9th century
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 224603382 by [[Special:Contributions/Arthur Rubin|Arthur Rubin]] ([[User talk:Arthur Rubin|talk]]) - inline 3d images are disallowed under [[WP:3D]]
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[[Image:East-Hem 800ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the beginning of the 9th century AD.]]
[[Image:East-Hem 900ad.jpg|thumb|300px|Eastern Hemisphere at the end of the 9th century AD.]]
The '''9th century''' is the period from [[801]] to [[900]] in accordance with the [[Julian calendar]] in the [[Christian Era|Christian]]/[[Common Era]].[[Image:Europe 814.jpg|thumb|200px|Europe in 9th century]]
==Western European==
[[Image:Dish from 9th century Iraq.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This [[earthenware]] dish was made in 9th century [[Iraq]]. It is housed in the [[Freer Gallery of Art]] of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
=== Art of the "Dark Ages" ===
First and foremost, art existed because the Church required it. The basic tools of the Roman Catholic mass, thousands of golden art objects were made. Sacred cups, vessels, reliqueries, crucifixes, rosaries, altar pieces, and statues of the
Virgin and Child or Saints all kept the flame of art from dying out in the period. Architecture began to revive to some extent by the 9th century. It took the form of Church facilities of all kinds, and the first castle fortifications since
Roman times began to take form in simple "moat and baily" castles, or simple "strong point" tower structures, with little refinement.
== Worldwide Events ==
[[Image:Threepagodas.jpg|260px|thumb|right|The [[Three Pagodas]] of [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]], [[Yunnan]] province, China, 9th and 10th centuries.]]
*The Arab merchant Shulama wrote that Chinese [[junk (ship)|junk]] ships could carry 600 to 700
passengers aboard for sailing missions into the [[Indian Ocean]]. He wrote that the draft of Chinese ships was too deep for entering the [[Euphrates River]] (modern-day Iraq), which forced them to land small boats on the banks of the river for passengers and cargo instead.
*An unknown event causes the [[Maya civilization#Decline of the Maya|decline]] of the [[Maya Classical Era]].
*[[Beowulf]] might have been written down in this century, though it could also have been in the [[8th century]].
* Reign of [[Charlemagne]], and concurrent (and controversially labeled) [[Carolingian Renaissance]] in Western Europe.
* Large-scale [[Viking]] attacks on Europe begin, devastating countless numbers of people.
* [[Oseberg]] [[ship burial]].
* The [[Magyars]] arrive in what is now [[Hungary]], taking it from [[Bulgaria]].
* The [[Tukolor]] settle in the [[Senegal (river)|Senegal]] river valley.
* [[Muslim]] traders settle in the northwest and southeast of [[Madagascar]].
* [[800]] — Arab fleet sails up the [[Tiber]].
*[[803]] — Construction on the [[Leshan Giant Buddha]] in [[Tang Dynasty]] [[China]] is complete, after 90 years of rock-carving on a massive cliff-side.
* C. [[813]]–c. [[915]] — period of serious Arab naval raids on shores of Tyrrhenian and Adriatic seas.
* [[830]] - [[House of Wisdom]], a library and translation institute, established by [[al-Ma'mun]], [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]], in [[Baghdad]] to transfer the knowledge of Greeks, Persians, Indians, etc to Muslim world.[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-61657/information-processing#287319.hook] Also [[The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]] which is one of the book of [[algebra]] is written by [[Al-Khwarizmi]] who worked there.
* [[848]]–[[852]] — The west bank of the [[Tiber]] is annexed into the city of [[Rome]]. A [[defensive wall]], commissioned by [[Pope Leo IV]], is built around what came to be called the [[Leonine City]].
* [[851]] — The Arab merchant Suleiman al-Tajir visits the Chinese [[seaport]] at [[Guangzhou]] in southern China, and observes the manufacturing of [[porcelain]], the Islamic [[mosque]] built at Guangzhou, the [[granary]] system of the city, and how its [[municipal]] administration functioned.
* [[863]] — The Chinese author [[Duan Chengshi]] describes the [[slave trade]], [[ivory]] trade, and [[ambergris]] trade of [[Somalia]] in [[East Africa]].
* [[870]] — [[Prague Castle]] founded.
* [[800]]–[[909]] — rule of [[Aghlabids]] as an independent Muslim dynasty in North Africa.
* [[850]]–[[875]] — The first [[Norseman|Norse settlers]] arrive on [[Iceland]].
* [[859]] Muslim established the oldest university in the world, [[University of Al Karaouine]], in [[Fez, Morocco]]<ref>''The Guinness Book Of Records'', Published 1998, ISBN 0-5535-7895-2, P.242 </ref>
* [[863]]–[[879]] — period of schism between eastern and western churches.
* [[864]] — [[Christianization of Bulgaria]] under [[Boris I of Bulgaria|Boris I]]
* [[875]]–[[884]] — [[Huang Chao]] leads an unsuccessful rebellion against the [[Tang Dynasty]] in China.
* Late 9th century: [[Bulgaria]] stretches from the mouth of the [[Danube]] to [[Epirus (region)|Epirus]] and [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]].
* In [[Italy]], some cities became free republics: for instance [[Forlì]], in the [[889]].
* The Christian [[Nubia]]n kingdom reaches its peak of prosperity and military power. ([[Early history of Sudan]]).
* [[Harald I of Norway|Harald Fairhair]] was victorious at the [[battle of Hafrsfjord]], and [[Norway]] was unified into one kingdom.
* [[Chess]] reaches [[Japan]].
* [[862]] — The beginning the [[Rurik Dynasty]] in [[Russia]]
* [[885]] — arrival of the disciples of SS. [[Saint Cyril|Cyril]] and [[Saint Methodius|Methodius]], [[Clement of Ohrid]] and [[Naum of Preslav]] in Bulgaria. Development of the [[Cyrillic Alphabet]].
* [[867]] — onward Revival of the [[Byzantine Empire]] under the [[Macedonian dynasty]].
* The [[Medieval Warm Period]] begins.
== Significant people ==
[[Image:Climent of Ohrid.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Saint Clement of Ohrid]]
* [[Adi Sankara]]
* [[Al-Jahiz]]
* [[Alfred the Great]]
* [[Arnulf of Carinthia]]
* [[Basil I the Macedonian]] (Βασίλειος Α') ([[811]]–[[886]]), ruled ([[867]])–([[886]])
* [[Boris I of Bulgaria]]
* [[Charlemagne]]
* [[Clement of Ohrid]]
* [[Han Yu]]
* [[Harald I of Norway]]
* [[Huang Chao]]
* [[Kenneth I of Scotland]]
* [[Louis the Pious]]
* [[Naum of Preslav]]
* [[Rurik]]
* [[Saint Cyril]] and [[Saint Methodius]]
* [[Taizu of Later Liang]]
* [[Wang Kon]]
== Inventions, discoveries, introductions ==
* First image of a rotary grindstone in a European source — illustration shows crank, first known use of a crank in the West ([[Utrecht Psalter]], A.D. [[843]])
* First known printed book, the ''[[Diamond Sutra]]'', printed in China using [[woodblock printing]] in 868 AD.
* Invention of [[gunpowder]] by Chinese [[Taoist]] [[Alchemy|Alchemists]]
* [[Vulgar Latin]] begins to devolve into various [[Romance languages]]
==Decades and years==
{{DecadesAndYears}}
{{Centuries}}
==References==
<references />
[[Category:9th century| ]]
[[Category:1st millennium]]
[[Category:Centuries|09th century]]
[[af:9de eeu]]
[[als:9. Jahrhundert]]
[[ar:قرن 9]]
[[an:Sieglo IX]]
[[ast:Sieglu IX]]
[[az:IX əsr]]
[[be:9 стагоддзе]]
[[be-x-old:9 стагодзьдзе]]
[[bs:9. vijek]]
[[br:IXvet kantved]]
[[bg:9 век]]
[[ca:Segle IX]]
[[cv:IX ĕмĕр]]
[[cs:9. století]]
[[cy:9fed ganrif]]
[[da:9. århundrede]]
[[de:9. Jahrhundert]]
[[et:9. sajand]]
[[el:9ος αιώνας]]
[[es:Siglo IX]]
[[eo:9-a jarcento]]
[[eu:IX. mendea]]
[[fa:سده ۹ (میلادی)]]
[[fr:IXe siècle]]
[[fy:9e ieu]]
[[ga:9ú haois]]
[[gv:9oo eash]]
[[gd:9mh Linn]]
[[gl:Século IX]]
[[ko:9세기]]
[[hr:9. stoljeće]]
[[io:9ma yar-cento]]
[[id:Abad ke-9]]
[[is:9. öldin]]
[[it:IX secolo]]
[[he:המאה ה-9]]
[[jv:Abad kaping-9]]
[[ka:IX საუკუნე]]
[[kk:9 ғ.]]
[[kw:9ves kansblydhen]]
[[ku:Sedsala 9'an]]
[[la:Saeculum 9]]
[[lb:9. Joerhonnert]]
[[lt:IX amžius]]
[[lij:IX secolo]]
[[li:Negende iew]]
[[hu:9. század]]
[[mk:9 век]]
[[mi:Rautau 9]]
[[mr:इ.स.चे ९ वे शतक]]
[[ms:Abad ke-9]]
[[nl:9e eeuw]]
[[nds-nl:9e eeuw]]
[[ja:9世紀]]
[[no:9. århundre]]
[[nn:800-talet]]
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[[uz:IX asr]]
[[pms:Sécol ch'a fa IX dGC]]
[[nds:9. Johrhunnert]]
[[pl:IX wiek]]
[[pt:Século IX]]
[[ksh:9. Joohunndot]]
[[ro:Secolul al IX-lea]]
[[ru:IX век]]
[[stq:9. Jierhunnert]]
[[sq:Shekulli IX]]
[[scn:Sèculu IX]]
[[simple:9th century]]
[[sk:9. storočie]]
[[sl:9. stoletje]]
[[sr:9. век]]
[[sh:9. vijek]]
[[su:Abad ka-9]]
[[fi:800-luku]]
[[sv:800-talet]]
[[ta:9ம் நூற்றாண்டு]]
[[tt:9. yöz]]
[[th:คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 9]]
[[vi:Thế kỷ 9]]
[[tr:9. yüzyıl]]
[[uk:9 століття]]
[[vec:IX secolo]]
[[yi:9טער י"ה]]
[[bat-smg:IX omžios]]
[[zh:9世纪]]