Odessa 55545 225993124 2008-07-16T10:42:38Z Kuban kazak 439789 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 225979485 by [[Special:Contributions/Yakiv Gluck|Yakiv Gluck]] ([[User talk:Yakiv Gluck|talk]]) {{sprotect2}} {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Settlement |official_name = Odessa / Odesa |native_name = Одесса / Одеса |image_skyline = potemkinstairs.jpg |image_caption = [[Potemkin Stairs]] |image_flag = Flag of Odessa, Ukraine.svg |image_shield = Odesa emblem.gif |shield_size = 90px |image_map = Odesa-Ukraine-Map.png |map_caption = Map of Ukraine (blue) with Odessa highlighted (red dot) within Odessa Oblast (pink). |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{UKR}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Odessa Oblast}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Raion|City Municipality]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Image:Flag of Odessa, Ukraine.svg|22px|border]] Odessa |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Eduard Yosypovych Hurvits |established_title = Founded |established_date = [[September 2]], [[1794]] |area_total_km2 = 163 |population_as_of = 2008 |population_total = 1,080,000 |population_metro = 1,191,000<sup>1</sup> |population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] |population_blank1 = Odessit / Odessitka |population_density_km2 = 6141 |timezone = EET |utc_offset = +2 |timezone_DST = EEST |utc_offset_DST = +3 |latd=46 |latm=28 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=30 |longm=44 |longs=00 |longEW=E |elevation_m = 40 |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 65000 — 65480 |area_code = +380 48 |blank1_name = [[Town twinning|Sister cities]] |blank1_info = <small>[[Alexandria]], [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]], [[Chişinău]], [[Constanţa]], [[Genoa]], [[Grozny]], [[Haifa]], [[Istanbul]], [[Kolkata]], [[Larnaca]], [[Liverpool]], [[Łódź]], [[Marseille]], [[Minsk]], [[Moscow]], [[Nicosia]], [[Oulu]], [[Piraeus]], [[Qingdao]], [[Regensburg]], [[Split]], [[Szeged]], [[Tallinn]], [[Tbilisi]], [[Tripoli]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]], [[Vancouver]], [[Varna]], [[Yerevan]], [[Yokohama]]</small><ref name="sistercities">{{cite web|url=http://www.misto.odessa.ua/index.php?u=gorod/brat|title=Odessa sister cities|language=Russian|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> |website = http://www.odessa.ua/ |footnotes = <sup>1</sup> The population of the metropolitan area is as of 2001. }} '''Odessa''' also spelled '''Odesa''' ({{lang-uk|Одеса}}; {{lang-ru|Одесса}}) is the [[capital|administrative center]] of the [[Odessa Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) located in southern [[Ukraine]]. The city is a major [[port|seaport]] located on the shore of the [[Black Sea]] and the fourth largest city in Ukraine with a population of 1,029,000 (as of the [[Ukrainian Census (2001)|2001 census]]).<ref name="fourth">{{cite web|title=About number and composition population of UKRAINE by All-Ukrainian Population Census 2001 data.|work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/city/|accessdate=2006-07-30}}</ref> From 1819–1858 Odessa was a [[free port]]. During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period it was the most important port of trade in the [[U.S.S.R.]] and a Soviet [[naval base]]. On [[January 1]], [[2000]] the Quarantine Pier of Odessa trade sea port was declared a [[free port]] and [[free economic zone]] for a term of 25 years. In the 19th century it was the fourth largest city of [[Imperial Russia]], after [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg]], and [[Warsaw]].<ref name="PH">{{cite journal|first=Patricia|last=Herlihy|authorlink =Patricia Herlihy|year=1977|title=The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century|pages=pg. 53}}</ref> Its historical architecture has a flavor more Mediterranean than Russian, having been heavily influenced by [[France|French]] and [[Italy|Italian]] styles.{{Fact|date=December 2007}} Odessa is a [[warm water port]], but of limited military value. [[Turkey]]'s control of the [[Dardanelles]] and [[Bosphorus]] has enabled [[NATO]] to control water traffic between Odessa and the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The city of Odessa hosts two important ports: Odessa itself and [[Yuzhny, Ukraine|Yuzhny]] (also an internationally important oil [[Container terminal|terminal]]), situated in the city's suburbs. Another important port, [[Illichivsk|Illichivs'k]] (or ''Ilyichyovsk''), is located in the same [[oblast]], to the south-west of Odessa. Together they represent a major transportation junction integrated with railways. Odessa's oil- and chemical-processing facilities are connected to [[Russia]]'s and [[EU]]'s respective networks by strategic pipelines. ==History== ===First settlements to the end of the 19th century=== <!-- The first paragraph needs to be rewritten --> An [[Colonies in antiquity#Greek colonies (apoikiai)|ancient Greek colony]] had once occupied the site of Odessa. Numerous monuments of antiquity confirm links between this territory and the Eastern [[Mediterranean]]. In the Middle Ages these lands were a part of the [[Kievan Rus]], the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], the [[Crimean Khanate]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]]. [[Yedisan]] [[Tatars]] traded there in the 14th century. In the course of [[Russia]]n–[[Ottoman Empire|Turkish]] wars these lands were captured by [[Russia]] at the end of the 18th century.<ref name="OO">{{cite web |author = |year = |url = http://www.odessaonline.com.ua/eng/gonm.php?dir=history&m2=1&m3=1 |title = History of Odessa |format =HTML |work = |publisher = Odessa Online |accessmonthday = May 1 |accessyear = 2006 }}</ref> In the 15th century [[Anno Domini|AD]], [[nomad]]ic tribes of the [[Nogays]] under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Crimean Khanate|Khanate of Crimea]] inhabited what is now the Odessa region. During the reign of [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Haci I Giray]], the Khanate was endangered by the [[Golden Horde]] and the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] and, in search of allies, the khan agreed to cede the area to the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]. The site of present-day Odessa was then a town known as '''Khadjibey''' (also spelled as Khadjibei, Khadzhibei, Hacıbey, Hocabey or Gadzhibei; [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]: ''Chadžibėjus''; [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]: ''Hacıbey'') and was part of the [[Dykra]] region. However, the area was only sparsely populated with [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes and consisted mostly of unpopulated [[steppe]]s. [[Image:Odessa downtown.jpg|thumb|right|Odessa Сircuit Court building and Church of the monastery of St. Panteleimon (church consecrated in 1895; used as a planetarium from 1961–1991).]] [[Khadjibey]] came under direct control of the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 1529 and was part of a region known as [[Yedisan]] and was administered in the Ottoman [[Silistra Province, Ottoman Empire|Silistra (Özi) Province]]. In the mid-18th century, the Ottomans rebuilt a fortress at Khadjibey (Also was known Hocabey), which was named '''Yeni Dünya'''. Hocabey was a sanjak centre of Silistre Province. During the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1787-1792|Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792]], on [[25 September]] [[1789]], a detachment of Russian forces under [[Ivan Gudovich]] took Khadjibey and Yeni Dünya for the [[Imperial Russia|Russian Empire]]. One part of the troops was under command of a [[Spanish people|Spaniard]] in Russian service, Major General [[José de Ribas]] (known in Russia as Osip Mikhailovich Deribas) and the main street in Odessa today, [[Deribasovskaya Street]], is named after him. Russia formally gained possession of the area as a result of the [[Treaty of Jassy]] (Iaşi) in 1792 and it became a part of the so-called [[Novorossiya]] ("[[New Russia]]"). [[Image:Aivazovsky, Ivan Constantinovich ~ The Harbor at Odessa on the Black Sea, oil on canvas, 1852.jpg‎|thumb|left|[[Ivan Aivazovsky]], Nineteenth-Century painting depicting Odessa Harbor.]] The city was officially founded in 1794 as a [[Imperial Russia|Russian]] naval fortress on the ruins of Khadjibey and renamed '''Odessa''' by January 1795, when its new name was first mentioned in official correspondence. Neither the origin of the new name nor reasons for renaming are known, though [[etymology|etymologies]] and [[anecdote]]s abound. According to one of the stories, when someone suggested [[Odessos]] as a name for the new Russian port, [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine&nbsp;II]] said that all names in the South of the Empire were already 'masculine,' and didn't want yet another one, so she decided to change it to more 'feminine' Odessa. This anecdote is highly dubious, because there were at least two cities ([[Eupatoria]] and [[Theodosia]]) whose names sound 'feminine' for a Russian; besides, the [[Czarina]] was not a native Russian speaker, and finally, all cities are [[grammatical gender|feminine]] in [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] (as well as in [[Latin]]). Another legend derives the name 'Odessa' from the word-play: in [[French language|French]] (which ''was'' then the language spoken at the Russian court), 'plenty of water' is ''assez d'eau''; if said backwards, it sounds similar to that of the Greek colony's name (and water-related pun makes perfect sense, because Odessa, though situated next to the huge body of water, has limited fresh water supply). Regardless, a link with the name of the ancient Greek colony persists, so there might be some truth in the oral tradition. [[Image:Odessa vlasenko.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ivan Martos]]'s statue of [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]] in Odessa]] The new city quickly became a major success. Its early growth owed much to the work of the [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]], who served as the city's governor between 1803–1814. Having fled the [[French Revolution]], he had served in Catherine's army against the Turks. He is credited with designing the city and organizing its amenities and infrastructure, and is considered one of the founding fathers of Odessa, together with another Frenchman, Count [[Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron]], who succeeded him in office. Richelieu is commemorated by a bronze statue, unveiled in 1828 to a design by [[Ivan Martos]]. [[Image:Odessa richelieu.jpg|thumb|right|Richelieu Street and the Opera Theater in the 1890s.]] In 1819 the city was made a free port, a status it retained until 1859. It became home to an extremely diverse population of [[Russians]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Jews]], [[Romanians]], [[Greeks]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Albanians]], [[Armenians]], [[Italians]], [[French people|Frenchmen]], [[Germans]] and traders representing many other nationalities (hence numerous 'ethnic' names on the city's map, ''e.g.'', ''Frantsuszkiy'' (French) and ''Italianskiy'' (Italian) Boulevards, ''Grecheskaya'' (Greek), ''Evreyskaya'' (Jewish), ''Arnautskaya'' (Albanian) Streets). Its [[Cosmopolitanism|cosmopolitan]] nature was documented by the great Russian poet [[Alexander Pushkin]], who lived in internal exile in Odessa between 1823–1824. In his letters he wrote that Odessa was a city where "you can smell Europe. French is spoken and there are European papers and magazines to read". Odessa's growth was interrupted by the [[Crimean War]] of 1853–1856, during which it was bombarded by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] and [[France|French]] naval forces. It soon recovered and the growth in trade made Odessa Russia's largest grain-exporting port. In 1866 the city was linked by rail with [[Kiev]] and [[Kharkiv]] as well as [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]]. The city became the home of a large Jewish community during the 19th century, and by 1897 Jews were estimated to comprise some 37% of the population. They were, however, repeatedly subjected to severe persecution. [[Pogrom]]s were carried out in 1821, 1859, 1871, 1881, and 1905. Many Odessan Jews fled abroad, particularly to [[Palestine]] after 1882, and the city became an important base of support for [[Zionism]]. ===First half of the 20th century=== [[Image:potemkinstairs.jpg|thumb|right|The 142-metre-long [[Potemkin Stairs]] (constructed 1837–1841), made famous by [[Sergei Eisenstein]] in his movie ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' (1925).]] In 1905 Odessa was the site of a workers' uprising supported by the crew of the [[Russian battleship Potemkin]] (also see [[Battleship Potemkin uprising]]) and [[Lenin]]'s [[Iskra]]. [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s famous motion picture ''[[The Battleship Potemkin]]'' commemorated the uprising and included a scene where hundreds of Odessan citizens were murdered on the great stone staircase (now popularly known as the "Potemkin Steps"), in one of the most famous scenes in motion picture history. At the top of the steps, which lead down to the port, stands a statue of the [[Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de Richelieu|Duc de Richelieu]]. The actual massacre took place in streets nearby, not on the steps themselves, but the movie caused many to visit Odessa to see the site of the "slaughter". The "Odessa Steps" continue to be a tourist attraction in Odessa. The film was made at Odessa's Cinema Factory, one of the oldest cinema studios in the former Soviet Union. [[Image:Bolsheviks enter odessa.jpg|thumb|left|[[Red Army|Bolshevik forces]] enter Odessa. February, 1920.]] Following the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] in 1917 during [[World War I]], Odessa was occupied by several groups, including the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] ''[[Tsentral'na Rada]]'', the [[French Army]], the [[Red Army]] and the [[White Army]]. Finally, in 1920, the Red Army took control of Odessa and united it with the [[Ukrainian SSR]], which later became part of the [[USSR]]. [[Image:Odessa Soviet artilery.JPG|right|thumb|Soviet gun crew in action at Odessa in 1941]] The people of Odessa suffered from a [[famine]] that occurred in 1921–1922 as a result of the Civil war. During [[World War II]] Odessa was occupied by [[Romania during World War II|Romania]]n and [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces from 1941–1944. The city suffered severe damage and many casualties. Following the [[Siege of Odessa]], and the [[Axis forces|Axis]] occupation, approximately 60,000&nbsp;Odessans (mostly [[Jew]]s) were either [[Odessa Massacre|massacred]] or deported. Many parts of Odessa were damaged during its [[Siege of Odessa|siege]] and recapture on [[10 April]] [[1944]], when the city was finally liberated by the [[Red Army]]. It was one of the first four Soviet cities to be awarded the title of "[[Hero City]]" in 1945. ===Second half of the 20th century=== <!-- Needs to be rewritten --> [[Image:Passenger Terminal of the port.jpg|thumb|Passenger Terminal of the Odessa port]] [[Image:Odessa 1.jpg|thumb|Tolstogo Street.]] During the 1960s and 1970s the city grew tremendously. Nevertheless, the majority of Odessa's [[Jew]]s emigrated to [[Israel]], the [[United States]] and other [[Western world|Western]] countries between the 1970s and 1990s. Domestic migration of Odessan middle and upper classes to [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] that offered even greater opportunities for career advancement, also occurred on a large scale. But the city grew rapidly by filling the void with new rural migrants elsewhere from Ukraine and industrial professionals invited from all over the Soviet Union. Despite being part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, the city preserved and somewhat reinforced its unique cosmopolitan mix of Russian/Ukrainian/Mediterranean culture and a predominantly Russophone environment with a uniquely accented dialect of Russian spoken in the city. The city's Russian, Ukrainian, Greek, Armenian, Moldovan, Bulgarian, and Jewish communities have influenced different aspects of Odessa life. In 1991, after the collapse of [[Communism]], the city became part of newly independent [[Ukraine]]. Today Odessa is a city of more than 1 million people. The city's industries include shipbuilding, oil refining, chemicals, metalworking and food processing. Odessa is also a Ukrainian [[naval]] [[Military base|base]] and home to a fishing fleet. It is also known for its huge outdoor market, the [[Seventh-Kilometer Market]], the biggest market of the kind in Europe. ==Government and administrative divisions== [[Image:Odessa theatre.jpg|thumb|The [[Baroque architecture#Rome and South Italy|Italian baroque]] [[facade|façade]] of the [[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]].]] [[Image:Odessa dworzec.jpg|thumb|The Odessa Main Railway Station.]] While Odessa is the [[Capital|administrative center]] of the [[Odessa Oblast]] ([[Oblast|province]]), the city is the capital of the Odessa City Municipality. However, Odessa is a [[Administrative divisions of Ukraine|city of oblast subordinance]], thus being subject directly to the oblast authorities rather to the Odessa City Municipality housed in the city itself. The territory of Odessa is divided into four administrative [[raion]]s ([[districts]]): # Kyivskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Київський район}}) # Malynovskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Малиновський район}}) # Prymorskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Приморський район}}) # Suvorovskyi Raion ({{lang-uk|Суворовський район}}) In addition, every raion has its own administration, subordinate to the Odessa City Council, and with limited responsibilities. ==Geography and features== Odessa is situated ({{coor dm|46|28|N|30|44|E|type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA}}) on terraced hills overlooking a small harbor, approximately 31 km (19 mi.) north of the estuary of the [[Dniester]] river and some 443 km (275 mi) south of the Ukrainian capital [[Kiev]]. The city has a mild and dry climate with average temperatures in January of -2 °C (29 °F), and July of 22 °C (72 °F). It averages only 350 mm (14 in) of precipitation annually. The primary language spoken is [[Russian language|Russian]], with [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] being less common despite its being an official language in Ukraine. The city is a mix of many nationalities and ethnic groups, including [[Ukrainians]], [[Russians]], [[Greeks]], [[Jews]], [[Moldovans]], [[Bulgarians]], [[Armenians]], [[Georgians]], [[Germans]], [[Koreans]], and many others. ==Sister cities== *{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Brest, Belarus|Brest]], [[Belarus]] *{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]] *{{flagicon|Japan}} [[Yokohama]], [[Japan]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Odessa, Texas|Odessa]], [[Texas]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]] ==Attractions== ===Attractions=== * [[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater]] * [[Tolstoy]] Palace * [[Vorontsov Palace (Odessa)|Vorontsov Palace]] * Novikov Palace (Local Lore) * [[Potocki]] Palace (Fine Arts museum) * Gagarin Palace(Literary museum) * Catacombs and Museum of Partisan Glory * Roerich museum * [[Odessa Numismatics Museum]] * Jewish Heritage museum * Uspensky (Assumption) Cathedral ===Resorts and health care=== Odessa is a popular tourist destination, with many therapeutic resorts in and around the city. The [[The Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy|Filatov Institute of Eye Diseases & Tissue Therapy]] in Odessa is one of the world's leading [[ophthalmology]] clinics. ===Odessa catacombs=== {{Further|[[Odessa Catacombs]]}} Most of the city's 19th century houses were built of [[limestone]] mined nearby. Abandoned mines were later used and broadened by local [[smuggler]]s. This created a gigantic complicated [[labyrinth]] of underground tunnels beneath Odessa, known as "[[catacombs]]". They are a now a great attraction for [[extreme tourist]]s. Such tours, however, are not officially sanctioned and are dangerous because the layout of the catacombs has not been fully mapped and the tunnels themselves are unsafe. The tunnels are a primary reason why a [[Subway (rail)|subway]] system was never built in Odessa. ==Transportation== The first car in Russia, a Mercedes-Benz belonging to V. Navrotsky, came to Odessa from France in 1891. He was a popular city publisher of the newspaper ''The Odessa Leaf''. The city public transit in Odessa is currently represented by trams<ref name = "trams"> {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.dgmaestro.com/tram |title =Odessa Tram Themes |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =May 2 |accessyear =2006 }} </ref> (streetcars), [[trolleybus]]es, [[bus]]es and fixed-route taxis ([[marshrutka]]s). Odessa also has a cable car, cable-way, and recreational ferry service. [[Odessa International Airport]] is served by major airline carriers, including Aerosvit, Ukraine International, Austrian Airlines, El Al, and Turkey Airlines. These and other airlines provide flights to numerous locations in Europe and Asia. Passenger trains connect Odessa with [[Warsaw]], [[Prague]], [[Bratislava]], [[Vienna]], [[Berlin]], [[Moscow]], [[Saint Petersburg|St.-Petersburg]], the cities of Ukraine and many other cities of the former USSR. Intercity bus services are available from Odessa to many cities in Germany ([[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Munich]]), [[Greece]] ([[Thessaloniki]] and [[Athens]]), [[Bulgaria]] ([[Varna]] and [[Sofia]]) and several cities of [[Ukraine]] and [[Europe]]. Passenger ships and ferries connect Odessa with Istanbul, Haifa, and Varna. ==Famous people from Odessa== {{further|People born in Odessa at [[:Category:People from Odessa]]}} [[Image:The Philharmonic Society.jpg|thumb|The Philharmonic Society]] [[Image:Stoliarsky_school.jpg‎|thumb|right|200px|School of Stolyarsky Odessa, UKRAINE]] [[Image:The Archeological Museum.jpg|thumb|Odessa Archaeological Museum was designed in the Neoclassical style just like many other landmarks of the city.]] === Political leaders === [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] was born in Odessa, and largely developed his version of Zionism there in early 1920s. === Poets and writers === Poet [[Anna Akhmatova]] was born in Bolshoy Fontan near Odessa. The city has produced many writers, including [[Isaac Babel]], [[Ilf and Petrov]], and [[Yuri Olesha]]. [[Vera Inber]], a poet and writer, as well as the famous poet and journalist, [[Margarita Aliger]] were both born in Odessa. [[Yakov Landa]], Russian writer, was born in 1948 in Odessa (dead in 2005 in [[Hanover]], Germany). === Scientists === A list of world known scientists lived and worked in Odessa. Among them: [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov|Ilya Mechnikov]] (Nobel Prize in Medicine 1908), [[Igor Tamm]] (Nobel Prize in Physics 1958), [[Dmitri Mendeleev]], [[Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov|Nikolay Pirogov]], [[Ivan Sechenov]], [[George Gamow]], [[Leonid Isaakovich Mandelstam|Leonid Mandelstam]], [[Aleksandr Lyapunov]], [[Mark Grigoryevich Krein|Mark Krein]], [[Alexander Smakula]], [[Waldemar Haffkine]], [[Valentin Glushko]], etc. === Artists === The most popular Russian show-business people from Odessa are [[Yakov Smirnoff]] ([[comedian]]), [[Mikhail Zhvanetsky]] (legendary [[humorist]] writer, who began his career as port engineer) and [[Roman Kartsev]] ([[comedian]]). Zhvanetsky's and Kartsev's success in 1970s, together with Odessa's [[KVN]] team, much contributed to Odessa's established status of a "capital of Soviet humour", culminating in the annual [[Humorina]] festival, carried out on and around the [[April Fool's Day]]. Odessa was also the home of the late [[Armenia]]n painter [[Sarkis Ordyan]] (1918-2003) and [[Greece|Greek]] philologist, author and promoter of [[Modern Greek|Demotic Greek]] [[Ioannis Psycharis]] (1854-1929). === Musicians === Odessa produced one of the founders of the Soviet violin school, [[Piotr Stolyarsky]]. It has also produced a famous composer [[Oscar Borisovich Feltsman]] and a galaxy of stellar musicians, including the [[violinist]]s [[Nathan Milstein]], [[David Oistrakh]] and [[Igor Oistrakh]],[[Boris Goldstein]], [[Zakhar Bron]] and [[pianist]]s [[Sviatoslav Richter]], [[Benno Moiseiwitsch]], [[Vladimir de Pachmann]], [[Shura Cherkassky]], [[Emil Gilels]], [[Maria Grinberg]], [[Simon Barere]], [[Leo Podolsky]], and [[Yakov Zak]]. === Athletes === The [[chess]] player [[Efim Geller]] was born in the city. Gymnast [[Tatiana Gutsu]] known as "The Painted Bird of Odessa" brought home Ukraine's first Gold Medal as an independent nation when she outscored the USA's [[Shannon Miller]] in the women's All-Around event at [[1992 Summer Olympics]] held in Barcelona Spain. Other notable sportsmen: Nikolai Avilov - Olympic champion in decathlon, [[Oksana Baiul]] - Olympic champion in figure skating, [[Viktor Petrenko]] - Olympic champion in figure skating. ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==See also== * [[History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union]] * [[Odessa Soviet Republic]] * [[Siege of Odessa]] * [[Odessa massacre]] * [[Culture of Odessa]] * [[Moldavanka]], the historical neighborhood of Odessa ==Further reading== <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book |last = Dallin |first = Alexander |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1998 |title = Odessa, 1941–1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule |publisher = Iaşi–Oxford–Portland: Center for Romanian Studies |location = |id = ISBN 973-98391-1-8, hardcover |url = http://odessitclub.org/en/archives/dallin/dallin.html }} Complete book available online. *{{cite book |last = Friedberg |first = Maurice |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1991 |title = How Things Were Done in Odessa: Cultural and Intellectual Pursuits in a Soviet City |publisher = Westview Press |location = Boulder, CO |id =ISBN 0-8133-7987-3, hardcover }} [http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=How_Things_Were_Done_in_Odessa Two reviews] * {{cite book |last = Gubar |first = Oleg |year = 2004 |title = Odessa: New Monuments, Memorial Plaques, and Buildings |publisher = Optimum |location = Odessa |id =ISBN 966-8072-86-3 }} *{{cite journal |first = Patricia |last = Herlihy |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |coauthors = |year = 1977 |month = |title = The Ethnic Composition of the City of Odessa in the Nineteenth Century |journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University |volume = 1 |issue = 1 |pages = 53–78 |id = |url = http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vI_n1march1977.pdf }} *{{cite journal |first = Patricia |last = Herlihy |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |coauthors = |year = 1979–1980 |month = |title = Greek Merchants in Odessa in the Nineteenth Century |journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University |volume = 3 |issue = 4 |pages = 399–420 |id = |url = http://www.huri.harvard.edu/pdf/hus_volumes/vIII-IV_1979-1980_part2.pdf }} *{{cite book |last = Herlihy |first = Patricia |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |coauthors = |year = 1987, 1991 |title = Odessa: A History, 1794–1914 |publisher = Harvard University Press |location = Cambridge, MA |id = ISBN 0-916458-15-6, hardcover; ISBN 0-916458-43-1, paperback reprint }} * {{cite book |last = Herlihy |first = Patricia |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |coauthors = |year = 2002 |title = Commerce and Architecture in Odessa in Late Imperial Russia |publisher = Johns Hopkins University Press |location = Baltimore |id = ISBN 0-8018-6750-9, hardcover }} In the book ''Commerce in Russian Urban Culture 1861–1914.'' * {{cite book |last = Herlihy |first = Patricia |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |year = 2003 |title = Port Jews of Odessa and Trieste: A Tale of Two Cities (Jahrbuch des Simon-Dubnow-Instituts&nbsp;II) |publisher = Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt |location = München |id = ISBN 3-421-05522-X }} *{{cite journal |first = Patricia |last = Herlihy |authorlink =Patricia Herlihy |coauthors = Gubar, Oleg |year = |month = |title = The Persuasive Power of the Odessa Myth |journal = Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University |volume = |issue = |pages = |id = |url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=The_Persuasive_Power_of_the_Odessa_Myth }} * {{cite book |last = Kaufman |first = Bel |authorlink = |coauthors = Oleg Gubar (Contributor), Alexander Rozenboim (Contributor), Nicholas&nbsp;V. Iljine (Editor), [[Patricia Herlihy]] (Editor). |year =2004 |title = Odessa Memories |publisher = University of Washington Press |location = Seattle |id =ISBN 0-295-98345-0, hardcover }} *{{cite book |last = Kononova |first = G. |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1984 |title =Odessa: A Guide |publisher = Raduga Publishers |location = Moscow |id = |url = http://www.2odessa.com/wiki/index.php?title=Odessa_a_guide }} * {{cite book |last = Makolkin |first = Anna |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 2004 |title = A History of Odessa, the Last Italian Black Sea Colony |publisher = Edwin Mellen Press |location = Lewiston, NY |id =ISBN 0-7734-6272-4, hardcover }} * {{cite book |last = Mazis |first = John Athanasios |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 2004 |title = The Greeks of Odessa: Diaspora Leadership in Late Imperial Russia (East European Monographs) |publisher = Columbia University Press |location = New York |id = ISBN 0-88033-545-9, hardcover }} *{{cite book |first = Alexander |last = Orbach |coauthors = |year = 1997 |title = New Voices of Russian Jewry: A Study of the Russian-Jewish Press of Odessa in the Era of the Great Reforms, 1860–1871 (Studies in Judaism in Modern Times, No.&nbsp;4) |publisher = Brill Academic Publishers |location = Leiden |id =ISBN 90-04-06175-4, hardcover }} *{{cite journal |first = Robert A. |last = Rothstein |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 2001 |title = How It Was Sung in Odessa: At the Intersection of Russian and Yiddish Folk Culture |journal = [[Slavic Review]] |volume = 60 |issue = 4 |pages = 781–801 |doi = 10.2307/2697495 }} *{{cite book |last = Skinner |first = Frederick&nbsp;W. |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1986 |title = Odessa and the Problem of Urban Modernization |publisher = Indiana University Press |location = Bloomington, Indiana |id = ISBN 0-253-31370-8, hardcover }} In the book ''The City in Late Imperial Russia (Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies)''. *{{cite journal |first = Roshanna P. |last = Sylvester |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 2001 |month = |title = City of Thieves: Moldavanka, Criminality, and Respectability in Prerevolutionary Odessa |journal = Journal of Urban History |volume = 27 |issue = 2 |pages = 131–157 |id = |url = |doi = 10.1177/009614420102700201 }} *{{cite book |last = Weinberg |first = Robert |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1992 |title = The Pogrom of 1905 in Odessa: A Case Study |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge, MA |id = ISBN 0-521-40532-7, hardcover }} In the book ''Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History''. *{{cite book |last = Weinberg |first = Robert |authorlink = |coauthors = |year =1993 |title = The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps (Indiana–Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies) |publisher = Indiana University Press |location = Bloomington, Indiana |id = ISBN 0-253-36381-0, hardcover }} :*{{cite journal |first = Patricia |last = Herlihy |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1994 |month = |title = Review of The Revolution of 1905 in Odessa: Blood on the Steps |journal = Journal of Social History |volume = |issue = |pages = |id = |url =http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n2_v28/ai_16351111# }} *{{cite book |last = Zipperstein |first = Steven&nbsp;J. |authorlink = |coauthors = |year = 1986, 1991 |title = The Jews of Odessa: A Cultural History, 1794–1881 |publisher = Stanford University Press |location = Palo Alto |id = ISBN 0-8047-1251-4, hardcover; ISBN 0-8047-1962-4, paperback reprint }} </div> ==External links== {{sisterlinks|Odessa}} <!--PLEASE NOTE, Alphabetize! When citing a WEBPAGE use: {{cite web |author = |year = |url = |title = |format = |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} --> *{{cite web |author = |year = |url = http://www.odessa.ua/?lang=en |title = Official Odessa web page |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} Russian, Ukrainian, and English versions * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.2odessa.com |title =2odessa.com |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} English guide on Odessa, Ukraine. * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/NUM_ORC/ODESSA.html |title =Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) entry for Odessa |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =October 1 |accessyear =2006 }} *{{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.odessaglobe.com |title =Odessa Globe |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} English-Russian e-zine and guide *{{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.nwi.ru/id=3/city_id=12/lang=1/city.cgi |title =Odessa tour overview |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =July 3 |accessyear =2006 }} *{{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Ukraine/Provinces/Odesa_Oblast/Odesa/ |title =Odessa links at the [[Open Directory Project]] |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} *{{cite web |author = Zhenya Rozinskiy |year = 1995 |url =http://www.odessit.com |title =Odessit.com |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} English and Russian. Photo gallery. *{{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.dgmaestro.com/OdessaVideo/ |title =Personal Odessa picture collection |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 29 |accessyear =2006 }} * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.moria.farlep.net/vjodessa/en/pogroms.html |title =Pogroms |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} History of pogroms in Odessa * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.fotoalbom-odessa.com |title =Photos of Odessa by G. Garbuzov |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.ta-odessa.com/ |title =Ta Odessa |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} Information (in Russian) * {{cite web |author = |year = |url =http://www.odessitclub.org/en/index.htm |title =The World Odessit Club |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} Russian and English versions *{{cite web |title =1982 Map of Odessa |work =berkeley.edu |url =http://sunsite.berkeley.edu:8085/x-ussr/100k/L-36-050.jpg |accessmonthday =August 7 |accessyear =2006 }} *{{cite web |author = |year = |url = http://www.crimeaconsulting.com/cities/Odessa.html |title = Odessa Attractions |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =July 18 |accessyear =2007 }} * {{cite web |author = |year = |url = http://www.odessaglobus.net |title = Interactive map of Odessa |format = HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdate = |accessyear = }} Map and photos of Odessa (in Russian) * {{cite web |author = |year = |url = http://www.odessa360.net/ |title = Odessa 360 |format = HTML |work = |publisher = |accessdaymonth = 26 January |accessyear = 2008 }} * {{cite web |author = |year = 2008 |url =http://www.discoverodessa.net |title = Odessa for English Speakers |format =HTML |work = |publisher = |accessmonthday =April 9th |accessyear =2008 }} * http://history.odessapage.com Why are they named Odessa? History of cities, towns and villages named Odessa. {{Template group |title = Geographic locale |list = {{Odessa Oblast}} {{Administrative divisions of Ukraine}} }} {{Template group |title = Other |list = {{Odessa}} }} {{Hero Cities}} {{coor title dm|46|28|N|30|44|E|type:city(1,012,500)_region:UA}} [[Category:Odessa| ]] [[Category:Cities in Ukraine]] [[Category:Coastal cities]] [[Category:Ukrainian Navy]] [[Category:Jewish Ukrainian history]] [[Category:Port cities and towns in Ukraine]] [[Category:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Russian and Soviet Navy bases]] [[Category:Black Sea]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Ukraine]] [[Category:Historic Jewish communities]] [[ar:أوديسا (أوكرانيا)]] [[az:Odessa]] [[be-x-old:Адэса]] [[bg:Одеса]] [[ca:Odessa]] [[cv:Одесса]] [[cs:Oděsa]] [[cy:Odessa]] [[da:Odessa]] [[de:Odessa]] [[et:Odessa]] [[el:Οδησσός]] [[es:Odesa]] [[eo:Odeso]] [[eu:Odesa]] [[fa:اودسا]] [[fr:Odessa]] [[ko:오데사]] [[hy:Օդեսսա]] [[io:Odessa]] [[id:Odessa]] [[it:Odessa]] [[he:אודסה]] [[ka:ოდესა]] [[lv:Odesa]] [[lb:Odessa]] [[lt:Odesa]] [[hu:Odessza]] [[nl:Odessa (stad)]] [[ja:オデッサ (オデッサ州)]] [[no:Odessa]] [[oc:Odessa]] [[pl:Odessa]] [[pt:Odessa]] [[crh:Ades]] [[ro:Odessa]] [[ru:Одесса]] [[sco:Odessa]] [[simple:Odessa]] [[sk:Odesa]] [[sl:Odesa]] [[sr:Одеса]] [[fi:Odessa]] [[sv:Odessa]] [[vi:Odessa]] [[tg:Одесса]] [[tr:Odessa]] [[uk:Одеса]] [[vec:Odessa (Ucraina)]] [[vo:Odesa]] [[zh:敖德薩]]