1 E19 s and more 100962 226162648 2008-07-17T02:48:03Z Maldek 6548706 Yes and according to the source mentioned in the article these are the right figures. Just click PDF and see for yourself. The figures you give are not in the source. {{Associations/Orders of magnitude (time)}} To help compare [[orders of magnitude]] of different times, this page lists times longer than '''10<sup>19</sup> [[second]]s''' (317 billion years). See also ''[[Heat death of the universe]]''. Some [[radioisotope]]s have extremely long [[half-life|half-lives]]: *(1.4 ± 0.4) &times; 10<sup>17</sup> years &ndash; [[vanadium-50]] *(1.9 ± 0.2) &times; 10<sup>19</sup> years &ndash; [[bismuth-209]] *(3.1 ± 0.4) &times; 10<sup>19</sup> years &ndash; [[cadmium-116]] *(2.2 ± 0.3) &times; 10<sup>24</sup> years &ndash; [[tellurium-128]] The following times all assume that the [[Universe]] is "[[open universe|open]]"; that is to say that it will continue indefinitely and not collapse in upon itself within a finite timescale. * 2×10<sup>12</sup> (2 trillion years)—time until all galaxies outside the [[Local Supercluster]] are no longer detectable in any way, assuming that [[dark energy]] continues to make the Universe expand at an accelerating rate.<ref>Life, the Universe, and Nothing: Life and Death in an Ever-expanding Universe, Lawrence M. Krauss and Glenn D. Starkman, ''Astrophysical Journal'', '''531''' ([[March 1]], [[2000]]), pp. 22&ndash;30. {{doi|10.1086/308434}}. {{bibcode|2000ApJ...531...22K}}.</ref> * 10<sup>13</sup> (10 trillion) to 2×10<sup>13</sup> (20 trillion) years—lifetime of the longest-lived stars, low-mass [[red dwarf]]s.<ref name=dying /><sup>&nbsp;&sect;IIA.</sup> * 10<sup>14</sup> (100 trillion) years—high estimate for the time until [[star formation]] ends in galaxies.<ref name=dying /><sup>,&nbsp;§IID.</sup> Once star formation ends and the least massive red dwarfs exhaust their fuel, the only stellar-mass objects remaining will be [[compact star|stellar remnants]] ([[white dwarf]]s, [[neutron star]]s and [[stellar black hole|black hole]]s.) [[Brown dwarf]]s will also remain.<ref name=dying /><sup>&nbsp;&sect;IIE.</sup> * 10<sup>15</sup> years—estimated time until planets are detached from their orbits. Whenever two objects pass close to each other, the orbits of their planets can be disrupted and the planets can be ejected from orbit around their parent objects. Planets with closer orbits take longer to be ejected in this manner on average because a passing object must make a closer pass to the planet's primary to eject the planet.<ref name=dying /><sup>,&nbsp;&sect;IIIF,&nbsp;Table I.</sup> * 10<sup>19</sup> to 10<sup>20</sup> years—the estimated time until [[brown dwarf]]s and [[compact star|stellar remnants]] are ejected from galaxies. When two objects pass close enough to each other, they exchange orbital energy with lower-mass objects tending to gain energy. The lower-mass objects can gain enough energy in this manner through repeated encounters to be ejected from the galaxy. This process will cause the galaxy to eject the majority of its brown dwarfs and stellar remnants.<ref name=dying /><sup>,&nbsp;&sect;IIIA;</sup><ref name=fiveages>''The Five Ages of the Universe'', Fred Adams and Greg Laughlin, New York: The Free Press, 1999, ISBN 0-684-85422-8.</ref><sup>,&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;85–87</sup> * 10<sup>32</sup> years&mdash;the smallest possible value for the proton half-life consistent with experiment.<ref>[http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/decays.html Theory: Decays], SLAC Virtual Visitor Center. Accessed on line [[June 28]], [[2008]].</ref> * 3×10<sup>34</sup> years&mdash;the estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the proton half-life takes its smallest possible value.<ref name=hl>Around 264 half-lives. For the worked computation with a different value of the half-life, see [http://www.nap.edu/html/oneuniverse/frontiers_solution_17.html Solution, exercise 17], ''One Universe: At Home in the Cosmos'', Neil de Grasse Tyson, Charles Tsun-Chu Liu, and Robert Irion, Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press, 2000. ISBN 0-309-06488-0.</ref> * 10<sup>41</sup> years&mdash;the largest possible value for the proton half-life, assuming that the [[Big Bang]] was [[inflation (cosmology)|inflationary]] and that the same process that makes protons decay made baryons predominate over anti-baryons in the early Universe.<ref name=dying>A dying universe: the long-term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects, Fred C. Adams and Gregory Laughlin, ''Reviews of Modern Physics'' '''69''', #2 (April 1997), pp. 337–372. {{bibcode|1997RvMP...69..337A}}. {{doi|10.1103/RevModPhys.69.337}}.</ref><sup>,&nbsp;§IVA.</sup> * 3×10<sup>43</sup> years&mdash;the estimated time for all nucleons in the observable universe to decay, if the proton half-life takes its largest possible value.<ref name=hl /> * 2×10<sup>66</sup> years—the estimated time until a black hole with the mass of the Sun decays by the [[Hawking radiation|Hawking process]].<ref name=page>Particle emission rates from a black hole: Massless particles from an uncharged, nonrotating hole, Don N. Page, ''Physical Review D'' '''13''' (1976), pp. 198–206. {{doi|10.1103/PhysRevD.13.198}}. See in particular equation (27).</ref> * 1.7×10<sup>106</sup> years—the estimated time until a [[supermassive black hole]] with a mass of 20 trillion [[solar mass]]es decays by the Hawking process.<ref name=page /> * 10<sup>1500</sup> years—the estimated time until all matter decays to [[iron-56|<sup>56</sup>Fe]] (if the [[proton decay|proton does not decay]]). See [[isotopes of iron]].<ref name=dyson /> * 10<sup>(10<sup>26</sup>)</sup> years—low estimate for the time until all matter collapses into [[black hole]]s, assuming no [[proton decay]].<ref name=dyson /> * 10<sup>(10<sup>76</sup>)</sup> years—high estimate for the time until all matter collapses into neutron stars or black holes, again assuming no [[proton decay]].<ref name=dyson>{{cite journal|title=Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an open universe|author=Dyson, Freeman J. | journal=Reviews of Modern Physics | volume=51 | pages=447| year=1979| url=http://www.think-aboutit.com/Misc/time_without_end.htm |accessdate=2008-07-05 | doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.51.447 | format=HTML reprint}}</ref> *10^(10^10^10^2.08) years—scale of an estimated [[Poincaré recurrence theorem|Poincaré recurrence time]] For a black hole containing the mass within the presently visible region of our universe.<ref name=page94>Information Loss in Black Holes and/or Conscious Beings?, Don N. Page, [http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9411193v2 arXiv:hep-th/9411193v2].</ref> This time assumes a statistical model subject to [[Poincaré recurrence theorem|Poincaré recurrence]]. A much simplified way of thinking about this time is in a model where our universe's history [[Loschmidt's paradox|repeats itself]] arbitrarily many times due to [[Ergodic hypothesis|properties of statistical mechanics]], this is the time scale when it will first be somewhat similar (for a reasonable choice of "similar") to its current state again. *10^(10^10^10^10^1.1) years—scale of an estimated [[Poincaré recurrence theorem|Poincaré recurrence time]] for the quantum state of a hypothetical box containing a black hole with the estimated mass of the entire universe, observable or not, assuming a certain [[inflation (cosmology)|inflationary]] model with an inflaton whose mass is 10<sup>−6</sup> [[Planck mass]]es.<ref name=page94 /> == See also == *[[Heat Death]] * [[Second law of thermodynamics]] * [[Big Rip]] * [[Big Crunch]] * [[Big Bounce]] * [[Big Bang]] * [[Cyclic model]] * [[Dyson's eternal intelligence]] * [[Final anthropic principle]] * [[Ultimate fate of the Universe]] * [[Graphical timeline of the Stelliferous Era]] * [[Graphical timeline from Big Bang to Heat Death]]. This timeline uses the loglog scale for comparison with the graphical timeline included in this article. *[[Graphical timeline of our universe]]. This timeline uses the more intuitive linear time, for comparison with this article. *[[Timeline of the Big Bang]] *[[Graphical timeline of the Big Bang]] * [[The Last Question]], a short story by Isaac Asimov which considers the inevitable oncome of heat death in the universe and how it may be reversed. == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.fpx.de/fp/Fun/Googolplex/GetAGoogol.html Poincaré recurrence and large numbers] {{Ordersofmagnitudeseconds}} [[Category:Orders of magnitude (time)]] [[Category:Eschatology]] [[ast:Yotasegundu]] [[fr:1 E19 s et plus]] [[ko:1 E19 s 이상]] [[ja:1 E19 s 以上]]