7th century
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2008-07-05T18:07:21Z
Arthur Rubin
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Add CE
{{Centurybox}}
[[Image:East-Hem 600ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 7th century.]]
[[Image:East-Hem 700ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 7th century.]]
The '''7th century''' is the period from [[601]] to [[700]] in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]] in the [[Christian Era|Christian]]/[[Common Era]].
==Overview==
During this century, the [[Eastern Roman Empire]] continued suffering setbacks, which increased after the [[630s]], when the prophet [[Muhammad]] established the geographically [[Islamic]] state, and set the stage for the rapid expansion of the [[Arab Empire]]. Although life in the countryside deteriorated, [[Constantinople]] grew to become the largest and wealthiest city in the world. It is estimated that the plague killed as many as 100 million people across the world. It caused the [[Medieval demography|Europe's population]] to drop by around 50% between 550 and 700. It also may have contributed to the success of the Arabs.<ref>[http://dpalm.med.uth.tmc.edu/courses/BT2003/BTstudents2003_files%5CPlague2003.htm The History of the Bubonic Plague]</ref>
In the [[Iberian Peninsula]], the seventh century was the ''Siglo de Concilios'', that is, century of councils, referring to the [[Councils of Toledo]].
==Events==
[[Image:FirstSurahKoran.jpg|thumb|230px| The [[Al-Fatiha|first]] [[surah]] in a handwritten copy of the Qur'an.]]
* [[Islam]] begins in [[Arabia]], the [[Qur'an]] is documented.
* The [[world population|world's population]] shrinks to about 208 million people.<ref>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061129/news_lz1e29last.html The good and bad of a population drop]</ref>
* The [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] [[Heptarchy]] emerges at the beginning of this century. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[Sutton Hoo]] [[ship burial]], East Anglia (modern [[England]])
* [[Xuan Zang]] (aka Hsuan-Tsang) traveled from [[China]] to [[India]], before returning to [[Chang An]] in China to translate [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] scriptures.
* End of sporadic Buddhist rule in the [[Sindh]].
* [[Croats]] and [[Serbs]] entered their present territory early in the 7th century AD, settling in six distinct tribal delimitations, whilst Croats set up early states.
* [[Teotihuacan]] is sacked and burnt.
* The religion of [[Shugendo]] evolves from [[Buddhism]], [[Taoism]], [[Shinto]] and other influences in the mountains of [[Japan]].
* The [[Bulgars]] arrive in the [[Balkans]]; establishment of the powerful [[Bulgarian Empire]].
* [[Arab]] traders penetrate the area of [[Lake Chad]].
* Earliest attested [[English poetry]]
* [[600]], [[Smallpox]] spreads from India into Europe.
* [[603]], last mention of the [[Roman Senate]] in [[Gregorian Register]]. It mentions that the senate acclaimed the statues of emperor Phocas and empress Leontia.<ref>[http://books.google.ru/books?id=tsE9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&source=web&ots=M8dNV2lx_z&sig=P3PwGDB5ELF_rvkl28CBB5aiTQg&hl=ru Jeffrey Richards. The Popes and the Papacy in the Early Middle Ages, 476-752]</ref>
* [[606]], [[Boniface]] elected papal successor on the death of [[Pope Sabinian]]. He sought and obtained a decree from Byzantine Emperor [[Phocas]] which stated that "the See of Blessed Peter the [[Twelve Apostles|Apostle]] should be the head of all the Churches". This ensured that the title of "Universal Bishop" belonged exclusively to the [[Bishop of Rome]].
* [[610]], [[Heraclius]] arrives by ship from Africa at [[Constantinople]], overthrows [[East Roman Emperor]] [[Phocas]] and becomes Emperor. His first major act is to change the official language of the [[East Roman Empire]] from [[Latin]] to [[Medieval Greek|Greek]] (already the language of the vast majority of the population)
* [[615]], The [[Sassanid Empire]] under [[Chosroes II]] sacks [[Jerusalem]], taking away the relic of the [[True cross]]. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[616]], [[Khosrau II of Persia]] invades [[Egypt]]. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[616]], [[Aethelfrith of Northumbria]] defeats the [[Welsh people|Welsh]] in a [[Battle of Chester|battle at Chester]].
* [[618]], [[Tang Dynasty]] of China initiated by [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Li Yuan]].
[[Image:Sutton.hoo.helmet.png|thumb|200px|An [[Timeline of the Anglo-Saxon invasion and takeover of Britain|Anglo-Saxon]] helmet found at [[Sutton Hoo]], probably belonging to [[Raedwald of East Anglia]] circa 625.]]
* [[618]], The [[Chenla]] kingdom completely absorbed [[Funan]].
* [[Guangzhou]], China, becomes a major international [[seaport]], hosting maritime travelers from Egypt, East Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, Sri Lanka, and South East Asia, including Muslims, Jews, Hindus, and [[Nestorian]] Christians.
* [[622]], Year one of the [[Islamic calendar]] begins, during which the [[Hijra]] occurs — Muhammad and his followers emigrate from Mecca to Medina in September.
* [[623]], The Frankish merchant [[Samo]], supporting the [[Slavs]] fighting their [[Eurasian Avars|Avar]] rulers, becomes the ruler of the first known Slav state in Central Europe.
* [[626]], The [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] and the [[Persians]] jointly besiege but fail to capture [[Constantinople]].
* [[627]], Emperor [[Heraclius]] defeats the Persians, ending the [[Roman-Persian Wars]].
* [[629]], The [[Byzantine-Arab Wars]] begin. Much of the [[Byzantine Empire|Roman Empire]] is conquered by Muslim Arabs led by [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]].
* [[629]]-[[630]], [[Emperor Taizong's campaign against Eastern Tujue]], Chinese [[Tang Dynasty]] forces under commanders [[Li Jing]] and [[Li Shiji]] destroy the [[Göktürk]] Khanate.
* [[632]], The [[Muslim conquests]] begin.
* [[636]], Around this time the [[Battle of al-Qādisiyyah]] resulted in a decisive victory for Muslims in the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]], the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian Empire]] is conquered by [[Muslim]] [[Arab]]s led by [[Sad Ibn Abi Waqqas]].
* [[639]], [[Muslim conquest of Egypt]] and [[Arab conquest of Armenia|Armenia]]
* [[642]], [[Library of Alexandria]] destroyed again
* [[664]], Conquest of [[Kabul]] by Muslims.
* [[650]], The [[Khazar-Arab Wars]] begin.
[[Image:Wild goose pagoda xian china.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The [[Tang Dynasty]] [[Giant Wild Goose Pagoda]] of [[Chang'an]], built in [[652]] AD, in modern-day [[Xi'an]], [[China]].]]
* [[651]], Emperor [[Yazdgerd III]] is murdered in [[Merv]], ending the rule of [[Sassanid]] dynasty in [[Persia]] ([[Iran]]).
* [[656]]–[[661]], The [[First Islamic civil war]].
* [[658]], Two Chinese monks, Zhi Yu and Zhi You, reconstruct the 3rd century [[South Pointing Chariot]] mechanical [[compass]]-vehicle for [[Emperor Tenji]] of Japan.
* [[661]], Caliph [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] is assassinated. He is succeeded by [[Hasan ibn Ali]] as the [[Shia Imam]] and [[Muawiyah I]] as the [[Sunni]] [[Caliph]]. This was the foundation of the [[Umayyad]] caliphate. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[663]], The [[Tang Dynasty]] of China and Korean [[Silla]] Kingdom gain victory against the Korean [[Baekje]] Kingdom and their [[Yamato Province|Yamato]] Japanese allies in the naval [[Battle of Baekgang]].
* [[668]], The end of the [[Goguryeo-Tang Wars]], as Goguryeo fell to a joint attack by Tang China and [[Unified Silla]] of Korea, the latter of which held the Goguryeo domains.
* [[670]] In 670 an Arab Muslim army under [[Uqba ibn Nafi]] entered the region of [[Ifriqiya]]. Finally in the late 670s [[Umayyad conquest of North Africa|conquest of North Africa]] has been completed.
* [[674]], The [[Siege of Constantinople (674)|first Arab siege]] of [[Constantinople]] begins.
* [[677]], Most of the Arab fleet is destroyed by [[Greek fire]].
* [[680]], [[Battle of Karbala]] took place near [[Kufa]] which led to killing of [[Husayn ibn Ali]] and the division of Muslim community. The [[Bulgars]] subjugate the country of current-day [[Bulgaria]].
* [[683]]–[[685]], The [[Second Fitna|Second Islamic civil war]].
* [[688]], Emperor [[Justinian II]] of the [[Byzantine Empire]] defeats the [[Bulgars]].
* [[694]], Hispano-[[Visigothic]] king [[Egica]] accuses the [[Jews]] of aiding the [[Muslims]], and sentences all Jews to [[slavery]].
* [[698]], The Arabs capture [[Carthage]] from the [[Byzantine Empire]], and destroy it completely.
==Significant persons==
* [[Muhammad]] ([[570]]–[[632]]), final prophet of Islamic religion
* [[Abu Bakr]], first [[caliph]] of Islam
* [[Umar]], second [[caliph]] of Islam
* [[Uthman]], third [[caliph]] of Islam
* [[Ali ibn Abi Talib]] ([[600]]–[[661]]), cousin of Muhammad, fourth caliph of [[Islam]], first [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shi'a Imam]]
* [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] ([[599]]–[[649]] AD), China
* [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] (''The Sword of Allah'') ([[592]]–[[642]]), Muslim Arab military commander who defeats both the [[Byzantine-Arab Wars|Roman]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] empires in over eighty battles.
* [[Asparuh]] — [[Khan (title)|Khan]] of the [[Bulgars]] and founder of contemporary [[Bulgaria]]
* The [[Unknown Archont]] led the Serbs to the [[Balkans]] from the north
* [[Pacal the Great]], ruler of [[Maya civilization|Maya]] state of [[Palenque]]
* [[Æthelberht of Kent|Aethelbert]], [[Kings of Kent|King]] of [[Kingdom of Kent|Kent]]
* [[Antara Ibn Shaddad]], Arab poet
* [[Augustine Eriugena]], Irish scientist
* [[Li Shiji]], Chinese general and later prime minister
* [[Brahmagupta]], Indian mathematician
* [[Caedmon]], English poet.
* [[Cenn Fáelad mac Aillila]], Irish scholar, died [[679]]
* [[Pope Gregory I|Gregory the Great]] ([[Pope]], [[540]]–[[604]])
* [[Saint Cuthbert]]
* [[Heraclius]] — Warrior Emperor of [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantium]] who won numerous victories against the [[Sassanids]] (Persians)
* [[Li Shiji]], Chinese general and later prime minister
* [[Yeon Gaesomun]], Generalissimo of [[Goguryeo]]
* [[Emperor Taizong of Tang China]]
* [[Pulakesi II]], comes to power
* [[Isaac of Nineveh]] (d [[700]]) Nestorian theologian
* [[Saint Asaph]]
* [[Dae Jo Yeong]], founder of [[Balhae]], a state in ancient [[Manchuria]]
==Inventions, discoveries, introductions==
* [[650]], The first [[China|Chinese]] [[Paper money]] is issued. <ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World.". Penguin, 1994.</ref>
* [[670s]], [[Greek fire]] invented in [[Constantinople]].
* The [[stirrup]] introduced to [[Iran|Persia]] from [[China]], late 7th century
* Earliest known record of the game [[Chatrang]], predecessor to [[Chess]]
* After sailing from [[Ethiopia]], [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]] brings the first [[Quran]] to China, and establishes the first Islamic [[mosque]] of China in [[Guangzhou]] in the 630s.
*The [[Xumi Pagoda]] in [[Zhengding]], China is built in 636 AD.
==Decades and years==
{{DecadesAndYears}}
{{Centuries}}
==References==
<references/>
[[Category:1st millennium]]
[[Category:7th century| ]]
[[Category:Centuries|07th century]]
[[af:7de eeu]]
[[als:7. Jahrhundert]]
[[ar:قرن 7]]
[[an:Sieglo VII]]
[[ast:Sieglu VII]]
[[az:VII əsr]]
[[be:7 стагоддзе]]
[[be-x-old:7 стагодзьдзе]]
[[bs:7. vijek]]
[[br:VIIvet kantved]]
[[bg:7 век]]
[[ca:Segle VII]]
[[cv:VII ĕмĕр]]
[[cs:7. století]]
[[cy:7fed ganrif]]
[[da:7. århundrede]]
[[de:7. Jahrhundert]]
[[et:7. sajand]]
[[el:7ος αιώνας]]
[[es:Siglo VII]]
[[eo:7-a jarcento]]
[[eu:VII. mendea]]
[[fa:سده ۷ (میلادی)]]
[[fr:VIIe siècle]]
[[fy:7e ieu]]
[[ga:7ú haois]]
[[gd:7mh Linn]]
[[gl:Século VII]]
[[ko:7세기]]
[[hr:7. stoljeće]]
[[io:7ma yar-cento]]
[[id:Abad ke-7]]
[[is:7. öldin]]
[[it:VII secolo]]
[[he:המאה ה-7]]
[[jv:Abad kaping-7]]
[[ka:VII საუკუნე]]
[[kk:7 ғ.]]
[[kw:7ves kansblydhen]]
[[sw:Karne ya 7]]
[[ku:Sedsala 7'an]]
[[la:Saeculum 7]]
[[lb:7. Joerhonnert]]
[[lt:VII amžius]]
[[lij:VII secolo]]
[[li:Zevende iew]]
[[hu:7. század]]
[[mk:7 век]]
[[mi:Rautau 7]]
[[mr:इ.स.चे ७ वे शतक]]
[[ms:Abad ke-7]]
[[nl:7e eeuw]]
[[nds-nl:7e eeuw]]
[[ja:7世紀]]
[[no:7. århundre]]
[[nn:600-talet]]
[[nrm:VIIe s.]]
[[uz:VII asr]]
[[nds:7. Johrhunnert]]
[[pl:VII wiek]]
[[pt:Século VII]]
[[ksh:7. Joohunndot]]
[[ro:Secolul al VII-lea]]
[[ru:VII век]]
[[sq:Shekulli VII]]
[[scn:Sèculu VII]]
[[simple:7th century]]
[[sk:7. storočie]]
[[sl:7. stoletje]]
[[sr:7. век]]
[[stq:7. Jierhunnert]]
[[su:Abad ka-7]]
[[fi:600-luku]]
[[sv:600-talet]]
[[tt:7. yöz]]
[[th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 7]]
[[vi:Thế kỷ 7]]
[[tr:7. yüzyıl]]
[[uk:7 століття]]
[[vec:VII secoło]]
[[yi:7טער י"ה]]
[[bat-smg:VII omžios]]
[[zh:7世纪]]