19th century 34571 225375272 2008-07-13T10:25:12Z 71.41.210.146 Moved Napoleon picture up beside Napoloenic wars paragraph. {{Centurybox}} The '''19th century''' of the [[Common Era]] began on [[January 1]], [[1801]] and ended on [[December 31]], [[1900]], according to the [[Gregorian calendar]]. During the 19th century, the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]], [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], [[Chinese Empire|Chinese]], and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] empires began to crumble and the [[Holy Roman Empire|Holy Roman]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires ceased. [[Image:Rédition de Madrid 1808.jpg|thumb|left|250px|[[Antoine-Jean Gros]], ''Surrender of Madrid,'' [[1808]]. Napoleon enters Spain's capital during the [[Peninsular War]], 1810]] After the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the [[British Empire]] became the world's leading power, controlling one quarter of the world's population and one third of the land area. It enforced a [[Pax Britannica]], encouraged trade, and battled rampant [[piracy]]. During this time the 19th century was an era of widespread invention and discovery, with significant developments in the understanding or manipulation of mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, electricity, and metallurgy largely setting the groundworks for the comparably overwhelming and very rapid technological innovations which would take place the following century. Modest advances in medicine and the understanding of human anatomy and disease prevention were also applicable to the 1800s, and were partly responsible for rapidly accelerating population growth in the western world. The introduction of [[Rail transport|Railroads]] provided the first major advancement in land transportation for centuries, and their placement and application radically altered the ways people could live and rapidly and reliably obtain necessary commodities, fueling major [[urbanization]] movements in countries across the globe. Numerous cities worldwide surpassed populations of 1,000,000 or more during this century, the first time which cities surpassed the peak population of ancient [[Rome]]. The last remaining undiscovered landmasses of Earth, largely pacific island chains and atolls, were discovered during this century, and with the exception of the extreme zones of the Arctic and Antarctic, accurate and detailed maps of the globe were available by the 1890s. [[Image:Geromeslavemarket.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Jean-Leon Gerome]], ''The Slave Market'' c.1884]] [[Slavery]] was greatly reduced around the world. Following a successful [[Haitian Revolution|slave revolt in Haiti]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] forced the [[Barbary pirates]] to halt their practice of kidnapping and enslaving Europeans, [[Slavery Abolition Act|banned slavery throughout its domain]], and charged [[Royal Navy|its navy]] with ending the global [[slave trade]]. Britain abolished slavery in 1834, [[United States|America]]'s [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|13th Amendment]] following their [[Civil War]] abolished slavery there in 1865, and in [[Lei Áurea|Brazil]] slavery was abolished in 1888 (see [[Abolitionism]]). Similarly, [[serfdom]] was abolished in [[Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia|Russia]]. The 19th century was remarkable in the widespread formation of new settlement foundations which were particularly prevalent across [[North America]] and [[Australasia]], with a significant proportion of the two continents' largest cities being founded at some point in the century. ==Eras== *[[Industrial revolution]] *[[British Regency]], [[Victorian era]] (UK, [[British Empire]]) *[[Bourbon Restoration]], [[July Monarchy]], [[French Second Republic]], [[Second French Empire]], [[French Third Republic]] ([[France in the nineteenth century|France]]) *[[Edo period]], [[Meiji period]] (Japan) *[[Qing Dynasty]] (China) *[[Tanzimat]], [[First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)|First Constitutional Era]] ([[Decline of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]]) *[[Russian Empire]] *[[United States|American]] [[Manifest Destiny]] ==Events== [[Image:British Empire 1897.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of the world from 1897. The British Empire (marked in pink) was the superpower of the 19th century.]] ===1800s=== * 1800: The Company of Surgeons are awarded their [[Royal Charter]] and become [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|The Royal College of Surgeons of England]]. * 1800: The inception of the [[Second Great Awakening]] for the United States. * 1801: The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merge to form the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]. * 1801: [[Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjab)|Ranjit Singh]] crowned as [[King]] of [[Sikh Empire|Punjab]]. * 1801–15: [[Barbary War]] between the [[United States]] and the [[Barbary States]] of [[North Africa]] * 1803: The [[United States]] buys out [[France]]'s territorial claims in [[North America]] via the [[Louisiana Purchase]]. This begins the U.S.'s westward expansion to the Pacific referred to as its [[Manifest Destiny]] which involves [[United States territorial acquisitions|annexing and conquering land]] from Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans. * 1803: [[First Saudi State|Saudi Wahhabists]] conquered [[Mecca]] and destroyed various shrines. * 1804: [[History of Haiti#Haiti in the 19th century|Haiti]] gains independence from [[France]] and becomes the first black republic. * 1804: [[Austrian Empire]] founded by [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis I]]. * 1804–10: [[Fulani War|Fulani Jihad]] in [[Nigeria]]. * 1804–13: The [[First Serbian Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. * 1805–48: [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt|Muhammad Ali]] modernizes [[Egypt]]. * 1806: [[Holy Roman Empire]] dissolved as a consequence of the [[Treaty of Lunéville]]. * 1807: [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] declares the Slave Trade illegal. * 1808–09: [[Russia]] conquers [[Finland]] from [[Sweden]] in the [[Finnish War]]. * 1808–14: [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]]s fight in the [[Peninsular War]]. * 1809: [[Napoleon]] strips the [[Teutonic Knights]] of their last holdings in [[Bad Mergentheim]]. ===1810s=== [[Image:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|220px|1816: [[Shaka]] rises to power over the [[Zulu]] kingdom]] * 1810: The [[Humboldt University of Berlin|University of Berlin]], the world's first research university, is founded. Among its students and faculty are [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], [[Karl Marx|Marx]], and [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]]. The German university reform proves to be so successful that its model is copied around the world (see [[History of European research universities#European university models in the 19th and 20th centuries|History of European research universities]]). * 1810s–20s: Most of the Latin American colonies free themselves from the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire]]s after the [[Mexican War of Independence]] and the [[South American Wars of Independence]]. * 1812: The [[French invasion of Russia]] is a turning point in the [[Napoleonic Wars]]. * 1812–15: [[War of 1812]] between the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] * 1813–1907: The contest between the [[British Empire]] and [[Imperial Russia]] for control of [[Central Asia]] is referred to as [[the Great Game]]. * 1815: The [[Congress of Vienna]] redraws the [[Europe]]an map. The [[Concert of Europe]] attempts to preserve this settlement, but it fails to stem the tide of liberalism and nationalism that sweeps over the continent. * 1815: [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon's]] defeat at [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]] brings a conclusion to the [[Napoleonic Wars]] and marks the beginning of a [[Pax Britannica]] which lasts until 1870. * 1816: [[Year Without a Summer]]: Unusually cold conditions wreak havoc throughout the Northern Hemisphere, likely caused by the 1815 explosion of [[Mount Tambora]]. * 1816–28: [[Shaka]]'s [[Zulu]] kingdom becomes the largest in [[Southern Africa]]. * 1819: The modern city of [[Singapore]] is established by the [[British East India Company]]. ===1820s=== * 1820: [[History of Liberia|Liberia]] founded by the [[American Colonization Society]] for freed American slaves. * 1821: [[Peru]] declares its independence [[from Spain]] * 1821–27: [[Greece]] becomes the first country to break away from the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[Greek War of Independence]]. * 1823–87: The British Empire annexed Burma (now called [[Myanmar]]) after three [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]. * 1825: [[Erie Canal]] opened connecting the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. * 1826–28: After the final [[Russo-Persian War, 1826-1828|Russo-Persian War]], the [[Persian Empire]] took back territory lost to Russia from the previous war. * 1825–28: The [[Argentina-Brazil War]] results in the independence of [[Uruguay]]. ===1830s=== * 1830: The [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] is established on April 6, 1830. * 1830: The [[Belgian Revolution]] in the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] led to the creation of [[Belgium]]. * 1830: [[Greater Colombia]] dissolved and the nations of [[Colombia]] (including modern-day Panama), [[Ecuador]], and [[Venezuela]] took its place. * 1831: [[France]] [[French rule in Algeria|invades and occupies Algeria]]. * 1833: [[Slavery Abolition Act]] bans slavery throughout the [[British Empire]]. * 1833–76: [[Carlist Wars]] in [[Spain]]. * 1834: [[Spanish Inquisition]] officially ends. * 1834–59: [[Imam Shamil]]'s rebellion in Russian-occupied [[Caucasus]]. * 1835–36: The [[Texas Revolution]] in [[Mexico]] resulted in the short-lived [[Republic of Texas]]. * 1836: The [[Battle of the Alamo]]. * 1837–1838: [[Rebellions of 1837]] in [[Canada]]. * 1837–1901: [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]]'s reign is considered the apex of the [[British Empire]] and is referred to as the [[Victorian era]]. * [[1838]]-[[1840|40]]: Civil war in the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] led to the foundings of [[Guatemala]], [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], and [[Costa Rica]]. * [[1839]]-[[1851|51]]: [[Uruguayan Civil War]] * [[1839]]-[[1860|60]]: After two [[Opium Wars]], France, the United Kingdom, the United States and [[Russia]] gained many concessions from [[China]] resulting in the decline of the [[Qing Dynasty]]. [[Image:Samuel F B Morse - Project Gutenberg eText 15161.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Samuel Morse]]]] ===1840s=== * [[1840]]: [[New Zealand]] is founded, as the [[Treaty of Waitangi]] is signed by the [[Maori]] and [[United Kingdom|British]]. *[[1844]]: First publicly funded [[telegraph]] line in the world - between Baltimore and Washington - sends demonstration message on May 24, ushering in the age of the telegraph. *[[1844]]: [[Millerites|Millerite]] movement awaits the [[Second Advent]] of [[Jesus Christ]] on October 22. Christ's non-appearance becomes known as the [[Great Disappointment]]. *[[1844]]: Persian Prophet the [[Báb]] announces his revelation, founding [[Bábís]]m. He announced to the world of the coming of "[[He whom God shall make manifest]]." He is considered the forerunner of [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the [[Bahá'í Faith]]. *[[1844]]: [[Dominican War of Independence]] from [[Haiti]]. * [[1845]]: Unification of the Kingdom of [[Tonga]] under [[George Tupou I of Tonga|Tāufaʻāhau]] (King George Tupou I) * [[1845]]–[[1849|49]]: The [[Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849)|Irish Potato Famine]] led to the [[Irish diaspora]]. * [[1846]]–[[1848|48]]: The [[Mexican-American War]] leads to [[Mexico]]'s cession of much of the modern-day [[Southwestern United States]]. * [[1846]]–[[1847|47]]: [[History of the Latter Day Saint movement|Mormon]] migration to [[Utah]]. * [[1847]]–[[1901]]: The [[Caste War of Yucatán]]. * [[1848]]: ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' published. * [[1848]]: [[Revolutions of 1848]] in [[Europe]] * [[1848]]-[[1858|58]]: [[California Gold Rush]] ===1850s=== [[Image:CatonWoodvilleLightBrigade.jpeg|thumb|220px|The [[Charge of the Light Brigade]] during the [[Crimean War]]]] * [[1850]]: The [[Little Ice Age]] ends around this time. * [[1851]]: The [[Great Exhibition]] in London was the world's first international [[Expo (exhibition)|Expo]] or World's Fair. * [[1851]]–[[1860s|60s]]: [[Victorian gold rush]] in [[Australia]] * [[1851]]–[[1864|64]]: The [[Taiping Rebellion]] in [[China]] is the bloodiest conflict of the century. * [[1854]]: The [[Convention of Kanagawa]] formally ends [[Japan]]'s policy of [[Sakoku|isolation]]. * [[1854]]–[[1856|56]]: [[Crimean War]] between France, the United Kingdom, the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Russia]] * [[1855]]: [[Bessemer process]] enables [[steel]] to be mass produced. * [[1856]]: World's first [[oil refinery]] in [[Romania]] * [[1857]]–[[1858|58]]: [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] * [[1859]]: [[The Origin of Species]] published. ===1860s=== [[Image:SuezCanalKantara.jpg|thumb|220px|The first vessels sail through the [[Suez Canal]]]] * [[1861]]–[[1865|65]]: [[American Civil War]] between the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and seceding [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] * [[1861]]: Russia [[Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia|abolishes serfdom]]. * [[1861]]–[[1867|67]]: [[French intervention in Mexico]] * [[1862]]–[[1877]]: [[Dungan revolt|Muslim Rebellion]] in northwest [[China]]. * [[1863]]: Formation of the [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|International Red Cross]] is followed by the adoption of the [[First Geneva Convention]] in 1864. * [[1863]]–[[1865]]: [[January Uprising|Polish uprising]] against the [[Russian Empire]]. * [[1864]]-[[1866|66]]: The [[Chincha Islands War]] was an attempt by Spain to regain its South American colonies. * [[1864]]-[[1870|70]]: The [[War of the Triple Alliance]] ends Paraguayan ambitions for expansion and destroys much of the Paraguayan population. * [[1865]]-[[1877|77]]: [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] in the [[United States]]; Slavery is banned in the United States by the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]]. *[[1865]]-[[April 9]], [[1865]] [[Robert E. Lee]] surrenders the [[Army of Northern Virginia]] (26,765 troops) to [[Ulysses S. Grant]] at [[Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia]], effectively ending the [[American Civil War]]. * [[1865]]-[[April 15]], [[1865]], [[United States]] [[President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] is [[assassinated]] at while attending a performance at [[Fords theater]], [[Washington, DC]]. * [[1866]]: Successful [[transatlantic telegraph cable]] follows an earlier attempt in [[1858]]. * [[1866]]: [[Austro-Prussian War]] results in the dissolution of the [[German Confederation]] and the creation of the [[North German Confederation]] and the [[Austria-Hungary|Austrian-Hungarian Dual Monarchy]]. * [[1866]]-[[1868]]: [[Finnish famine of 1866-1868|Famine in Finland]]. * [[1866]]-[[1869|69]]: After the [[Meiji Restoration]], [[Japan]] embarks on a program of rapid [[modernization]]. * [[1867]]: The [[United States]] [[Alaska Purchase|purchased Alaska]] from [[Russia]]. * [[1867]]: [[Canadian Confederation]] formed. * [[1869]]: [[First Transcontinental Railroad]] completed in [[United States]]. * [[1869]]: The [[Suez Canal]] opens linking the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] to the [[Red Sea]]. ===1870s=== [[Image:1876 Bell Speaking into Telephone.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Alexander Graham Bell]] speaking into prototype model of the telephone]] * [[1870]]-[[1871|71]]: The [[Franco-Prussian War]] results in the unifications of [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Italian unification|Italy]], the collapse of the [[Second French Empire]], the breakdown of Pax Britannica, and the emergence of a [[New Imperialism]]. * [[1871]]-[[1872]]: [[List of famines|Famine]] in [[Iran|Persia]] is believed to have caused the death of 2 million. * [[1871]]-[[1914]]: [[Second Industrial Revolution]] * [[1870s]]-[[1890s|90s]]: [[Long Depression]] in Western Europe and North America * [[1872]]: [[Yellowstone National Park]] is created. * [[1873]]: Maxwell's ''[[A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism]]'' published. * [[1874]]: The ''Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes Peintres, Sculpteurs, and Graveurs,'' better known today as the [[Impressionist]]s organize and present their first public group exhibition at the [[Paris]] studio of the photographer [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]]. * [[1874]]: The [[British East India Company]] is dissolved. * [[1874]]-[[1875]]: [[First Republic]] in [[Spain]]. * [[1875]]-[[1900]]: 26 million Indians perished in India due to [[Famine in India|famine]]. * [[1876]]: The [[April Uprising|Bulgarian revolt]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule. * [[1876]]-[[1879]]: 13 million Chinese died of [[famine]] in northern [[China]]. * [[1876]]-[[1914]]: The massive expansion in population, territory, industry and wealth in the United States is referred to as the [[Gilded Age]]. * [[1877]]: [[Great Railroad Strike]] in the United States may have been the world's first nationwide [[Strike action|labor strike]]. * [[1877]]-[[1878|78]]: The [[Balkans]] are freed from the [[Ottoman Empire]] after another [[Russo-Turkish War, 1877-1878|Russo-Turkish War]] in the [[Treaty of Berlin, 1878|Treaty of Berlin]]. * [[1878]]: First commercial [[telephone exchange]] in [[New Haven, Connecticut]]. * [[1879]]: [[Anglo-Zulu War]] in [[South Africa]]. [[Image:Thomas Edison, 1878.jpg|thumb|[[Thomas Edison]], 1878]] * [[1879]]-[[1883|83]]: [[Chile]] battles with [[Peru]] and [[Bolivia]] over Andean territory in the [[War of the Pacific]]. ===1880s=== * [[1880]]-[[1881]]: the [[First Boer War]]. * [[1881]]: First electrical [[power plant]] and [[Electricity distribution|grid]] in [[Godalming]], Britain. * [[1881]]-[[1899]]: The [[Mahdist War]] in [[Sudan]]. * [[1883]]: [[Krakatoa]] volcano explosion. * [[1884]]-[[1885|85]]: The [[Berlin Conference]] signals the start of the European "[[scramble for Africa]]". Attending nations also agree to ban trade in [[slaves]]. * [[1884]]-[[1885|85]]: The [[Sino-French War]] led to the formation of [[French Indochina]]. * [[1885]] : "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" by Robert Louis Stevenson is published. * [[1886]]: [[Russian-Circassian War]] ended with the defeat and the exile of many [[Circassian]]s. [[Imam Shamil]] defeated. * [[1888]]: Jack the Ripper began murdering. * [[1888]]: [[Lei Áurea|Slavery banned in Brazil]]. * [[1889]]: [[Hazrat]] [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] establishes the [[Ahmadi]] Muslim Community. * [[1889]]: End of the [[Brazilian Empire]] and the beginning of the [[History of Brazil (1889-1930)|Brazilian Republic]] ===1890s=== * [[1890]]: The [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] was the last battle in the American [[Indian Wars]]. This event represents the end of the [[American Old West]]. * [[1894]]-[[1895|95]]: After the [[First Sino-Japanese War]], [[China]] cedes [[Taiwan]] to [[Japan]] and grants Japan a free hand in [[Korea]]. * [[1895]]-[[1896]]: [[Ethiopia]] defeats [[Italy]] in the [[First Italo–Ethiopian War]]. * [[1896]]: [[Olympic Games#Revival of the Olympic Games|Olympic games]] revived in [[Athens]]. * [[1896]]: [[Klondike Gold Rush]] in Canada. * [[1897]]: [[Gojong of Joseon|Gojong]], or Emperor Gwangmu, proclaims the short-lived [[Korean Empire]]: lasts until [[1910]]. * [[1898]]: The [[United States]] gains control of [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], and the [[Philippines]] after the [[Spanish-American War]]. * [[1898]]-[[1900]]: The [[Boxer Rebellion]] in [[China]] is suppressed by an [[Eight-Nation Alliance]]. * [[1898]]-[[1902]]: The One Thousand Days war in [[Colombia]] breaks out between the "Liberales" and "Conservadores," culminating with the loss of [[Panama]] in [[1903]]. * [[1899]]: [[Second Boer War]] begins (-[[1902]]); [[Philippine-American War]] begins (-[[1913]]). ==Significant people== [[Image:Abraham Lincoln head on shoulders photo portrait.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Abraham Lincoln]] in 1863, 16th President of [[The United States]], presided during the [[American Civil War]], assassinated in April 1865]] *[[Clara Barton]], nurse, pioneer of the [[American Red Cross]] [[Image:Sitting Bull - edit2.jpg|thumb|220px|''[[Sitting Bull]],'' 1885]] * [[Sitting Bull]], a leader of the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] * [[Davy Crockett]], ''King of the wild frontier,'' [[folk hero]], [[Frontier#American frontier|frontiersman]], [[soldier]] and [[politician]] * [[Jefferson Davis]], Confederate States President * [[W G Grace|William Gilbert Grace]], English cricketer * [[Baron Haussmann]], civic planner * [[Franz Joseph I of Austria]], Emperor of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] * [[Chief Joseph]], a leader of the [[Nez Percé]] * [[Ned Kelly]], Australian folk hero, and outlaw * [[Elizabeth Kenny]], Australian Nurse and found an Innovative Treatment of Polio * [[Sándor Körösi Csoma]], explorer of the [[Tibet]]an [[Tibetan culture|culture]] * [[Abraham Lincoln]], United States President * [[Fitz Hugh Ludlow]], writer and explorer * [[Florence Nightingale]], nursing pioneer * [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon I]], First Consul and Emperor of the French * [[Matthew C. Perry|Commodore Perry]], U.S. Naval commander, opened the door to [[Japan]] * [[Sacagawea]], Important aide to [[Lewis&Clark]] * [[Ignaz Semmelweis]], proponent of [[hygiene|hygienic practices]] * [[John Snow (physician)|Dr. John Snow]], the founder of [[epidemiology]] * [[Fred Spofforth|F R Spofforth]], Australian [[cricket]]er * [[Queen Victoria]], [[British monarch|Queen]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] * [[William Wilberforce]], Abolitionist, Philanthropist * [[Hong Xiuquan]] inspired China's [[Taiping Rebellion]], perhaps the bloodiest civil war in human history [[Image:FranzBoas.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Franz Boas]] one of the pioneers of modern [[anthropology]]]] ===Show business and Theatre=== [[Image:Sarah Bernhardt - Project Gutenberg eText 19955.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Sarah Bernhardt]], 1877]] [[Image:Ellen terrymus.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Ellen Terry]], c.1880]] * [[David Belasco]], actor, playwright, theatrical producer * [[Sarah Bernhardt]], actress * [[Edwin Booth]], actor * [[Dion Boucicault]], playwright * [[Anton Chekhov]], playwright * [[Buffalo Bill Cody]], [[Wild West]] legend, and showman * [[Eleonora Duse]], actress * [[Henrik Ibsen]], playwright * [[Edmund Kean]], actor * [[Charles Kean]], actor * [[Jenny Lind]], opera singer called the ''Swedish Nightingale'' * Céleste Mogador, dancer * [[Lola Montez]], [[exotic dancer]] * [[Adelaide Neilson]], actress * [[Annie Oakley]], [[Wild West]], sharp-shooter * [[Edward Askew Sothern]], actor * [[Ellen Terry]], actress ===Athletics=== * [[Cap Anson]], baseball player * [[James J. Corbett|Gentleman Jim Corbett]], heavyweight boxer * [[Ed Delahanty|Big Ed Delahanty]], baseball player * [[Bob Fitzsimmons]], heavyweight boxer * [[Pud Galvin]], baseball player * [[Olympic Games]], 1894 the [[IOC]] is formed, and the first [[Summer Olympics]] games are held in [[Athens, Greece]] in 1896 * [[Charles Radbourn|Old Hoss Radbourn]], baseball player * [[John L. Sullivan]], heavyweight boxer ===Business=== {{main|Robber Barons}} * [[Andrew Carnegie]], Industrialist, philanthropist * [[Henry Clay Frick]], Industrialist, art collector * [[Jay Gould]], Railroad developer * [[Andrew W. Mellon]], Industrialist, philanthropist, art collector * [[J.P. Morgan]], banker, art collector * [[John D. Rockefeller]], Business tycoon, philanthropist * [[Levi Strauss]], clothing manufacturer ===Famous and infamous personalities=== [[Image:Jesse and Frank James.gif|thumb|220px|[[Jesse James|Jesse]] and [[Frank James]], 1872]] [[Image:WyattEarpBatMasterson.jpg|thumb|220px|Deputies [[Bat Masterson]] and [[Wyatt Earp]] in [[Dodge City]], 1876]] * [[William Bonney]] aka [[Henry McCarty]] aka [[Billy the kid]], [[Wild West]], outlaw * [[John Wilkes Booth]], [[assassin]] * [[James Bowie]], Soldier, Texan who died at the [[Alamo]], invented the [[Bowie knife]] * [[Jim Bridger]], [[Wild West]], [[Mountain man]] * [[John Brown (abolitionist)|John Brown]], a fanatical [[abolitionist]] who led an armed [[insurrection]] at [[Harpers Ferry]], [[Virginia]], in 1859. * [[Kit Carson]], [[Wild West]], [[frontiersman]] * [[Cochise]], [[Chiricahua Apache]] leader * [[George Armstrong Custer]], soldier, whose last stand was in the [[Wild West]] * [[Wyatt Earp]], [[Wild West]], lawman * [[Pat Garrett]], [[Wild West]], lawman * [[Charles J. Guiteau]], [[assassin]] * [[Geronimo]], [[Chiricahua Apache]] leader * [[Wild Bill Hickock]], Legendary [[Wild West]], lawman * [[Doc Holliday]], Legendary [[Wild West]], gambler, gunfighter * [[Crazy Horse]], War leader of the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] * [[Frank James]], [[Wild West]], outlaw, older brother of Jesse * [[Jesse James]], Legendary [[Wild West]], outlaw * [[Calamity Jane]], [[frontiersman|Frontierswoman]] * [[Bat Masterson]], [[Wild West]], lawman, gambler, newspaperman * [[William Poole]] aka ''Bill the Butcher,'' member of the [[New York City]] gang, the [[Bowery Boys]], a [[Bare-knuckle boxing|bare-knuckle boxer]], and a leader of the [[Know Nothing]] political movement. * [[Belle Starr]] Legendary [[Wild West]], female outlaw * [[Nat Turner]], led a [[slave rebellion]] in [[Southampton County, Virginia|Southampton County]], [[Virginia]] during August 1831. ===Anthropology=== * [[Franz Boas]] * [[Nicholai Miklukho-Maklai]] * [[Lewis H. Morgan]] * [[Edward Burnett Tylor]] * [[Karl Verner]] ===Journalists, missionaries, explorers=== * [[Roald Amundsen]], explorer * [[Samuel Baker]], explorer * [[Thomas Baines]], artist, explorer * [[Richard Francis Burton]], explorer * The [[Lewis&Clark]] expedition, exploration * [[Percy Fawcett]], adventurer, explorer, proto-[[Indiana Jones]] * [[Horace Greeley]], journalist * [[Adoniram Judson]], missionary * Sir [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]], explorer, physician, companion of David Livingston * Sir [[Joseph Dalton Hooker]], botanist, explorer, friend of Charles Darwin * Sir [[William Jackson Hooker]], botanist, explorer, father of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker * [[David Livingstone]], missionary * [[Thomas Nast]], journalist, [[caricaturist]] and [[editorial cartoonist]] * [[Robert Peary]], explorer * [[John Hanning Speke]], explorer * [[Henry M. Stanley]], journalist * [[John L. O'Sullivan]], journalist who coined ''[[Manifest Destiny]]'' ===Photography=== [[Image:Mathew Brady 1875 cropped.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mathew Brady]], [[Self-portrait]], c.1875]] {{see also|History of photography|List of photojournalists|Photojournalism|Daguerreotype}} * [[Ottomar Anschütz]], [[chronophotographer]] * [[Mathew Brady]], documented the [[American Civil War]] * [[Edward S. Curtis]], documented the [[American West]] notably [[Native Americans]] * [[Louis Daguerre]], inventor of [[daguerreotype]] process of photography, chemist * [[George Eastman]], inventor of the [[Photographic film|roll of film]] * [[Hércules Florence]], pioneer inventor of photography * [[Auguste and Louis Lumière]], pioneer filmmakers, inventors * [[Étienne-Jules Marey]], pioneer motion photographer, [[chronophotographer]] * [[Eadweard Muybridge]], pioneer motion photographer, [[chronophotographer]] * [[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]] aka Gaspard-Félix Tournachon, portrait photographer * [[Nicéphore Niépce]], pioneer inventor of [[photography]] * [[Louis Le Prince]], motion picture inventor and pioneer filmmaker * [[William Fox Talbot]], inventor of the negative / positive photographic process. ===Visual artists, painters, sculptors=== {{main|History of painting|Western painting|Ukiyo-e}} [[Image:Eugène Delacroix - La liberté guidant le peuple.jpg|thumb|250px|220px|[[Eugène Delacroix]], ''[[Liberty Leading the People]]'' (1830, Louvre)]] [[Image:Claude Monet, Impression, soleil levant, 1872.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Claude Monet|Monet]]'s [[Impression, Sunrise]], 1872, gave the name to [[Impressionism]]]] [[Image:Paul Cézanne 159.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Paul Cezanne]], [[Self-portrait]], 1880-1881]] [[Image:Vincent Willem van Gogh 109.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Vincent Van Gogh]], [[Self-portrait]], 1889]] The [[realism (visual arts)|Realism]] and [[Romanticism]] of the early 19th century gave way to [[Impressionism]] and [[Post-Impressionism]] in the later half of the century, with [[Paris]] being the dominant art capital of the world. In the [[United States]] the [[Hudson River School]] was prominent. 19th century painters included: * [[Albert Bierstadt]] * [[William Blake]] * [[Mary Cassatt]] * [[Camille Claudel]] * [[Paul Cezanne]] * [[Frederic Edwin Church]] * [[Thomas Cole]] * [[John Constable]] * [[Camille Corot]] * [[Gustave Courbet]] * [[Honoré Daumier]] * [[Edgar Degas]] * [[Eugène Delacroix]] * [[Thomas Eakins]] * [[Caspar David Friedrich]] * [[Paul Gauguin]] * [[Théodore Géricault]] * [[Vincent van Gogh]] * [[Ando Hiroshige]] * [[Hokusai]] * [[Winslow Homer]] * [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]] * [[Édouard Manet]] * [[Claude Monet]] * [[Gustave Moreau]] * [[Berthe Morisot]] * [[Edvard Munch]] * [[Camille Pissarro]] * [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]] * [[Auguste Rodin]] * [[Albert Pinkham Ryder]] * [[John Singer Sargent]] * [[Georges Seurat]] * [[Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec]] * [[J. M. W. Turner|Joseph Mallord William Turner]] * [[James McNeil Whistler]] * [[Tsukioka Yoshitoshi]] ===Music=== {{main|List of Romantic composers|Romantic music|Romanticism}} [[Image:Beethoven.jpg|thumb|[[Ludwig van Beethoven]]]] [[Image:NiccoloPaganini.jpeg|thumb|220px|[[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]], ''[[Niccolo Paganini]],'' (c.1819), charcoal drawing]] [[Sonata form]] matured during the Classical era to become the primary form of instrumental compositions throughout the 19th century. Much of the music from the nineteenth century was referred to as being in the [[Romantic music|Romantic]] style. Many great composers lived through this era such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Franz Liszt]], [[Frédéric Chopin]], [[Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] and [[Richard Wagner]]. The list includes: * [[Ludwig van Beethoven]] * [[Hector Berlioz]] * [[Georges Bizet]] * [[Arnold Bocklin]] * [[Alexander Borodin]] * [[Johannes Brahms]] * [[Anton Bruckner]] * [[Frédéric Chopin]] * [[Claude Debussy]] * [[Antonín Dvořák]] * [[Edvard Grieg]] * [[Gustav Mahler]] * [[Franz Liszt]] * [[Felix Mendelssohn]] * [[Modest Mussorgsky]] * [[Jacques Offenbach]] * [[Niccolò Paganini]] * [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] * [[Antonio Salieri]] * [[Franz Schubert]] * [[Robert Schumann]] * [[Gilbert and Sullivan]] * [[Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] * [[Giuseppe Verdi]] * [[Richard Wagner]] ===Literature=== {{main|Romantic poetry|19th century in literature}} [[Image:Charles Dickens 3.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Charles Dickens]]]] [[Image:Twain in Tesla's Lab.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Mark Twain]], 1894]] [[Image:Jane Austen (chopped) 2.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Jane Austen]]]] [[Image:Edgar Allan Poe 2.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Daguerreotype]] of [[Edgar Allan Poe]]]] [[Image:Carjat Arthur Rimbaud 1872 n2.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Arthur Rimbaud]] c.1872]] [[Image:RWEmerson.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Ralph Waldo Emerson]]]] [[Image:Emile Zola 2.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Emile Zola]], c.1900]] On the literary front the new century opens with [[Romanticism]], a movement that spread throughout Europe in reaction to 18th-century rationalism, and it develops more or less along the lines of the Industrial Revolution, with a design to react against the dramatic changes wrought on nature by the [[steam engine]] and the [[railway]]. [[William Wordsworth]] and [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] are considered the initiators of the new school in [[England]], while in the continent the German ''[[Sturm und Drang]]'' spreads its influence as far as [[Italy]] and [[Spain]]. French arts had been hampered by the [[Napoleonic Wars]] but subsequently developed rapidly. [[Modernism]] began. The Goncourts and [[Emile Zola]] in [[France]] and [[Giovanni Verga]] in Italy produce some of the finest naturalist novels. Italian naturalist novels are especially important in that they give a social map of the new unified Italy to a people that until then had been scarcely aware of its ethnic and cultural diversity. On February 21, [[1848]], [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] published the Communist Manifesto. There was a huge literary output during the 19th century. Some of the most famous writers included the Russians [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Anton Chekov]] and [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]]; the English [[Charles Dickens]], [[John Keats]], and [[Jane Austen]]; the Scottish [[Sir Walter Scott]]; the Irish [[Oscar Wilde]]; the Americans [[Edgar Allan Poe]], [[Ralph Waldo Emerson]], and [[Mark Twain]]; and the French [[Victor Hugo]], [[Honoré de Balzac]], [[Jules Verne]] and [[Charles Baudelaire]]. Some other important writers of note included: * [[Leopoldo Alas]] * [[Hans Christian Andersen]] * [[Machado de Assis]] * [[Jane Austen]] * [[Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda]] * [[Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer]] * [[Elizabeth Barret Browning]] * [[Anne Brontë]] * [[Charlotte Brontë]] * [[Emily Brontë]] * [[Lord Byron]] * [[Georg Büchner]] * [[Rosalía de Castro]] * [[François-René de Chateaubriand]] * [[Kate Chopin]] * [[Samuel Taylor Coleridge]] * [[James Fenimore Cooper]] * [[Stephen Crane]] * [[Eduard Douwes Dekker]] * [[Emily Dickinson]] * [[Arthur Conan Doyle]] * [[Alexandre Dumas, père]] (1802-1870) * [[George Eliot]] * [[Gustave Flaubert]] * [[Margaret Fuller]] * [[Elizabeth Gaskell]] * [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] * [[Nikolai Gogol]] * [[Juana Manuela Gorriti]] * [[Brothers Grimm]] * [[Henry Rider Haggard]] * [[Thomas Hardy]] * [[Francis Bret Harte]] * [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]] * [[Friedrich Hölderlin]] * [[Heinrich Heine]] * [[Henrik Ibsen]] * [[Washington Irving]] * [[Henry James]] * [[John Keats]] * [[Caroline Kirkland]] * [[Jules Laforgue]] * [[Giacomo Leopardi]] * [[Alessandro Manzoni]] * [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] * [[José Martí]] * [[Clorinda Matto de Turner]] * [[Herman Melville]] * [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] * [[Manuel González Prada]] * [[Aleksandr Pushkin]] * [[Arthur Rimbaud]] * [[John Ruskin]] * [[George Sand]] (Amandine-Aurore-Lucile Dupin) * [[Percy Shelley]] * [[Mary Shelley]] * [[Stendhal]] (Marie-Henri Beyle) * [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] * [[Bram Stoker]] * [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]] * [[Alfred, Lord Tennyson]] * [[Henry David Thoreau]] * [[Mark Twain]] * [[Paul Verlaine]] * [[Jules Verne]] * [[Lew Wallace]] * [[HG Wells]] * [[Walt Whitman]] * [[William Wordsworth]] * [[Émile Zola]] * [[José Zorrilla]] ===Science=== [[Image:Charles Darwin 1881.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Charles Darwin]]]] [[Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Nadar (photographer)|Nadar]], [[Louis Pasteur]], 1878]] [[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|thumb|220px|Mme. [[Marie Curie]], c.1898]] The 19th century saw the birth of science as a profession; the term '''[[scientist]]''' was [[coined]] in 1833 by [[William Whewell]]<ref>{{cite web | accessdate=2008-03-03 | url=http://www.science.uva.nl/~seop/entries/whewell/ | title=William Whewell | publisher=Stanford University}}</ref>. Among the most influential ideas of the 19th century were those of [[Charles Darwin]], who in 1859 published the book ''[[The Origin of Species]]'', which introduced the idea of [[evolution]] by [[natural selection]]. [[Louis Pasteur]] made the first [[vaccine]] against [[rabies]], and also made many discoveries in the field of chemistry, including the [[optical isomerism|asymmetry of crystals]]. [[Thomas Alva Edison]] gave the world light with his invention of the [[lightbulb]]. [[Karl Weierstrass]] and other mathematicians also carried out the [[arithmetization of analysis]]. But the most important step in science at this time was the ideas formulated by [[Michael Faraday]] and [[James Clerk Maxwell]]. Their work changed the face of physics and made possible for new technology to come about. Other important 19th century scientists included: * [[Amedeo Avogadro]], physicist * [[Johann Jakob Balmer]], mathematician, physicist * [[Henri Becquerel]], physicist * [[Alexander Graham Bell]], inventor * [[Ludwig Boltzmann]], physicist * [[János Bolyai]], mathematician * [[Louis Braille]], inventor of [[braille]] * [[Robert Bunsen]], chemist * [[Marie Curie]], physicist, chemist * [[Pierre Curie]], physicist * [[Gottlieb Daimler]], engineer, industrial designer and industrialist * [[Christian Doppler]], physicist, mathematician * [[Thomas Edison]], inventor * [[Michael Faraday]], scientist * [[Léon Foucault]], physicist * [[Gottlob Frege]], mathematician, logician and philosopher * [[Sigmund Freud]], the father of psychoanalysis * [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], mathematician, physicist, astronomer * [[Willard Gibbs|Josiah Willard Gibbs]], physicist * [[Ernst Haeckel]], biologist * [[Heinrich Hertz]], physicist * [[Alexander von Humboldt]], naturalist, explorer * [[Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky|Nikolai Lobachevsky]], mathematician * [[William Thomson]], [[Lord Kelvin]], physicist * [[Robert Koch]], physician, bacteriologist * [[Justus von Liebig]], chemist * [[Wilhelm Maybach]], car-engine and automobile designer and industrialist. * [[James Clerk Maxwell]], physicist * [[Gregor Mendel]], biologist * [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], chemist * [[Samuel Morey]], inventor * [[Alfred Nobel]], chemist, engineer, inventor * [[Louis Pasteur]], microbiologist and chemist * [[Bernhard Riemann]], mathematician * [[Santiago Ramón y Cajal]], biologist * [[Nikola Tesla]], inventor ===Philosophy and religion=== [[Image:Karl Marx.jpg|thumb|right|220px|[[Karl Marx]]]] [[Image:FWNietzscheSiebe.jpg|thumb|220px|[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]]] [[Image:Bismarck1894.jpg|thumb|Right|220px|[[Otto Von Bismarck]], the Iron Chancellor]] [[Image:Tokugawa Yoshinobu.JPG|thumb|220px|The last [[shogun]] '''Tokugawa Yoshinobu''' in French military uniform]] [[Image:View from the Window at Le Gras, Joseph Nicéphore Niépce.jpg|thumb|220px|One of the first photographs, produced in 1826 by [[Nicéphore Niépce]]]] The 19th century was host to a variety of religious and philosophical thinkers, including: * [[Ayya Vaikundar]], initiator of the belief system of [[Ayyavazhi]]. * [[Bahá'u'lláh]] founded the [[Bahá'í Faith]] in Persia * [[Mikhail Bakunin]], anarchist * [[William Booth]], social reformer, founder of the [[Salvation Army]] * [[Auguste Comte]], philosopher * [[Mary Baker Eddy]], religious leader, founder of [[Christian Science]] * [[Friedrich Engels]], political philosopher * [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], philosopher * [[Søren Kierkegaard]], philosopher * [[Karl Marx]], political philosopher * [[John Stuart Mill]], philosopher * [[William Morris]], social reformer * [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], philosopher * [[Nikolai of Japan]], religious leader, introduced [[Eastern Orthodox]]y into Japan. * [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]], Hindu mystic * [[Claude Henri de Rouvroy, Comte de Saint-Simon]], founder of French [[socialism]] * [[Arthur Schopenhauer]], philosopher * [[Joseph Smith, Jr.]] and [[Brigham Young]], founders of [[Mormonism]] * [[Ellen White]] religious author and co-founder of the [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]]. ===Politics and the Military=== * [[Susan B. Anthony]], [[United States|U.S.]] women's rights advocate * [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Germany|German]] chancellor * [[John C. Calhoun]], [[United States|U.S.]] senator * [[Henry Clay]], [[United States|U.S.]] statesman, "The Great Compromiser" * [[Jefferson Davis]], President of the [[Confederate States of America]] just before and during the [[American Civil War]]. * [[Benjamin Disraeli]], novelist and politician * [[Frederick Douglass]], [[United States|U.S.]] abolitionist spokesman * [[Ferdinand VII of Spain]] * [[Joseph Fouché]], French politician * [[John C. Frémont]], Explorer, Governor of California * [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]], unifier of [[Italy]] and [[Piedmont]]ese soldier * [[Isabella II of Spain]] * [[Emperor Gwangmu|Gojong of Joseon]], [[Korean people|Korean]] emperor * [[William Lloyd Garrison]], [[United States|U.S.]] abolitionist leader * [[William Ewart Gladstone]], British prime minister * [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[United States|U.S.]] general and president * [[George Hearst]], U.S. Senator and father of [[William Randolph Hearst]] * [[Theodor Herzl]], founder of modern political [[Zionism]] * [[Andrew Jackson]], [[United States|U.S.]] general and president * [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[United States|American]] statesman, philosopher, and president * [[Lajos Kossuth]], Hungarian governor; leader of the war of independence * [[Libertadores]], [[Latin America]]n liberators * [[Robert E. Lee]], [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] general * [[Abraham Lincoln]], [[United States|U.S.]] president; led the nation during the [[American Civil War]] * [[Sir John A. Macdonald]], [[Canada]], first Prime Minister of Canada * [[Meiji Emperor|Mutsuhito]], [[Japan]]ese emperor * [[Klemens von Metternich]], Austrian Chancellor * [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]], [[France|French]] general, first consul and emperor * [[Napoleon III]] * [[Cecil Rhodes]] * [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], [[United States of America|Union]] general during the [[American Civil War]] * [[Leland Stanford]], Governor of California, U.S. Senator, entrepreneur * [[István Széchenyi]], aristocrat, leader of the Hungarian reform movement * [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand]], French politician * [[Harriet Tubman]], [[African-American]] [[abolitionist]], [[humanitarian]], played a part in the [[Underground Railroad]] * [[William M. Tweed]], aka ''Boss Tweed,'' influential [[New York City]] politician, head of [[Tammany Hall]] * [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Queen Victoria]], British monarch * [[Hong Xiuquan]], revolutionary, self-proclaimed [[Son of God]] * [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], [[Japan]]ese [[Shogun]] (The Last Shogun) [[Image:George Eastman stamp.JPG|thumb|A [[1954]] [[Postage stamps and postal history of the United States|U.S. stamp]] featuring [[George Eastman]].]] ==See also== *[[Victorian Era]] *[[List of wars 1800–1899]] *[[Timeline of invention#19th century|19th century inventions]] *[[Timeline of 19th century Islamic history]] *[[France in the nineteenth century]] *[[Russian history, 1855–1892]] *[[Mid-nineteenth century Spain]] *[[Capitalism in the nineteenth century]] *[[19th-century philosophy]] *[[Nineteenth century theatre]] *[[19th century in games]] *[[19th century in film]] ==Eras, Epochs, Decades and years== {{Romanticism}} {{DecadesAndYears}} {{Centuries}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2nd millennium]] [[Category:19th century| ]] [[Category:Centuries]] [[af:19de eeu]] [[als:19. Jahrhundert]] [[ar:قرن 19]] [[an:Sieglo XIX]] [[ast:Sieglu XIX]] [[az:XIX əsr]] [[bn:১৯শ শতাব্দী]] [[zh-min-nan:19 sè-kí]] [[be:19 стагоддзе]] [[be-x-old:19 стагодзьдзе]] [[bs:19. vijek]] [[br:XIXvet kantved]] [[bg:19 век]] [[ca:Segle XIX]] [[cv:XIX ĕмĕр]] [[ceb:Siglo 19]] [[cs:19. století]] [[cy:19eg ganrif]] [[da:19. århundrede]] [[de:19. Jahrhundert]] [[et:19. sajand]] [[el:19ος αιώνας]] [[es:Siglo XIX]] [[eo:19-a jarcento]] [[eu:XIX. mendea]] [[fa:سده ۱۹ (میلادی)]] [[fo:19. øld]] [[fr:XIXe siècle]] [[fy:19e ieu]] [[ga:19ú haois]] [[gan:19世紀]] [[gv:19oo eash]] [[gd:19mh Linn]] [[gl:Século XIX]] [[ko:19세기]] [[hy:19-րդ դար]] [[hr:19. stoljeće]] [[io:19ma yar-cento]] [[id:Abad ke-19]] [[os:XIX æнус]] [[is:19. öldin]] [[it:XIX secolo]] [[he:המאה ה-19]] [[jv:Abad kaping-19]] [[ka:XIX საუკუნე]] [[kk:19 ғ.]] [[kw:19ves kansblydhen]] [[sw:Karne ya 19]] [[ku:Sedsala 19'an]] [[la:Saeculum 19]] [[lv:19. gadsimts]] [[lb:19. Joerhonnert]] [[lt:XIX amžius]] [[lij:XIX secolo]] [[li:Negentiende iew]] [[hu:19. század]] [[mk:19 век]] [[mi:Rautau 19]] [[mr:इ.स.चे १९ वे शतक]] [[ms:Abad ke-19]] [[nl:19e eeuw]] [[nds-nl:19e eeuw]] [[ja:19世紀]] [[no:19. århundre]] [[nn:1800-talet]] [[nrm:XIXe s.]] [[nov:19esmi sekle]] [[oc:Sègle XIX]] [[uz:XIX asr]] [[nds:19. Johrhunnert]] [[pl:XIX wiek]] [[pt:Século XIX]] [[ksh:19. Joohunndot]] [[ro:Secolul al XIX-lea]] [[ru:XIX век]] [[stq:19. Jierhunnert]] [[sq:Shekulli XIX]] [[scn:Sèculu XIX]] [[simple:19th century]] [[sk:19. storočie]] [[sl:19. stoletje]] [[sr:19. век]] [[sh:19. vijek]] [[su:Abad ka-19]] [[fi:1800-luku]] [[sv:1800-talet]] [[ta:19ம் நூற்றாண்டு]] [[kab:Lqern wis XIX]] [[tt:19. yöz]] [[th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 19]] [[vi:Thế kỷ 19]] [[tr:19. yüzyıl]] [[uk:19 століття]] [[ur:1800صبم]] [[vec:XIX secoło]] [[fiu-vro:19. aastagasada]] [[wa:19inme sieke]] [[yi:19טער י"ה]] [[zh-yue:19世紀]] [[bat-smg:XIX omžios]] [[zh:19世纪]]