7th century 34735 223765049 2008-07-05T18:07:21Z Arthur Rubin 374195 Add CE {{Centurybox}} [[Image:East-Hem 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.]] [[Image:East-Hem 700ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.]] The '''7th century''' is the period from [[601]] to [[700]] in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]] in the [[Christian Era|Christian]]/[[Common Era]]. ==Overview== During this century, the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] continued suffering setbacks, which increased after the [[630s]], when the prophet [[Muhammad]] established the geographically [[Islamic]] state, and set the stage for the rapid expansion of the [[Arab Empire]]. Although life in the countryside deteriorated, [[Constantinople]] grew to become the largest and wealthiest city in the world. It is estimated that the plague killed as many as 100 million people across the world. It caused the [[Medieval demography|Europe's population]] to drop by around 50% between 550 and 700. It also may have contributed to the success of the Arabs.<ref>[http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm The History of the Bubonic Plague]</ref> In the [[Iberian Peninsula]], the seventh century was the ''Siglo de Concilios'', that is, century of councils, referring to the [[Councils of Toledo]]. ==Events== [[Image:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|230px| The [[Al-Fatiha|first]] [[surah]] in a handwritten copy of the Qur'an.]] * [[Islam]] begins in [[Arabia]], the [[Qur'an]] is documented. * The [[world population|world's population]] shrinks to about 208 million people.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html The good and bad of a population drop]</ref> * The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Heptarchy]] emerges at the beginning of this century. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref> * [[Sutton Hoo]] [[ship burial]], East Anglia (modern [[England]]) * [[Xuan Zang]] (aka Hsuan-Tsang) traveled from [[China]] to [[India]], before returning to [[Chang An]] in China to translate [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scriptures. * End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the [[Sindh]]. * [[Croats]] and [[Serbs]] entered their present territory early in the 7th century AD, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations, whilst Croats set up early states. * [[Teotihuacan]] is sacked and burnt. * The religion of [[Shugendo]] evolves from [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Shinto]] and other influences in the mountains of [[Japan]]. * The [[Bulgars]] arrive in the [[Balkans]]; establishment of the powerful [[Bulgarian Empire]]. * [[Arab]] traders penetrate the area of [[Lake Chad]]. * Earliest attested [[English poetry]] * [[600]], [[Smallpox]] spreads from India into Europe. * [[603]], last mention of the [[Roman Senate]] in [[Gregorian Register]]. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.<ref>[http://books.google.ru/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&source=web&ots=M8dNV2lx_z&sig=P3PwGDB5ELF_rvkl28CBB5aiTQg&hl=ru Jeffrey Richards. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752]</ref> * [[606]], [[Boniface]] elected papal successor on the death of [[Pope Sabinian]]. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor [[Phocas]] which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostle]] should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the [[Bishop of Rome]]. * [[610]], [[Heraclius]] arrives by ship from Africa at [[Constantinople]], overthrows [[East Roman Emperor]] [[Phocas]] and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the [[East Roman Empire]] from [[Latin]] to [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] (already the language of the vast majority of the population) * [[615]], The [[Sassanid Empire]] under [[Chosroes II]] sacks [[Jerusalem]], taking away the relic of the [[True cross]]. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref> * [[616]], [[Khosrau II of Persia]] invades [[Egypt]]. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref> * [[616]], [[Aethelfrith of Northumbria]] defeats the [[Welsh people|Welsh]] in a [[Battle of Chester|battle at Chester]]. * [[618]], [[Tang Dynasty]] of China initiated by [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Li Yuan]]. [[Image:Sutton.hoo.helmet.png|thumb|200px|An [[Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain|Anglo-Saxon]] helmet found at [[Sutton Hoo]], probably belonging to [[Raedwald of East Anglia]] circa 625.]] * [[618]], The [[Chenla]] kingdom completely absorbed [[Funan]]. * [[Guangzhou]], China, becomes a major international [[seaport]], hosting maritime travelers from Egypt, East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia, including Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and [[Nestorian]] Christians. * [[622]], Year one of the [[Islamic calendar]] begins, during which the [[Hijra]] occurs — Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September. * [[623]], The Frankish merchant [[Samo]], supporting the [[Slavs]] fighting their [[Eurasian Avars|Avar]] rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe. * [[626]], The [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] and the [[Persians]] jointly besiege but fail to capture [[Constantinople]]. * [[627]], Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats the Persians, ending the [[Roman-Persian Wars]]. * [[629]], The [[Byzantine-Arab Wars]] begin. Much of the [[Byzantine Empire|Roman Empire]] is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]]. * [[629]]-[[630]], [[Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue]], Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]] forces under commanders [[Li Jing]] and [[Li Shiji]] destroy the [[Göktürk]] Khanate. * [[632]], The [[Muslim conquests]] begin. * [[636]], Around this time the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]], the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Empire]] is conquered by [[Muslim]] [[Arab]]s led by [[Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas]]. * [[639]], [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]] and [[Arab conquest of Armenia|Armenia]] * [[642]], [[Library of Alexandria]] destroyed again * [[664]], Conquest of [[Kabul]] by Muslims. * [[650]], The [[Khazar-Arab Wars]] begin. [[Image:Wild goose pagoda xian china.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Tang Dynasty]] [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]] of [[Chang'an]], built in [[652]] AD, in modern-day [[Xi'an]], [[China]].]] * [[651]], Emperor [[Yazdgerd III]] is murdered in [[Merv]], ending the rule of [[Sassanid]] dynasty in [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]). * [[656]]–[[661]], The [[First Islamic civil war]]. * [[658]], Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century [[South Pointing Chariot]] mechanical [[compass]]-vehicle for [[Emperor Tenji]] of Japan. * [[661]], Caliph [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] is assassinated. He is succeeded by [[Hasan ibn Ali]] as the [[Shia Imam]] and [[Muawiyah I]] as the [[Sunni]] [[Caliph]]. This was the foundation of the [[Umayyad]] caliphate. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref> * [[663]], The [[Tang Dynasty]] of China and Korean [[Silla]] Kingdom gain victory against the Korean [[Baekje]] Kingdom and their [[Yamato Province|Yamato]] Japanese allies in the naval [[Battle of Baekgang]]. * [[668]], The end of the [[Goguryeo-Tang Wars]], as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and [[Unified Silla]] of Korea, the latter of which held the Goguryeo domains. * [[670]] In 670 an Arab Muslim army under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] entered the region of [[Ifriqiya]]. Finally in the late 670s [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa|conquest of North Africa]] has been completed. * [[674]], The [[Siege of Constantinople (674)|first Arab siege]] of [[Constantinople]] begins. * [[677]], Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by [[Greek fire]]. * [[680]], [[Battle of Karbala]] took place near [[Kufa]] which led to killing of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and the division of Muslim community. The [[Bulgars]] subjugate the country of current-day [[Bulgaria]]. * [[683]]–[[685]], The [[Second Fitna|Second Islamic civil war]]. * [[688]], Emperor [[Justinian II]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] defeats the [[Bulgars]]. * [[694]], Hispano-[[Visigothic]] king [[Egica]] accuses the [[Jews]] of aiding the [[Muslims]], and sentences all Jews to [[slavery]]. * [[698]], The Arabs capture [[Carthage]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], and destroy it completely. ==Significant persons== * [[Muhammad]] ([[570]]–[[632]]), final prophet of Islamic religion * [[Abu Bakr]], first [[caliph]] of Islam * [[Umar]], second [[caliph]] of Islam * [[Uthman]], third [[caliph]] of Islam * [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] ([[600]]–[[661]]), cousin of Muhammad, fourth caliph of [[Islam]], first [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shi'a Imam]] * [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] ([[599]]–[[649]] AD), China * [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] (''The Sword of Allah'') ([[592]]–[[642]]), Muslim Arab military commander who defeats both the [[Byzantine-Arab Wars|Roman]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] empires in over eighty battles. * [[Asparuh]] — [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Bulgars]] and founder of contemporary [[Bulgaria]] * The [[Unknown Archont]] led the Serbs to the [[Balkans]] from the north * [[Pacal the Great]], ruler of [[Maya civilization|Maya]] state of [[Palenque]] * [[Æthelberht of Kent|Aethelbert]], [[Kings of Kent|King]] of [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]] * [[Antara Ibn Shaddad]], Arab poet * [[Augustine Eriugena]], Irish scientist * [[Li Shiji]], Chinese general and later prime minister * [[Brahmagupta]], Indian mathematician * [[Caedmon]], English poet. * [[Cenn Fáelad mac Aillila]], Irish scholar, died [[679]] * [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory the Great]] ([[Pope]], [[540]]–[[604]]) * [[Saint Cuthbert]] * [[Heraclius]] — Warrior Emperor of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] who won numerous victories against the [[Sassanids]] (Persians) * [[Li Shiji]], Chinese general and later prime minister * [[Yeon Gaesomun]], Generalissimo of [[Goguryeo]] * [[Emperor Taizong of Tang China]] * [[Pulakesi II]], comes to power * [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (d [[700]]) Nestorian theologian * [[Saint Asaph]] * [[Dae Jo Yeong]], founder of [[Balhae]], a state in ancient [[Manchuria]] ==Inventions, discoveries, introductions== * [[650]], The first [[China|Chinese]] [[Paper money]] is issued. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref> * [[670s]], [[Greek fire]] invented in [[Constantinople]]. * The [[stirrup]] introduced to [[Iran|Persia]] from [[China]], late 7th century * Earliest known record of the game [[Chatrang]], predecessor to [[Chess]] * After sailing from [[Ethiopia]], [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]] brings the first [[Quran]] to China, and establishes the first Islamic [[mosque]] of China in [[Guangzhou]] in the 630s. *The [[Xumi Pagoda]] in [[Zhengding]], China is built in 636 AD. ==Decades and years== {{DecadesAndYears}} {{Centuries}} ==References== <references/> [[Category:1st millennium]] [[Category:7th century| ]] [[Category:Centuries|07th century]] [[af:7de eeu]] [[als:7. Jahrhundert]] [[ar:قرن 7]] [[an:Sieglo VII]] [[ast:Sieglu VII]] [[az:VII əsr]] [[be:7 стагоддзе]] [[be-x-old:7 стагодзьдзе]] [[bs:7. vijek]] [[br:VIIvet kantved]] [[bg:7 век]] [[ca:Segle VII]] [[cv:VII ĕмĕр]] [[cs:7. století]] [[cy:7fed ganrif]] [[da:7. århundrede]] [[de:7. Jahrhundert]] [[et:7. sajand]] [[el:7ος αιώνας]] [[es:Siglo VII]] [[eo:7-a jarcento]] [[eu:VII. mendea]] [[fa:سده ۷ (میلادی)]] [[fr:VIIe siècle]] [[fy:7e ieu]] [[ga:7ú haois]] [[gd:7mh Linn]] [[gl:Século VII]] [[ko:7세기]] [[hr:7. stoljeće]] [[io:7ma yar-cento]] [[id:Abad ke-7]] [[is:7. öldin]] [[it:VII secolo]] [[he:המאה ה-7]] [[jv:Abad kaping-7]] [[ka:VII საუკუნე]] [[kk:7 ғ.]] [[kw:7ves kansblydhen]] [[sw:Karne ya 7]] [[ku:Sedsala 7'an]] [[la:Saeculum 7]] [[lb:7. Joerhonnert]] [[lt:VII amžius]] [[lij:VII secolo]] [[li:Zevende iew]] [[hu:7. század]] [[mk:7 век]] [[mi:Rautau 7]] [[mr:इ.स.चे ७ वे शतक]] [[ms:Abad ke-7]] [[nl:7e eeuw]] [[nds-nl:7e eeuw]] [[ja:7世紀]] [[no:7. århundre]] [[nn:600-talet]] [[nrm:VIIe s.]] [[uz:VII asr]] [[nds:7. Johrhunnert]] [[pl:VII wiek]] [[pt:Século VII]] [[ksh:7. Joohunndot]] [[ro:Secolul al VII-lea]] [[ru:VII век]] [[sq:Shekulli VII]] [[scn:Sèculu VII]] [[simple:7th century]] [[sk:7. storočie]] [[sl:7. stoletje]] [[sr:7. век]] [[stq:7. Jierhunnert]] [[su:Abad ka-7]] [[fi:600-luku]] [[sv:600-talet]] [[tt:7. yöz]] [[th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 7]] [[vi:Thế kỷ 7]] [[tr:7. yüzyıl]] [[uk:7 століття]] [[vec:VII secoło]] [[yi:7טער י"ה]] [[bat-smg:VII omžios]] [[zh:7世纪]]