Oil refinery 195137 225817004 2008-07-15T15:22:35Z Mauler90 7379685 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/129.25.14.45|129.25.14.45]] to last version by ClueBot (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) [[Image:Anacortes_Refinery_31911.JPG|right|thumb|285px|Anacortes Refinery ([[Tesoro]]), on the north end of March Point southeast of [[Anacortes, Washington]]]] An '''oil refinery''' is an industrial [[process]] plant where [[crude oil]] is processed and refined into more useful [[petroleum products]], such as [[gasoline]], [[diesel]] [[fuel]], [[asphalt|asphalt base]], [[heating oil]], [[kerosine]], and [[liquefied petroleum gas]].<ref name=Handwerk>{{cite book|author=Gary, J.H. and Handwerk, G.E.|title=Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=Marcel Dekker, Inc|year=1984|id=ISBN 0-8247-7150-8}}</ref><ref name=Leffler>{{cite book|author=Leffler, W.L. |title=Petroleum refining for the nontechnical person|edition=2nd Edition|publisher=PennWell Books|year=1985|id=ISBN 0-87814-280-0}}</ref> Oil refineries are typically large sprawling [[Industry|industrial]] complexes with extensive [[piping]] running throughout, carrying streams of [[fluid]]s between large [[chemical process]]ing units. ==Operation== [[Image:Crude_Oil_Distillation.png|thumb|250px|right|[[Crude oil]] is separated into fractions by [[fractional distillation]]. The fractions at the top of the [[fractionating column]] have lower [[boiling point]]s than the fractions at the bottom. The heavy bottom fractions are often [[Cracking (chemistry)|cracked]] into lighter, more useful products. All of the fractions are processed further in other refining units.]] Raw or unprocessed ("crude") oil is not useful in the form it comes in out of the ground. Although "light, sweet" (low viscosity, low sulfur) oil has been used directly as a burner fuel for steam vessel propulsion, the lighter elements form explosive vapors in the fuel tanks and so it is quite dangerous, especially so in [[warships]]. For this and many other uses, the oil needs to be separated into parts and refined before use in [[fuels]] and [[lubricants]], and before some of the byproducts could be used in [[petrochemical]] processes to form materials such as [[plastic]]s, [[detergent]]s, [[solvent]]s, [[elastomer]]s, and [[fiber]]s such as [[nylon]] and [[polyesters]]. [[Petroleum]] [[fossil fuels]] are used in [[ship]], [[automobile]] and [[aircraft]] [[engine]]s. These different [[hydrocarbons]] have different [[boiling point]]s, which means they can be separated by [[distillation]]. Since the lighter liquid elements are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern refinery will convert heavy [[hydrocarbons]] and lighter gaseous elements into these higher value products. [[Image:Haifa Refinery by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|The oil refinery in [[Haifa, Israel]] is capable of processing about 9 million tons (66 million barrels) of [[crude oil]] a year. Its two cooling towers are landmarks of the city's skyline.]] Oil can be used in so many various ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying [[molecular mass]]es, forms and lengths such as [[paraffin]]s, [[aromatic]]s, [[naphthene]]s (or [[cycloalkane]]s), [[alkene]]s, [[diene]]s, and [[alkyne]]s. Hydrocarbons are molecules of varying length and complexity made of only [[hydrogen]] and [[carbon]] [[atom]]s. Their various structures give them their differing properties and thereby uses. The trick in the oil refinement process is separating and purifying these. Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant can be sold without any further processing. Smaller molecules such as [[isobutane]] and [[propylene]] or [[butylene]]s can be recombined to meet specific [[octane]] requirements of fuels by processes such as [[alkylation]] or less commonly, [[dimerization]]. Octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by [[catalytic reforming]], which strips hydrogen out of hydrocarbons to produce [[aromatics]], which have much higher [[Octane rating|octane rating]]s. Intermediate products such as [[gasoil]]s can even be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various forms of [[cracking (chemistry)|cracking]] such as [[fluid catalytic cracking]], [[thermal cracking]], and [[hydrocracking]]. The final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, [[vapor pressure]]s, and other properties to meet product specifications. Oil refineries are large scale plants, processing from about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand [[Barrel (volume)|barrel]]s of crude oil per day. Because of the high capacity, many of the units are operated continuously (as opposed to processing in batches) at [[steady state]] or approximately steady state for long periods of time (months to years). This high capacity also makes [[process optimization]] and [[advanced process control]] very desirable. <div style="clear: both"></div> ==Major products of oil refineries== Most products of oil processing are usually grouped into three categories: light distillates (LPG, gasoline, naphtha), middle distillates (kerosene, diesel), heavy distillates and residuum (fuel oil, lubricating oils, wax, tar). This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions (called [[wikt:distillate|distillates]] and [[wikt:residuum|residuum]]) as can be seen in the above drawing.<ref name=Leffler/> *[[Liquid petroleum gas]] (LPG) *[[Gasoline]] (also known as petrol) *[[Naphtha]] *[[Kerosene]] and related [[jet fuel|jet aircraft fuels]] *[[Diesel|Diesel fuel]] *[[Fuel oil]]s *[[Lubricant|Lubricating oil]]s *[[Paraffin wax]] *[[Asphalt]] and [[Tar]] *[[Petroleum coke]] ==Common process units found in a refinery== The number and nature of the process units in a refinery determine its [[Nelson complexity index|complexity index]]. *[[Desalter]] unit washes out salt from the crude oil before it enters the atmospheric distillation unit. *Atmospheric Distillation unit distills crude oil into fractions. See [[Continuous distillation]]. *[[Vacuum Distillation]] unit further distills residual bottoms after atmospheric distillation. *Naphtha [[Hydrotreater]] unit uses [[hydrogen]] to desulfurize naphtha from atmospheric distillation. Must hydrotreat the naphtha before sending to a Catalytic Reformer unit. *[[Catalytic reforming|Catalytic Reformer]] unit is used to convert the naphtha-boiling range molecules into higher octane [[reformate]] (reformer product). The reformate has higher content of aromatics, olefins, and cyclic hydrocarbons). An important byproduct of a reformer is hydrogen released during the catalyst reaction. The hydrogen is used either in the hydrotreaters or the hydrocracker. *Distillate Hydrotreater unit desulfurizes distillates (such as diesel) after atmospheric distillation. *[[Fluid catalytic cracking|Fluid Catalytic Cracker]] (FCC) unit upgrades heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. *[[Cracking (chemistry)|Hydrocracker]] unit uses hydrogen to upgrade heavier fractions into lighter, more valuable products. *[[Visbreaker|Visbreaking]] unit upgrades heavy residual oils by thermally cracking them into lighter, more valuable reduced viscosity products. *[[Merox]] unit treats LPG, kerosene or jet fuel by oxidizing [[mercaptan]]s to organic [[disulfide]]s. *[[Coker unit|Coking unit]]s ([[delayed coking]], fluid coker, and flexicoker) process very heavy residual oils into gasoline and diesel fuel, leaving petroleum coke as a residual product. *[[Alkylation]] unit produces high-octane component for gasoline blending. *[[Dimerization]] unit converts [[olefins]] into higher-octane gasoline blending components. For example, [[butene]]s can be dimerized into isooctene which may subsequently be hydrogenated to form [[isooctane]]. There are also other uses for dimerization. *[[Isomerization]] unit converts linear molecules to higher-octane branched molecules for blending into gasoline or feed to alkylation units. *[[Steam reforming]] unit produces hydrogen for the hydrotreaters or hydrocracker. *Liquified gas storage units for propane and similar gaseous fuels at pressure sufficient to maintain in liquid form. These are usually spherical vessels or bullets (horizontal vessels with rounded ends. *Storage tanks for crude oil and finished products, usually cylindrical, with some sort of vapor emission control and surrounded by an earthen [[berm]] to contain spills. *[[Amine gas treater]], [[Claus process|Claus unit]], and tail gas treatment for converting [[hydrogen sulfide]] from [[hydrodesulfurization]] into elemental sulfur. *Utility units such as [[cooling towers]] for circulating cooling water, [[Boiler|boiler plants]] for [[steam]] generation, instrument air systems for pneumatically operated [[control valves]] and an [[electrical substation]]. *[[Wastewater]] collection and treating systems consisting of [[API separator]]s, [[Dissolved air flotation|dissolved air flotation (DAF) units]] and some type of further treatment (such as an [[activated sludge]] biotreater) to make such water suitable for reuse or for disposal.<ref name=Beychok>{{cite book|author=Beychok, Milton R.|title=[[Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical Plants]]|edition=1st Edition|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=1967|id= [[Library of Congress Control Number|LCCN]] 67019834}}</ref> *Solvent refining units use solvent such as [[cresol]] or [[furfural]] to remove unwanted, mainly asphaltenic materials from lubricating oil stock (or diesel stock). *Solvent dewaxing units remove the heavy waxy constituents [[petrolatum]] from vacuum distillation products. ===Flow diagram of typical refinery=== The image below is a schematic [[Process flow diagram|flow diagram]] of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various [[Chemical plant#Chemical processes|unit]] processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products. The diagram depicts only one of the literally hundreds of different oil refinery configurations. The diagram also does not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.<ref name=Handwerk/><ref>[http://www.chevron.com/products/prodserv/fuels/bulletin/motorgas/3_refining-testing/pg2.asp Guide to Refining] from [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Oil]]'s website</ref><ref>[http://www.uop.com/refining/1010.html Refinery flowchart] from [[UOP LLC|Universal Oil Products]]' website</ref><ref>[http://www.cheresources.com/refining15.gif An example flowchart] of fractions from crude oil at a refinery</ref> [[Image:RefineryFlow.png|frame|center|Schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery]] There are many process configurations other than that depicted above. For example, the [[vacuum distillation]] unit may also produce fractions that can be refined into endproducts such as: spindle oil used in the textile industry, light machinery oil, motor oil, and steam cylinder oil. As another example, the vacuum residue may be processed in a [[coker unit]] to produce petroleum coke. ==Specialty end products== These will blend various feedstocks, mix appropriate additives, provide short term storage, and prepare for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars. *Gaseous fuels such as [[propane]], stored and shipped in liquid form under pressure in specialized railcars to distributors. *Liquid fuels blending (producing automotive and aviation grades of gasoline, kerosene, various aviation turbine fuels, and diesel fuels, adding dyes, detergents, antiknock additives, oxygenates, and anti-fungal compounds as required). Shipped by barge, rail, and tanker ship. May be shipped regionally in dedicated [[pipeline transport|pipeline]]s to point consumers, particularly aviation jet fuel to major airports, or piped to distributors in multi-product pipelines using product separators called [[pipeline inspection gauge]]s ("pigs"). *[[Lubricant]]s (produces light machine oils, [[motor oil]]s, and [[Grease (lubricant)|grease]]s, adding [[viscosity]] stabilizers as required), usually shipped in bulk to an offsite packaging plant. *[[Wax]] (paraffin), used in the packaging of [[frozen food]]s, among others. May be shipped in bulk to a site to prepare as packaged blocks. *[[Sulfur]] (or [[sulfuric acid]]), byproducts of sulfur removal from petroleum which may have up to a couple percent sulfur as organic sulfur-containing compounds. Sulfur and sulfuric acid are useful industrial materials. Sulfuric acid is usually prepared and shipped as the acid precursor [[oleum]]. *Bulk [[tar]] shipping for offsite unit packaging for use in tar-and-gravel roofing. *[[Asphalt]] unit. Prepares bulk asphalt for shipment. *[[Petroleum coke]], used in specialty carbon products or as solid fuel. *[[Petrochemical]]s or petrochemical feedstocks, which are often sent to petro[[chemical plant]]s for further processing in a variety of ways. The petrochemicals may be [[olefin]]s or their precursors, or various types of [[aromatic]] petrochemicals. ==Siting/locating of petroleum refineries== The principles of finding a construction site for refineries are similar to those for other chemical plants: *The site has to be reasonably far from residential areas. *Facilities for raw materials access and products delivery to markets should be easily available. *Processing energy requirements should be easily available. *Waste product disposal should not cause difficulties. For refineries which use large amounts of process steam and cooling water, an abundant source of water is important. Because of this, oil refineries are often located (associated to a port) near navigable rivers or even better on a sea shore. Either are of dual purpose, making also available cheap transport by river or by sea. Although the advantages of crude oil transport by pipeline are evident, and the method is also often used by oil companies to deliver large output products such as fuels to their bulk distribution terminals, pipeline delivery is not practical for small output products. For these, rail cars, road tankers or barges may be used. It is useful to site refineries in areas where there is abundant space to be used by the same company or others, for the construction of petrochemical plants, solvent manufacturing (fine fractionating) plants and/or similar plants to allow these easy access to large output refinery products for further processing, or plants that produce chemical additives that the refinery may need to blend into a product at source rather than at blending terminals. ==Safety and environmental concerns== [[Image:MiRO1.jpg|thumb|300px|''MiRO'' refinery at [[Karlsruhe]]]] The refining process releases numerous different chemicals into the [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]]; consequently, there are substantial [[air pollution]] emissions<ref>[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/index.html AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors]</ref> and a notable [[odor]] normally accompanies the presence of a refinery. Aside from air pollution impacts there are also wastewater concerns,<ref name=Beychok/> risks of [[industrial accident]]s such as fire and explosion, and [[noise health effects]] due to [[industrial noise]]. The public has demanded that many governments place restrictions on contaminants that refineries release, and most refineries have installed the equipment needed to comply with the requirements of the pertinent environmental protection regulatory agencies. In the [[United States]], there is strong pressure to prevent the development of new refineries, and no major refinery has been built in the country since [[Marathon Petroleum Company|Marathon's]] [[Garyville, Louisiana]] facility in 1976. However, many existing refineries have been expanded during that time. Environmental restrictions and pressure to prevent construction of new refineries may have also contributed to rising fuel prices in the United States.<ref>[http://money.cnn.com/2007/04/17/news/economy/refineries/index.htm Behind high gas prices: The refinery crunch]</ref> Additionally, many refineries (over 100 since the 1980s) have closed due to obsolescence and/or merger activity within the industry itself. This activity has been reported to Congress and in specialized studies not widely publicised. Environmental and safety concerns mean that oil refineries are sometimes located some distance away from major urban areas. Nevertheless, there are many instances where refinery operations are close to populated areas and pose health risks such as in the [[Campo de Gibraltar]], a CEPSA refinery near the towns of [[Gibraltar]], [[Algeciras]], [[Spain|La Linea]], [[San Roque, Cádiz|San Roque]] and [[Los Barrios]] with a combined population of over 300,000 residents within a {{convert|5|mi|km|sing=on}} radius and the CEPSA refinery in Santa Cruz on the island of [[Tenerife]], Spain<ref>[http://www.atan.org/en/refineria/vertidos/elcolmo.htm Smoke, oil spills and now radiation - whatever next?]</ref> which is sited in a densely-populated city center and next to the only two major evacuation routes in and out of the city. In [[California]]'s [[Contra Costa County]] and [[Solano County]], a shoreline necklace of refineries and associated chemical plants are adjacent to urban areas in [[Richmond, California|Richmond]], [[Martinez, California|Martinez]], [[Pacheco, California|Pacheco]], [[Concord, California|Concord]], [[Pittsburg, California|Pittsburg]], [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]] and [[Benicia, California|Benicia]], with occasional accidental events that require "shelter in place" orders to the adjacent populations. ==Corrosion problems and prevention== Petroleum refineries run as efficiently as possible to reduce costs. One major factor that decreases efficiency is corrosion of the metal components found throughout the process line of the hydrocarbon refining process. [[Corrosion]] causes the failure of parts in addition to dictating the cleaning schedule of the refinery, during which the entire production facility must be shut down and cleaned. The cost of corrosion in the petroleum industry has been estimated at US$3.7 billion.<ref>R.D. Kane, Corrosion in Petroleum Refining and Petrochemical Operations, Corrosion: Environments and Industries, Vol 13C, ASM Handbook, ASM International, 2006, p 967–1014.</ref> Corrosion occurs in various forms in the refining process, such as pitting corrosion from water droplets, embrittlement from hydrogen, and stress corrosion cracking from sulfide attack.<ref>E.N. Skinner, J.F. Mason, and J.J. Moran, High Temperature Corrosion in Refinery and Petrochemical Service, Corrosion, Vol 16 (No. 12), 1960, p 593t–600t.</ref> From a materials standpoint, carbon steel is used for upwards of 80% of refinery components, which is beneficial due to its low cost. [[Carbon steel]] is resistant to the most common forms of corrosion, particularly from hydrocarbon impurities at temperatures below 205<sup>o</sup>C, but other corrosive chemicals and environments prevent its use everywhere. Common replacement materials are [[low alloy steel|low alloy steels]] containing [[chromium]] and [[molybdenum]], with [[stainless steels]] containing more Chromium dealing with more corrosive environments. More expensive materials commonly used are [[nickel]], [[titanium]], and [[copper]] alloys. These are primarily saved for the most problematic areas where extremely high temperatures or very corrosive chemicals are present.<ref>E.L. Hildebrand, Materials Selection for Petroleum Refineries and Petrochemical Plants, Mater. Prot. Perform., Vol 11 (No. 7), 1972, p19–22.</ref> Corrosion is fought by a complex system of monitoring and careful use of materials. Monitoring methods include both off-line checks taken during maintenance and on-line monitoring collected in real time during normal plant operation. Off-line checks measure corrosion after it has occurred, telling the engineer when equipment must be replaced. On-line systems are a more modern development, and are revolutionizing the way corrosion is approached. It allows process engineers to treat corrosion as another process variable. Immediate responses to process changes allow the control of corrosion mechanisms, so they can be minimized while also maximizing production output.<ref>R.D. Kane, D.C. Eden, and D.A. Eden, Innovative Solutions Integrate Corrosion Monitoring with Process Control, Mater. Perform., Feb 2005, p 36–41.</ref> Materials methods include selecting the proper material for the application. In areas of minimal corrosion, cheap materials are preferable, but when bad corrosion can occur, more expensive but longer lasting materials should be used. Other materials methods come in the form of protective barriers between corrosive substances and the equipment metals. These can be either a lining of refractory material such as standard Portland cement or other special acid-resistant cements that are shot onto the inner surface of the vessel. Also available are thin overlays of more expensive metals that protect cheaper metal against corrosion without requiring lots of material.<ref>W.A. McGill and M.J. Weinbaum, Aluminum-Diffused Steel Lasts Longer, Oil Gas J., Vol 70, Oct 9, 1972, p 66–69.</ref> ==History== The world's first oil refineries were set up by [[Ignacy Łukasiewicz]] near [[Jaslo]], [[Austrian Empire]] (now in [[Poland]]) in the years 1854-56<ref>{{cite book|author=Frank, Alison Fleig|title=Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies)|edition=|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|id=ISBN 0-674-01887-7}}</ref><ref>[http://www.geo.uw.edu.pl/BOBRKA/DATY/daty.htm Warsaw University timeline]</ref> but they were initially small as there was no real demand for refined fuel. As Łukasiewicz's [[kerosene lamp]] gained popularity the refining industry grew in the area. The first large oil refinery opened at [[Ploieşti]], [[Romania]] in 1856.<ref>[http://www.pbs.org/eakins/we_1844.htm WORLD EVENTS: 1844-1856] www.pbs.org</ref> Several other refineries were built at that location with investment from [[United States]] companies before being taken over by [[Nazi Germany]] during [[World War II]]. Most of these refineries were heavily bombarded by [[US Army Air Forces]] in [[Operation Tidal Wave]], [[August 1]], [[1943]]. Since then they have been rebuilt, and currently pose somewhat of an environmental concern. Another early example is [[Oljeön]], [[Sweden]], now preserved as a museum at the [[UNESCO]] [[world heritage site]] [[Engelsberg]]. It started operation in 1875 and is part of the [[Ecomuseum Bergslagen]]. At one time, the world's largest oil refinery was claimed to be [[Ras Tanura]], [[Saudi Arabia]], owned by [[Saudi Aramco]]. For most of the 20th century, the largest refinery of the world was the [[Abadan]] refinery in [[Iran]]. This refinery suffered extensive damage during the [[Iran-Iraq war]]. The world's largest refinery complex is the "Centro de Refinación de Paraguaná" (CRP) operated by [[PDVSA]] in Venezuela with a production capacity of {{convert|956000|oilbbl/d|m3/d}} (Amuay {{convert|635000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}, Cardón {{convert|305000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} and Bajo Grande 16,000 bpd). [[SK Energy]]'s [[Ulsan]] refinery in [[South Korea]] with a capacity of {{convert|840000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} and [[Jamnagar Refinery|Reliance Petroleum's refinery in Jamnagar]], India with {{convert|660000|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}} are the second and third largest, respectively. === Oil refining in the United States === Early US refineries processed crude oil to recover the [[kerosene]]. Other products (like gasoline) were considered wastes and were often dumped directly into the nearest river. The invention of the automobile shifted the demand to gasoline and diesel, which remain the primary refined products today. Refineries pre-dating the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|US Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) were not subject to any environmental protection regulations. Today, national and state legislation requires refineries to meet stringent air and water cleanliness standards. In fact, obtaining a permit to build even a modern refinery with minimal impact on the environment (other than CO<sub>2</sub> emissions) is so difficult and costly that no new refineries have been built (though many have been expanded) in the United States since 1976. As a result, some believe that this may be the reason that the US is becoming more and more dependent on the imports of finished gasoline, as opposed to incremental crude oil. On the other hand, studies have revealed that accelerating merger activity in the refining and production sector has reduced capacity further, resulting in tighter markets in the United States in particular. ==See also== [[Image:Anacortes_Refinery_32017.JPG|thumb|Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery ([[Shell Oil Company]]), [[Anacortes, Washington]]]] *[[Air pollution]] *[[AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors]] *[[API oil-water separator]] *[[Industrial wastewater treatment]] *[[Cooling tower]] *[[Ethanol fuel]] *[[Gas flare]] *[[List of oil refineries]] *[[Nelson complexity index]] *[[Refinery]] *[[Acid gas]] *[[Sour gas]] ==References== <references/> ==External links== {{Commons|Oil refinery}} * [http://www.energysupplylogistics.com/refineries Searchable United States Refinery Map] * [http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/refineries/map.htm Interactive map of UK refineries] *[http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html Complete, detailed refinery description] *[http://www.cheresources.com/refinery_planning_optimization.shtml Petroleum Refinery Planning and Optimization Using Linear Programming] *[http://www.cheresources.com/refining.shtml Student's Guide to Refining] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4296812.stm Global refinery shortage shifts power balance] *[http://catalysis.che.wsu.edu/~aplaton/interests/1_intro_to_oil_refining/ Short introduction to oil refining in a slideshow] *[http://www.ekomuseum.se/english/besoksmal/oljeon.html Ecomuseum Bergslagen] - history of Oljeön, [[Sweden]] *[http://www.setlaboratories.com/overview.htm#Basics%20of%20Crude%20Oil Detailed refinery description] *[http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/oilprofits.pdf Fueling Profits: Report on Industry Consolidation] (publication of the Consumer Federation of America) *[http://www.consumerfed.org/pdfs/gasoline1003.pdf Price Spikes, Excess Profits and Excuses] (publication of the Consumer Federation of America) *[http://www.barnesandclick.com/PROSiE/OKRefReport.pdf Refinery study] *[http://www.petrostrategies.org/Learning%20Center/Refining.htm Basics of Oil Refining] Overview of crude oil refining process *[http://www.petro-canada.ca/pdfs/investors/Refing101-EdmMiniIRDay-TD_Aug23-ir-e-f.pdf Basics of Oil Refining] Overview of crude oil refining process with focus on Canadian crude oil [[Category:Chemical processes]] [[Category:Chemical engineering]] [[Category:Oil refineries| ]] [[Category:Distillation]] [[Category:Petroleum]] [[cs:Ropná rafinerie]] [[da:Olieraffinaderi]] [[de:Erdölraffinerie]] [[es:Refinación del petróleo]] [[eo:Naftorafinado]] [[fa:پالایشگاه نفت]] [[fr:Raffinage du pétrole]] [[id:Kilang minyak]] [[is:Olíuhreinsistöð]] [[it:Raffineria (petrolio)]] [[he:זיקוק נפט]] [[nl:Olieraffinage]] [[ja:石油精製]] [[pl:Rafineria ropy naftowej]] [[pt:Refinaria]] [[ru:Нефтеперерабатывающий завод]] [[fi:Öljynjalostus]] [[sv:Oljeraffinaderi]] [[ta:பாறைநெய் தூய்விப்பாலை]] [[th:การกลั่นน้ำมัน]] [[tr:Arıtımevi]] [[uk:Нафтопереробний завод]] [[zh:煉油廠]]