3 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Lester (1998) GOES.JPG | track=Lester 1998 track.png | formed=[[October 15]] | dissipated=[[October 26]] | highest winds=115&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (185&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=965&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} {{hurricane main|Hurricane Lester (1998)}} A [[tropical wave]] moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on [[September 29]], and on [[October 5]], an area of convection along the wave developed into Atlantic [[1998 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Lisa|Hurricane Lisa]]. The wave axis continued westward, and after crossing [[Central America]] convection increased as it tracked northwestward, and the system organized into Tropical Depression Fourteen-E on [[October 15]], about 200&nbsp;miles (320&nbsp;km) south of Guatemala. It moved northwestward and late on the 15th it intensified into Tropical Storm Lester, about 115&nbsp;miles (185&nbsp;km/h) south of the border of [[Mexico]] and Guatemala, before attaining hurricane status on [[October 16]]. Lester continued westward and strengthened to reach a peak intensity of 115&nbsp;mph (185&nbsp;km/h) on [[October 22]]. Late on [[October 23]], it degenerated into a tropical storm, and several days later, Lester dissipated on [[October 26]].<ref name="lestertcr">{{cite web|author=Miles B. Lawrence|year=1998|title=Hurricane Lester Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998lester.html}}</ref> Early in its lifetime, Lester produced heavy rainfall across southwestern [[Guatemala]]. The rainfall destroyed some houses and killed livestock, and a mudslide from the heavy precipitation killed two children.<ref name="ch1017">{{cite news|author=Calgary Herald|date=1998-10-17|title=Weather Kills Two in Guatemala|accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref> In [[Honduras]], rainfall from the hurricane destroyed a bridge in [[Tegucigalpa]], affecting about 1,000&nbsp;people.<ref name="xinhua1017">{{cite news|author=Xinhua News Agency|date=1998-10-17|title=Heavy Rains Bring Bridge Down in Honduras|accessdate=2007-02-11}}</ref> Moisture brought around the northeast periphery of the [[Sierra Madre Occidental]] led to a narrow band of heavy rainfall along the upslope side of the mountain range, with a local precipitation maximum exceeding 14&nbsp;inches (360&nbsp;mm).<ref>Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2007). [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/lester1998.html Hurricane Lester.] Retrieved on [[2007-02-12]].</ref> Though no surface reports are available, it is estimated that tropical-storm-force winds occurred along coastal areas of southern Mexico.<ref name="lestertcr"/> ===Hurricane Madeline=== {{hurricane main|Hurricane Madeline (1998)}} {{infobox hurricane small | name=Hurricane Madeline | category=cat1 | type=hurricane | image=Hurricane Madeline 18 oct 1998 2203Z.jpg | track=Madeline 1998 track.png | formed=[[October 16]] | dissipated=[[October 20]] | highest winds=85&nbsp;[[miles per hour|mph]] (140&nbsp;[[kilometres per hour|km/h]]) | lowest pressure=979&nbsp;[[Bar (unit)|mbar]] }} A [[tropical wave]] moved off the coast of [[Africa]] on [[September 25]], and remained disorganized while crossing the [[Atlantic Ocean]] before crossing [[Central America]] into the [[Pacific Ocean]]. It continued westward, and on [[October 15]] began to steadily organize until developing into Tropical Depression Fifteen-E on [[October 16]], about 230&nbsp;miles (370&nbsp;km) west-southwest of [[Manzanillo, Colima|Manzanillo]], [[Mexico]]. At the western end of a mid-level [[ridge (meteorology)|ridge]], the depression tracked north-northwestward. 12&nbsp;hours after first developing, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Madeline. [[Tropical cyclone#structure|Banding features]] gradually improved in organization, and late on [[October 17]], Madeline attained hurricane status. On [[October 18]], Madeline attained peak winds of 85&nbsp;mph (140&nbsp;km/h) about 95&nbsp;miles (150&nbsp;km) southwest of [[San Blas, Nayarit]]. Late on [[October 19]], the hurricane degenerated into a tropical storm, and early on [[October 20]], Madeline dissipated in the southern portion of the [[Gulf of California]].<ref name="madtcr">{{cite web|author=Max Mayfield|year=1998|title=Hurricane Madeline Preliminary Report|publisher=National Hurricane Center|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998madeline.html}}</ref> Some of the rainbands from Madeline moved over portions of southwest Mexico, with close to 9&nbsp;inches (560&nbsp;mm) falling at Cabo Corrientes.<ref>Hydrometeorological Prediction Center (2007). [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/madeline1998.html Hurricane Madeline.] Retrieved on [[2007-02-12]].</ref> No damage or casualties were reported as a result of the storm in Mexico.<ref name="madtcr"/> Moisture from Madeline contributed to [[October 1998 Central Texas floods|heavy rainfall]] across southeastern [[Texas]], reaching over 22&nbsp;inches (560&nbsp;mm) in some locations. Thirty-one people died due to the flooding, and damage totaled $750&nbsp;million (1998&nbsp;USD).<ref name="nwsmad">{{cite web|author=United States Department of Commerce|year=1999|title=South Texas Floods- October 17 – 22, 1998|accessdate=2007-02-11|url=http://www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/txflood.pdf}}</ref> ==Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) ranking== {|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0 0.5em 1em;" |+ACE (10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>) – Storm |- ! 1 | 29.27 || Howard ! 8 | 2.69 || [[Hurricane Isis (1998)|Isis]] |- ! 2 | 23.74 || Lester ! 9 | 2.15 || Kay |- ! 3 | 19.65 || Blas ! 10 | 2.20 || Agatha |- ! 4 | 18.31 || Darby ! 11 | 2.02 || Celia |- !5 | 14.6 || Estelle !12 | 1.91 || Javier |- ! 6 | 11.18 || Georgette ! 13 | 0.77 || Frank |- ! 7 | 5.49 || Madeline ! | || |- |} The table on the right shows the [[Accumulated Cyclone Energy]] (ACE) for each storm in the 1998 season. The ACE is, broadly speaking, a measure of the power of a storm multiplied by its duration, so longer-lived hurricanes have higher ACEs. The total ACE for the season was 133.97 × 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>. Because several storms in 1998 were long-lasting or intense, the season's ACE was near-normal.<ref name="ACE">{{cite web|author=[[National Climatic Data Center]]|publisher=[[NOAA]]|year=2005|accessdate=2006-08-10|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/img/climate/research/2005/ann/ace-epac-nov30.png|title=East North Pacific ACE: 1949 — 2005}}</ref> Hurricane Howard had the highest ACE, measuring 29.27 x 10<sup>4</sup> kt<sup>2</sup>. <div style="clear: both"></div> ==Storm names== The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1998. Names that were not assigned are in <font color="gray">gray</font>. No names were retired, so the list was used again in the [[2004 Pacific hurricane season|2004 season]]. {| width="90%" | * Agatha * Blas * Celia * Darby * Estelle * Frank * Georgette * Howard | * [[Hurricane Isis (1998)|Isis]] * Javier * Kay * Lester * Madeline * <div style="color: #888;">Newton (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Orlene (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Paine (unused)</div> | * <div style="color: #888;">Roslyn (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Seymour (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Tina (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Virgil (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Winifred (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Xavier (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Yolanda (unused)</div> * <div style="color: #888;">Zeke (unused)</div> |} No central Pacific storms occurred; the first to develop would have been named Upana. ==See also== {{tcportal}} * [[List of tropical cyclones]] * [[1998 Atlantic hurricane season]] * [[1998 Pacific typhoon season]] * [[1997-98 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]] * [[1998-99 Southern Hemisphere tropical cyclone season]] * [[1995-1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} == External links == {{commonscat|1998 Pacific hurricane season}} * [http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/1998epac.html NHC 1998 Pacific hurricane season archive] * [http://www.hpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/1998.html HPC 1998 Tropical Cyclone Rainfall pages] * [http://www.prh.noaa.gov/cphc/pages/hurrclimate.php#1998 Central Pacific Hurricane Center archive] {{1990-1999 Pacific hurricane seasons}} {{1998 Pacific hurricane season buttons}} {{featured article}} [[Category:Pacific hurricane seasons|1998]] [[Category:1998 Pacific hurricane season| ]]