On Aggression
531700
204013248
2008-04-07T16:24:36Z
Memestream
2631343
Hydraulic model discredited
'''''On Aggression''''' is a [[book]] by [[ethology|ethologist]] [[Konrad Lorenz]]. As he writes in the prologue, "the subject of this book is ''aggression'', that is to say the fighting instinct in beast and man which is directed ''against '' members of the same species." (Page 3)
According to Lorenz, animals, particularly [[male]]s, are biologically programmed to fight over [[Natural resource|resources]]. This behavior must be considered part of [[natural selection]], as aggression leading to [[death]] or serious [[injury]] may eventually lead to extinction unless it has such a role.
However, Lorenz does ''not'' state that aggressive behaviors are in any way more powerful, prevalent, or intense than more peaceful behaviors such as [[mating]] rituals. Rather, he negates the categorization of aggression as "contrary" to "positive" instincts like [[love]], depicting it as a founding basis of other instincts and its role in animal communication.
Additionally, the book addresses behavior in humans, including discussion of a hydraulic model of emotional or instinctive pressures and their release, shared by [[Sigmund Freud|Freud]], and the abnormality of intraspecies violence and killing. His 'hydraulic' model, of aggression as a force that builds relentlessly without cause unless released, has since been discredited in favour of a model in which aggression is a response to frustrated desires and aims.
==Ritualization==
In the book, Lorenz describes the development of rituals among aggressive behaviors as beginning with a totally utilitarian action, but then progressing to more and more stylized actions, until finally, the action performed may be entirely symbolic and non-utilitarian, now fulfilling a function of communication. In Lorenz's words,
"Thus, while the message of inciting [a particular aggressive behavior performed by the female of cooperating mated pairs] in [[Ruddy Shelduck]] and [[Egyptian Geese]] could be described as "Drive him off, thrash him!" in [[Diving duck]]s [a related species in which this trait has been further ritualized] it simply means, "I love you." In several groups, midway between these two extremes, as for example in the [[Gadwall]] and the [[Widgeon]], an intermediate meaning may be found: "You are my hero. I rely on you." (Page 64)
==See also==
*[[Aggression]]
*[[Robert Ardrey]], author of ''African Genesis'', ''The Territorial Imperative'', ''The Social Contract'', and ''The Hunting Hypothesis''.
*[[Evolution]]
*[[Group selection]]
*[[Hunting hypothesis]]
*[[Killer ape theory]]
*[[Social defeat]]
*[[Psychoanalytic theory]]
==References==
{{reflist}}
* Lorenz, Konrad (1963). ''Das sogenannte Böse''. Wien: Borotha-Schoeler. (German original edition). ISBN 3-423-01000-2 (DTV edition 1974)
* Lorenz, Konrad (1974, c1966). ''On aggression''. a harvest edt. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich - XIV, 306 pages. ISBN 0-15-668741-0 (A Helen and Kurt Wolff book)
[[Category:Biology books]]
{{science-book-stub}}
[[de:Das sogenannte Böse]]