20th century music
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{{expert-subject|Music}}
A revolution occurred in '''20th century [[music]]''' listening as the [[radio]] gained popularity worldwide, and new media and technologies were developed to record, capture, reproduce and distribute music. Because music was no longer limited to concerts and clubs, it became possible for music artists to quickly gain fame nationwide and sometimes [[worldwide]]. Conversely, audiences were able to be exposed to a wider range of music than ever before, giving rise to the phenomenon of [[world music]]. Music performances became increasingly visual with the broadcast and recording of [[music video]]s and concerts. Music of all kinds also became increasingly portable. [[Headphone]]s allowed people sitting next to each other to listen to entirely different performances or share the same performance. [[Copyright]] laws were strengthened, but new technologies also made it easier to record and reproduce copyrighted music illegally.
20th century music brought new freedom and wide experimentation with new musical styles and forms that challenged the accepted rules of music of earlier periods. The invention of electronic instruments and the [[synthesizer]] in the mid-20th century revolutionized popular music and accelerated the development of new forms of music. Eastern, Middle-Eastern, Latin and Western sounds began to mix in some forms. Faster modes of transportation allowed musicians and fans to travel more widely to perform or listen. Amplification permitted giant concerts to be heard by those with the least expensive tickets, and the inexpensive reproduction and transmission or broadcast of music gave rich and poor alike nearly equal access to high quality music performances.
==Classical==
{{main|20th century classical music}}
[[Image:Stravinsky picasso.png|right|thumbnail|150px|Composer [[Igor Stravinsky]] as drawn by [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]]]]
In the 20th century, many composers continued to work in forms that derived from the 19th century, including [[Sergei Rachmaninoff|Rachmaninoff]] and [[Edward Elgar]]. However, [[modernism]] in music became increasingly prominent and important; among the first [[Modernism (music)|modernists]] were [[Béla Bartók|Bartók]], [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]], and [[Charles Ives|Ives]]. [[Arnold Schoenberg|Schoenberg]] and other [[Twelve-tone technique|twelve-tone]] composers such as [[Alban Berg]] and [[Anton von Webern]] carried this trend to its most extreme form by abandoning tonality altogether, along with its traditional conception of melody and harmony. The [[Impressionists]], including [[Claude Debussy|Debussy]] and [[Maurice Ravel|Ravel]], sought new textures and turned their back on traditional forms, while often retaining more traditional harmonic progressions. Others such as [[Francis Poulenc]] and the group of composers known as [[Les Six]] wrote music in opposition to the Impressionistic and Romantic ideas of the time. Composers such as [[Darius Milhaud|Milhaud]] and [[George Gershwin|Gershwin]] combined classical and jazz idioms. Others, such as [[Sergei Prokofiev|Prokofiev]], [[Paul Hindemith|Hindemith]], [[Dmitri Shostakovich|Shostakovich]] and [[Heitor Villa-Lobos|Villa-Lobos]] expanded the classical palette to include more dissonant elements without going to the extremes of the twelve-tone and serial composers.
Late Romantic nationalism spilled over into British and American music of the early 20th century. Composers such as [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]] and [[Aaron Copland]] collected folk songs and used folk themes in many of their major compositions.
In the 1950s, [[aleatoric music]] was popularized by composers like [[John Cage]]. Composers of this area sought to free music from its rigidity, placing the performance above the composition. Similarly, many composers sought to break from traditional performance rituals by incorporating theater and multimedia into their compositions, going beyond sound itself to achieve their artistic goals. In some cases the line is difficult to draw between genres.
Composers were quick to adopt developing electronic technology. As early as the 1940s, composers such as [[Olivier Messiaen]] incorporated electronic instruments into live performance. Recording technology was used to produce art music, as well. The [[musique concrète]] of the late 1940s and '50s was produced by editing together natural and industrial sounds. [[Steve Reich]] created music by manipulating tape recordings of people speaking, and later went on to compose [[process music]] for traditional instruments based on such recordings. Other notable pioneers of electronic music include [[Edgard Varèse]], [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], [[Pierre Boulez]], [[Luigi Nono]], and [[Krzysztof Penderecki]]. As more electronic technology matured, so did the music. Late in the century, the [[personal computer]] began to be used to create art music. In one common technique, a microphone is used to record live music, and a [[Computer program|program]] processes the music in real time and generates another layer of sound. Pieces have also been written [[algorithm]]ically based on the analysis of large data sets.
Process music is often linked to [[minimalism]], a simplification of musical themes and development with motifs which are repeated over and over. Earliest minimalist compositions appeared in the 1950s with the [[Metamorphosis-Symphonies]] by the German composer [[Martin Scherber]]. Nevertheless these symphonies offer musical wideness and spiritual sense. Later in the 1960s [[Terry Riley]], Steve Reich, and [[Philip Glass]] published [[Minimalist music]] stemming from aleatoric and electronic music. Later, minimalism was adapted to a more traditional symphonic setting by composers including Reich, Glass, and [[John Coolidge Adams|John Adams]]. Minimalism was practiced heavily throughout the latter half of the century and has carried over into the 21st century, as well, with composers like [[Arvo Pärt]], [[Henryk Górecki]] and [[John Tavener]] working in the more popular ''[[holy minimalism]]'' variant. For more examples see ''[[List of 20th century classical composers]]''.
===Contemporary classical music===
{{main|Contemporary classical music}}
In the broadest sense, contemporary music is any music being written in the present day. In the context of classical music the term applies to music written in the last half century or so, particularly works post-1960. The argument over whether the term applies to music in any style, or whether it applies only to composers writing avant-garde music, or "modernist" music is a subject of hot debate. There is some use of "Contemporary" as a synonym for "Modern", particularly in academic settings, whereas others are more restrictive and apply the term only to presently living composers and their works. Since it is a word that describes a time frame, rather than a particular style or unifying idea, there are no universally agreed on criteria for making these distinctions.
Many contemporary composers working the early 21st century were prominent figures in the 20th century. Some younger composers such as [[Oliver Knussen]], [[Thomas Adès]], and [[Michael Daugherty]] did not rise to prominence until late in the 20th century. For more examples see ''[[List of 21st century classical composers]]''.
==Folk music==
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{{main|Folk music}}
Folk music, in the original sense of the term, is music by and of the people. Folk music arose, and best survives, in societies not yet affected by mass communication and the commercialization of culture. It normally was shared and performed by the entire community (not by a special class of expert or professional performers, possibly excluding the idea of amateurs), and was transmitted by word of mouth ([[oral tradition]]).
During the 20th century, the term folk music took on a second meaning: it describes a particular kind of popular music which is culturally descended from or otherwise influenced by traditional folk music, such as with [[Bob Dylan]], [[Simon and Garfunkel]], [[The Byrds]], [[Neil Young]], [[Peter, Paul and Mary]], [[The Mamas and The Papas]], [[The Brothers Four]] and other singers. This music, in relation to popular music, is marked by a greater musical simplicity, acknowledgment of tradition, frequent socially conscious lyrics, and is similar to country, bluegrass, and other genres in style.
In addition, folk was also borrowed by composers in other genres. The work of [[Aaron Copland]] clearly draws on American folk music. In addition, [[Paul Simon]] has drawn from both the folk music of [[Peru]] and [[South Africa]], and was clearly instrumental in increasing the popularity of groups such as [[Ladysmith Black Mambazo]] although it is arguable that [[The Tokens]]' [[The Lion Sleeps Tonight]] is the first example of such a crossover. The Indian [[sitar]] clearly influenced [[George Harrison]] and others.
However, many native musical forms have also found themselves overwhelmed by the variety of new music. Western classical music from prior to the 20th century is arguably more popular now than it ever has been even as modern classical forms struggle to find an audience. Rock and Roll has also had an effect on native musical forms, although many countries such as [[Germany]], [[Japan]] and [[Canada]] all have their own thriving native rock and roll scenes that have often found an audience outside their home market.
{{listen|filename=Barbara Allen.ogg|title=Barbara Allen (song)|description=''[[Barbara Allen (song)]]'' is a traditional [[folk ballad]]. |format=[[Ogg]]}}
===Bluegrass Music===
{{main|Bluegrass music}}
[[Bluegrass music|Bluegrass]] was started in the late 1930s by [[Bill Monroe]]. Performers such as [[Earl Scruggs]] and [[Lester Flatt]] who were originally members of Monroe's Blue Grass Boys further developed this style of music.
==Popular music==
{{main|Popular music}}
Popular music, sometimes abbreviated [[pop music]] (although the term "pop" is intended as a more specific musical genre), is music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are broadly popular or intended for mass consumption and propagated over the radio and similar media--in other words, music that forms part of popular culture.
[[Image:Madonnact.JPG|right|thumbnail|150px|[[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], one of the most influential pop artists of the 20th century]]
Popular music dates at least as far back as the mid-19th century. In the United States, much of it evolved from folk music and black culture. It includes [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] tunes, [[ballad]]s and singers such as [[Frank Sinatra]].
===Popular and classical music===
{{Quotefarm|date=March 2008}}
The relationship (particularly, the relative value) of classical music and popular music is a controversial question. To quote: "Neat divisions between 'folk' and 'popular', and 'popular' and 'art', are impossible to find... arbitrary criteria [are used] to define the complement of 'popular'. 'Art' music, for example, is generally regarded as by nature complex, difficult, demanding; 'popular' music then has to be defined as 'simple', 'accessible', 'facile'. But many pieces commonly thought of as 'art' ([[George Frideric Handel|Handel's]] '[[Messiah (Handel)|Hallelujah]] Chorus', many [[Franz Schubert|Schubert]] songs, many [[Giuseppe Verdi|Verdi]] [[aria]]s) have qualities of simplicity; conversely, it is by no means obvious that the [[Sex Pistols]]' records were 'accessible', [[Frank Zappa]]'s work 'simple', or [[Billie Holiday]]'s 'facile'."<ref>Middleton, 1990</ref>. Moreover, composers such as [[Scott Joplin]] and [[George Gershwin]] tried to cater to both popular and high brow tastes, and for the most part succeeded at both. In addition, the argument is not new — composers as varied as [[Mozart]] and [[Arthur Sullivan]] had no difficulty in catering to popular taste when it was required, although their credentials as serious composers are also unchallenged. Classical music influenced popular music in movie scores, theater (see [[rock opera]]), popular songs (5th of Beethoven) and in the instrumentation used in popular music. Likewise, electronic instruments and styles were incorporated into some classical pieces.
===Alternative rock===
{{main|Alternative Rock}}
Originally coined as a catch all term for the various underground styles of rock music in the 1980s, independent of the mainstream pop music industry, Alternative rock drew influence primarily from [[Punk rock]], [[Post-punk]] and [[New Wave]]; though many of its subgenres drew from influences as wide as [[Psychedelic rock]] and [[Jazz]], and notably [[The Velvet Underground]] were a formative influence. In the 1980s few bands achieved commercial success, notably [[The Cure]] and [[R.E.M.]]. In 1991, [[Nirvana]] and [[Grunge]] music brought Alternative rock into the mainstream, heavily influencing pop music and leading to the success of other subgenres such as [[Post-grunge]], and [[Britpop]] in the UK, while many Alt rock bands were so eclectic as to be unclassifiable. Other genres would use Alternative rock influences, such as [[Alternative metal]].
Other subgenres of Alternative rock include: [[Shoegaze]], [[Dream pop]], [[Gothic rock]], [[Post rock]] and the so-called "[[Indie rock]]".
===Blues===
[[Image:Bessiesmith.jpg|right|thumbnail|150px|Blues singer [[Bessie Smith]]]]
{{main|Blues}}
'''Blues''' is a vocal and instrumental musical form which evolved from [[African American]] [[spiritual (music)|spirituals]], shouts, [[work song]]s and [[chant]]s and has its earliest stylistic roots in [[West Africa]]. Blues has been a major influence on later American and Western [[popular music]], finding expression in [[ragtime]], [[jazz]], [[big band]]s, [[rhythm and blues]], [[rock and roll]] and [[country music]], as well as conventional [[pop song]]s and even modern [[European classical music|classical music]].
Blues was often relegated to the status of [[race music]] in its early days due to caucasian Americans not wishing to listen to music which was thought to be linked to African Americans. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, [[W. C. Handy|W.C. Handy]] took blues across the tracks and made it respectable, even "high-toned."
{{listen|filename=Wrong_Road.ogg|title=The Wrong Road|description=The Hall Brothers' "The Wrong Road"|format=[[Ogg]]}}
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===Country music===
{{main|Country music}}
Country music, once known as ''Country and Western music'', is a popular [[music]]al form developed in the [[U.S. Southern states|southern United States]], with roots in traditional [[folk music]], [[spiritual (music)|spirituals]], and the [[blues]].
[[Vernon Dalhart]] was the first country singer to have a nation-wide hit (May, 1924, with "The Wreck Of Old '97").
Some trace the origins of modern country music to two seminal influences and a remarkable coincidence. [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]] and the [[Carter Family]] are widely considered to be the founders of country music, and their songs were first captured at an [[Bristol sessions|historic recording session]] in [[Bristol, Tennessee]] on [[August 1]], [[1927]], where [[Ralph Peer]] was the talent scout and sound recordist. It is considered possible to categorise many country singers as being either from the Jimmie Rodgers strand or the Carter Family strand of country music.
Country music also received an unexpected boost from new technologies. When [[ASCAP]], which was dominated by [[Tin Pan Alley]] composers feared competition from broadcast music, they stopped licensing their [[copyrights]] to [[radio stations]]. Their replacement, [[Broadcast Music Incorporated|BMI]], was dominated by country artists and gave the genre a much wider audience.
===Jazz===
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{{main|Jazz}}
Jazz is a musical art form characterized by [[blue note]]s, [[syncopation]], [[Swing (genre)|swing]], [[Call and response (music)|call and response]], [[polyrhythm]]s, and [[Musical improvisation|improvisation]]. It has been called the first original art form to develop in the United States of America and partakes of both popular and classical musics.
It has roots in West African cultural and musical expression, in [[African American]] music traditions, including [[blues]] and [[ragtime]], and European military band music. After originating in African-American communities around the beginning of the 20th century, jazz gained international popularity by the 1920s. Since then, jazz has had a profoundly pervasive influence on other musical styles worldwide including classical and popular music.
Jazz has also evolved into many sometimes contrasting subgenres including [[smooth jazz]] and [[free jazz]].
{{listen|filename=SongFromCottonField.ogg|title=Song From A Cotton Field|description=[[Bessie Brown]]'s "Song From A Cotton Field" is an example of early jazz.|format=[[Ogg]]}}
===Rock and roll===
:''Main articles: [[Rock and roll]], [[Rock music]].''
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[[Image:Elvis presley.jpg|150px|right|thumb|[[Elvis Presley]] in 1957's ''[[Jailhouse Rock (1957 film)|Jailhouse Rock]]'']]
Rock and roll emerged as a defined musical style in [[United States|America]] in the 1950s, though elements of rock and roll can be seen in [[rhythm and blues]] records as far back as the 1920s. Early rock and roll combined elements of [[blues]], [[boogie woogie (music)|boogie woogie]], [[jazz]] and [[rhythm and blues]], and is also influenced by traditional [[Appalachian folk music]], [[gospel music|gospel]] and [[country music|country and western]].
Born in a technological era, Rock and roll was the first form of music to be recorded in a studio before being performed live. This is a reversal of Jazz or classical music, in which the recording is meant to preserve a live performance. Later Rock musicians were to take advantage of this studio orientation to create works impossible to perform live.
[[Chuck Berry]], [[Bo Diddley]], [[Fats Domino]], [[Ray Charles]], [[The Everly Brothers]] and [[Elvis Presley]] were notable performers in the 1950s. [[The Beatles]] were part of the "[[British invasion]]" of the USA in the 1960s; they remain influential, even today.
In 1951 the words "rock, roll" were used in a song called "60 Minute Man", which was banned due to its implications. By 1953 such ballads as "Earth Angel" and "Gee" were played by notable disc jockeys in Cleveland and New York as Allen Freed and Murray the K. By 1956, Dick Clark had one of several popular Television programs "American Bandstand" to show teenagers dancing to the new kind of music aimed especially at teens and adolescents. Though mocked by older generation as "jungle" or "the devil's music", its popularity grew through the next 10 years until by the end of the century it was arguably the most popular form of music on the planet, with fans from every age group in virtually every country of the world.
However, attempting to classify Rock and Roll as a single genre continues to be difficult as it can encompass a wide variety of musical forms. It can be as carefully crafted as a song by [[Queen (band)|Queen]], or an album produced by [[Phil Spector]], or as straightforward as a three-chord composition by [[The Ramones]], or as poetic as a song written by Bob Dylan. Although it is clearly defined by the use of [[guitars]] and [[drum kits]], virtually no instrument can now be excluded from a rock band, including the [[piccolo trumpet]] used in [[The Beatles]]' [[Penny Lane]], the [[cello]] that graced most of the work of the [[Electric Light Orchestra]], or even [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s [[accordion]]. Rock revolutionized theater. See [[rock musical]] and [[rock opera]].
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===Progressive rock===
[[Image:Yes concert.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Progressive rock band [[Yes (band)|Yes]] performing in [[Indianapolis]] in 1977.]]
{{main|Progressive Rock}}
Progressive rock was a movement to incorporate the more complex structures and instrumentation of jazz and classical music into the limitations of Rock and Roll. Mainly a European movement, it started in the UK in the 1960s with bands like [[King Crimson]], [[Yes (band)|Yes]] and [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]] and reached its peak popularity during the early 1970s, when albums like [[Pink Floyd]]'s "[[Dark Side of the Moon]]" and [[Mike Oldfield]]'s "[[Tubular Bells]]" dominated the charts. Progressive metal (a fusion of heavy metal and progressive rock) later became popular with bands such as [[Dream Theater]].
Major characteristics were long compositions, complex lyrics, a wide range of instruments, unusual [[time signature]]s, and the inclusion of long [[Solo (music)|solo]] passages for different instruments.
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===Punk rock===
{{main|Punk rock}}
[[Image:Clash 21051980 12 800.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[The Clash]], performing in 1980]]
Punk rock was originally a style of hard rock played at fast speeds with simple lyrics and fewer than three chords, which originated in the mid 1970s, with acts like [[Television (band)|Television]], the [[Ramones]], [[Patti Smith]] and the [[Sex Pistols]]. [[The Clash]] revolutionised the genre, bringing songs concering political and social matters, particularly in the UK. The main instruments used were electric guitar, electric bass, and drums.
By the 1980s, the genre had evolved into [[hardcore punk|hardcore]] (even faster songs with shouted lyrics), [[New Wave music|New Wave]] (more pop influenced & used electronic keyboards) and [[post punk]] (a more experimental form of punk rock); these genres further evolved into [[psychobilly]] (a fusion of punk rock and [[rockabilly]]), [[ska punk]] (a fusion with [[ska]]), [[grunge]] (a mix of punk rock and [[alternative rock]]), [[pop punk]] (a development of punk rock with cleaner sounds), [[Emo (music)|Emo]] (emotionally-charged punk rock), [[gothic rock]] (darker sounding with introverted lyrics) & many more genres. Punk Rock had a resounding effect on many genres of rock music.
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===Reggae===
Originating in [[Jamaica]] in the late 60s, Reggae is a genre of music that derives from [[ska]] and [[rocksteady]]. The genre was brought into British mainstream throughout the 70s, most notably with [[Eric Clapton]]'s cover of 'I Shot the Sheriff'. Through [[John Peel]]'s efforts and Reggae's fusion with Punk Rock the genre became widely popular in the late 70s.
[[Toots and the Maytals]], [[UB40]], [[Peter Tosh]] and the legendary [[Bob Marley]] provided Reggae with its greatest hits in the mainstream music charts.
===Heavy metal===
{{main|Heavy metal music}}
[[Image:Metallica, Damage Inc tour.jpg|right|thumbnail|200px|Heavy metal band [[Metallica]] in performance]]
Heavy metal is a form of music characterized by aggressive, driving rhythms and highly amplified distorted guitars. Its origins lie in [[hard rock]] bands like [[Deep Purple]], [[Led Zeppelin]], and [[Black Sabbath]], who between 1967 and 1974 took blues and rock and created a hybrid with a heavy, guitar and drums centered sound. They were soon followed by bands like [[Aerosmith]], [[AC/DC]], [[Queen (band)|Queen]], [[Kiss]], [[Van Halen]], [[Judas Priest]] and [[Iron Maiden]] who have heavily influenced the genre. Heavy metal had its peak popularity in the 1980s, with the advent of [[Glam Metal]] and other metal bands such as [[Metallica]], [[Megadeth]], [[Slayer]], [[Guns N' Roses]] and [[Anthrax (band)|Anthrax]], during which many of the now existing subgenres first evolved. Though not as commercially successful as it was then, heavy metal still has a large worldwide following, especially in underground music.
Some subgenres brought about through either natural evolution or the convergence of metal with other genres include, but are not limited to [[Thrash metal]], [[Power metal]], [[Death metal]], [[Symphonic metal]], [[Nu metal]] and [[Black metal]].
===Soul===
[[Soul music]] is fundamentally rhythm and blues, which grew out of the African-American gospel and blues traditions during the late 1950s and early 1960s in the United States. Over time, much of the broad range of R&B extensions in African-American popular music, generally, also has come to be considered soul music. Traditional soul music usually features individual singers backed by a traditional band consisting of rhythm section and horns, as exemplified by [[Aretha Franklin]] and [[Otis Redding]].
===Funk===
[[Funk]] is a distinct style of music originated by African-Americans, e.g., [[James Brown]] and his band members (especially [[Maceo Parker|Maceo]] and [[Melvin Parker]]), [[George Clinton (funk musician)|George Clinton]], and groups like [[The Meters]] and [[Tower Of Power]]. Funk best can be recognized by its syncopated rhythms; thick bass line (often based on an "on the one" beat); razor-sharp rhythm guitars; chanted or hollered vocals (as that of [[Cameo (band)|Cameo]] or the [[Bar-Kays]]); strong, rhythm-oriented horn sections; prominent percussion; an upbeat attitude; African tones; danceability; and strong jazzy influences (e.g., as in the music of [[Herbie Hancock]], [[George Duke]], [[Eddie Harris]], and others).
===Salsa===
[[Salsa music]] is a diverse and predominantly [[Caribbean]] rhythm that is popular in many Latin countries. The word is the same as the salsa meaning sauce. Who applied this name to the music and dance and why remains unclear, but all agree that the name fits, metaphorically referring the music and dance being "saucy" and "tasty". However, the term has been used by Cuban immigrants in New York analogously to swing.<ref>Jones and Kantonen, 1999</ref>
===Disco===
[[Disco]] is an up-tempo style of dance music that originated in the early 1970s, mainly from [[funk]], [[salsa music|salsa]], and [[soul music]], popular originally with gay and black audiences in large U.S. cities, and derives its name from the French word discothèque (meaning nightclub).
===Hip Hop and Rap===
[[Hip hop music]] is traditionally composed of two main elements: [[rapping]] (also known as MC'ing, a vocal style involving rapid speech with [[alliteration]], [[assonance]] and [[rhyming]]) and DJing, and arose when [[disc jockey]]s (DJ's) began isolating and repeating the percussion [[break (music)|break]] from funk or disco songs. Depending on the source, Hip Hop started in the late seventies or early eighties in African-American neighbourhoods such as Brooklyn and Bronx. Hip Hop was originally seen as a fad, but has become one of the most successful modern music genres.
Subgenres/periods of history in Hip Hop include: [[Old school hip hop]], [[New school hip hop]], the so called "[[Gangsta rap]]", [[Underground hip hop]], [[Alternative hip hop]] and [[Crunk]]/[[Snap music]]. At the turn of the 20th Century, in the United States and increasingly in the rest of the World, Hip Hop became extremely popular in the mainstream, possibly eclipsing Rock music. Hip Hop has an associated culture which has become very prominent in western popular culture. ''See [[Hip Hop culture]].''
===Electronic music===
{{main|Electronic music}}
The 20th century brought the first truly innovative instrument in centuries — the [[theremin]]. For centuries before, music had either been created by drawing hair across taught metal strings ([[string instruments]]), constricting vibrating air ([[woodwinds]] and [[brass]]) or hitting something ([[percussion]]). The theramin, which operated by interrupting a magnetic field around the instrument, did not even have to be touched to produce a tone. Although its inventor ([[Leon Theremin]]) originally developed it for classical music as a way to prevent the repetitive stress injuries that often plagued musicians, it found use both as an instrument for scoring movies ([[Forbidden Planet]]) and in rock and roll ([[The Beach Boys]]' [[Good Vibrations]])
As noted above, in the years following [[World War II]], electronic music was embraced by progressive composers, and was hailed as a way to exceed the limits of traditional instruments. Although electronic music began in the world of classical composition, by the 1960s [[Wendy Carlos]] had popularized electronic music through the use of the [[synthesizer]] developed by [[Robert Moog]] with two notable albums ''[[The Well-Tempered Synthesizer]]'' and ''[[Switched-On Bach]]''.
In the 1970s musicians such as [[Tangerine Dream]], [[Suzanne Ciani]], [[Klaus Schulze]], [[Kraftwerk]], [[Vangelis]], [[Brian Eno]], [[Jean Michel Jarre]], and the Japanese composers [[Isao Tomita]] and [[Kitaro]] further popularised electronic music, and the film industry also began to make extensive use of electronic [[soundtrack]]s.
From the late 1970s onward, much popular music was developed on synthesizers by pioneering groups like [[Heaven 17]], [[The Human League]], [[Art of Noise]], and [[New Order]].
The development of the [[techno music|techno]] sound in [[Detroit, Michigan]] and [[house music]] in [[Chicago, Illinois]] in the early to late 1980s, and the later [[new beat]] and [[acid house]] movements of the late 1980s and early 1990s all fuelled the development and acceptance of electronic music into the [[Mainstream (terminology)|mainstream]] and introduced electronic dance music to nightclubs.
Subgenres include, but are not limited to, a variety of dance oriented music (Techno, Trance, Goa, House, Drum and Bass, Jungle, Break Beats) as well as IDM, Trip Hop, Ambient, Dark Wave, and Experimental. Because of the recent explosion of electronic music, the lines between electronic subgeneres can be fuzzy and some of the above mentioned may be considered redundant or further subgenres themselves.
===World music===
{{main|World music}}
To begin with, all the various musics listed in the 1980s under the broad category of world music were folk forms from all around the world, grouped together in order to make a greater impact in the commercial music market. Since then, however, world music has both influenced and been influenced by many different genres like [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[pop music|pop]], and [[jazz]]. The term is usually used for all music made in a traditional way and outside of the Anglo-Saxon world, thus encompassing music from Africa, Latin America, Asia, and parts of Europe, and music by not native English speakers in Anglo-Saxon countries, like [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] or [[Indigenous Australians]].
World music radio programs these days will often be playing [[African]] or [[reggae]] artists, [[crossover (music)|crossover]] [[Bhangra]], [[Music of Crete|Cretan Music]] and [[Latin American]] jazz groups, etc.
===New Age music===
{{main|New age music}}
Electronic and world music, together with [[progressive rock]] and religious music are the elements from which new age music has developed. Works within this genre tend to be predominantly peaceful in overall style but with an emphasis on [[energy]] and gentle vibrancy. Pieces are composed to aid [[meditation]], to energise [[yoga]], [[tai chi]] and exercise sessions or to encourage connections to the planet Earth (in the sense of a [[spirituality|spiritual]] concept of [[Mother Earth]] or, perhaps [[Gaia (mythology)|Gaia]]). There are also new age compositions which sit equally comfortably in the world music category.
New age music has developed from genre-[[crossover (music)|crossing]] work like [[Neil Diamond]]'s soundtrack music for the film [[Jonathan Livingston Seagull]], from alternative jazz/rock/classical bands like [[Third Ear Band]] or [[Quintessence]] and experimental work in general. One advantage of this category is that it enables musicians the freedom to do work which might have been stifled elsewhere. Enthusiasts of new age music generally share a set of core common understandings including a belief in the [[spirit]] and in the ability to change the world for the better in peaceful ways.
Popular new age artists of the 20th century include [[Suzanne Ciani]], [[Enya]], [[Yanni]], [[Kitaro]], [[George Winston]] (solo piano), and many more. Labels include Private Music, Windham Hill, Narada, Higher Octave among others. Private Music and Windham Hill later merged into the BMG group and reorganized under RCA/Victor, while Narada joined with Higher Octave and EMI.
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==See also==
* [[History of music]]
[[Category:Music history]]
[[pt:Música do século XX]]
[[sh:Suvremena muzika]]