Open source hardware
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2008-07-17T00:03:09Z
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'''Open source hardware''' refers to computer and electronic hardware that is designed in the same fashion as [[free software|free]] and [[open-source software|open-source]] [[software]]. Open source hardware is part of the [[open source culture]] that takes the open source ideas to fields other than software. An example of this is the [[Simputer]] project.
Some of the impetus for the development of open source hardware was initiated in 2002 through the [[Challenge to Silicon Valley]] issued by [[Kofi Annan]].<ref>[http://news.com.com/2010-1069-964507.html?tag=lh]</ref> Because the nature of hardware is different than software, and because the concept of open source hardware is relatively new, no exact definition of open source hardware has emerged.
Because hardware has direct variable costs associated with it, no open source software definition can directly be applied without modification. Instead, the term open source hardware has primarily been used to reflect the use of free/open source software with the hardware and the free release of [[information]] regarding the hardware, often including the release of schematics, design, sizes and other information about the hardware. The freely released information includes the hardware design and element distribution on the motherboard (i.e. a [[laptop|notebook]] where one can replace elements.)<ref>[http://www.communitywiki.org/odd/ComputerComponent/CustomNotebook]</ref><ref>[http://obook.info/]</ref>
With the rise of reconfigurable [[Programmable logic device|logic device]]s, the sharing of logic designs is also a form of open source hardware. Instead of sharing the schematics, [[hardware description language|HDL]] code is shared. This is different from free/open source software. HDL descriptions are commonly used to set up [[System-on-a-chip|SoC]] systems either in [[Field-programmable gate array|FPGA]]s or directly in [[Application-specific integrated circuit|ASIC]] designs. HDL modules, when distributed, are called [[semiconductor intellectual property core]]s, or IP cores.
==Notable projects and collections==
===Computers and Computer Components===
==== Designing the CPU itself ====
{{Splitsection|Open CPU}}
There are several "open source hardware" CPUs, typically implemented as a [[soft microprocessor]].
* [[OpenSPARC]] is a project with an already created UltraSPARC T1 multicore chip by [[Sun Microsystems]]. As of August 2007 a T2 chip is also in the pipeline [http://opensparc.net Sun's OpenSPARC]
* [[OpenRISC]] is a group of developers working to produce a very high performance [[open source]] [[RISC]] [[central processing unit|CPU]].
* [[LEON]] is an open source 32-bit SPARC-like CPU created by the ESA. It's the standard CPU for the European Space Industry.
* [[coreboot]]
* [http://f-cpu.seul.org/ F-CPU], Freedom CPU project initiated in mid-1998.<ref>{{cite web|title=The F-CPU Project|url=http://erste.oekonux-konferenz.de/dokumentation/texte/guidon.html}} 070828 erste.oekonux-konferenz.de</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to the Freedom CPU website !|url=http://f-cpu.seul.org/}} 070828 f-cpu.seul.org</ref>
==== Designs that Include a CPU ====
*[[Arduino]] is an open-source [[physical computing]] platform based on a simple I/O board and a development environment that implements the open source [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]] / [http://wiring.org.co/ Wiring] language.
* [[SquidBee]] - [[Open Mote]] based in [[Arduino]] for developing [[sensor network]]s. [http://www.squidbee.org/]
* [[OpenBook Project|OpenBook]] - [[tablet]] design, positioning between [[$100 laptop]] and consumer [[Tablet PC]]´s price, which wants allow tablet usage to masses by high volume production.
* [[BalloonBoard.org]] produces open [[arm]]-based development boards, aimed at OEMs and [[further education]].
* [[PLAICE]] - The PLAICE is an open source hardware and software project developing a powerful in-circuit development tool that combines in one device the features of a FLASH Programmer, Memory Emulator, and High Speed Multi-Channel Logic Analyzer. It runs [[uClinux]].
* [[OpenPCD]] - Open [[RFID]] reader/writer project, using AT91SAM7S128 [[microcontroller]]. [http://www.openpcd.org/]
* [[ASoC]] (ALSA System on Chip).
===== Graphics cards =====
* [[Open Graphics Project]] aims to design an open architecture and standard for [[graphics card]]s.
* [[Project VGA]] <ref>[http://oege.ie.hva.nl/~meeuwi10/pVGA/projectvga.php Wacco Webstack - Home of Project VGA, the Low Budget, Open Source, VGA Compatible video card<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===== Open computers =====
{{Splitsection|Open hardware computer}}
* [[Bug Labs]] - Produces BUG, an open DIY consumer electronics device platform comprising of BUGbase mini-Linux computer and various BUGmodules, functional components such as camera, accelerometer, motion detector, touchscreen LCD, and GPS
* [[ECB AT91]] - [[Single-board computer]] based on the Atmel AT91RM9200 ARM9 processor (180 MHz).
* [[ECB ATmega32/644]] - [[Single-board computer]] based on the [[Atmel]] ATmega32/644 (20 MHz) with webserver-capability and less than 100mA power consumption
* [[Open OEM]] - Project to build the first open source computer [http://www.innovationstage.com/openoem/index.php]
* [[Simputer]] - handheld computer aimed at developing countries
==== Open wireless hardware ====
* opensensor <ref>[http://mobiledevices.kom.aau.dk/opensensor/ Mobile Devices: opensensor<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> An open platform (software/hardware/teaching) for wireless sensor networks
* OpenPattern <ref>[http://www.openpattern.org/drupal-5.3/?q=node/1 About Us | OpenPattern<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://blog.onevillage.tv/wp/?p=482 Holistic ICT for EcoLiving » Open Hardware Router<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://searchenterpriselinux.techtarget.com/news/interview/0,289202,sid39_gci1204142,00.html Open source router challenges proprietary networking market<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> <ref>[http://www.halfbakery.com/idea/Open_20Source_20Hardware_20Initiative Halfbakery: Open Source Hardware Initiative<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[Sun SPOT]] is an open source hardware and software platform for [[sensor network]]s and battery powered, wireless, embedded development.<ref>[https://spots-hardware.dev.java.net/ spots-hardware: Home<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.sunspotworld.com SunSpotWorld - Home of Project Sun SPOT<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
===Network reconfigurable cameras===
* [http://www.elphel.com Elphel, Inc.] - Imaging Solutions with Free Software and Open Hardware. All PCB layouts, socket diagrams and FPGA Verilog sources are available under GNU/GPL license. [http://wiki.elphel.com Elphel's wiki].
===3D Printers===
* The [[RepRap Project]]: An open source, self-replicating [[3D printer]]
** [http://www.3dreplicators.com The Clanking Replicator Project: An open source, self-replicating [[3D printer]]] - RepRap variant
* [http://www.fabathome.org Fab@Home] - An open source [[Desktop manufacturing]] system <ref>[http://www.sootoday.com/content/news/full_story.asp?StoryNumber=23089 Build this open-source machine, change the world with it<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Laptop case ===
* [[VIA OpenBook]] - a [[subnotebook]] case design released by [[VIA Technologies]]
===Electronics===
====Audio Electronics====
* [http://www.auroramixer.com/ Aurora] - a dual channel USB-powered mixer with two linear faders, one crossfader, eight backlit buttons and 24 potentiometers, all built around a PIC 18LF4525 microcontroller.
* [http://www.ladyada.net/make/x0xb0x/ x0xb0x] - a [[Roland TB-303]] clone
* [[Monome]] 40h - A reconfigurable grid of sixty-four backlit buttons, used via USB. A limited batch of 500 monome 40h has been produced. All the design process, design specifications, firmware and PCB schematics are available online [http://monome.org/]
* [http://www.howleraudio.com/index.html OpenStomp], the world's first open source guitar effects processor
* [[Daisy MP3 Player|Daisy]] - An open source MP3 player [http://www.teuthis.com/html/daisy_mp3.html]
====Telephony====
* [http://www.astfin.org Astfin] - [http://www.rowetel.com/ucasterisk Free Telephony Project] open source telephony hardware
* [http://www.opencellphone.org Opencellphone.org] - also called '[[TuxPhone]]'
* [[OpenMoko]] - open phone framework (first use case: [[First International Computer|FIC]] [[Neo FreeRunner]], expected in Q3, 2008)
====Other====
* [[Arduino]] - open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software.
* [[Chumby]] - 'Glancable' information device
* [[gEDA]] - full [[GPL]]'d suite of '''E'''lectronic '''D'''esign '''A'''utomation tools.
* [[GP2X]] an open-source, Linux-based handheld video game console and media player created and sold by [[GamePark Holdings]] of [[South Korea]].
* [[Neuros Technology|Neuros "Open Source Device"]] an open source set-top box type device designed to serve as a low cost Linux "media center" [http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/06/business/06novel.html?ex=1357275600&en=592b78a8b11af008&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss New York Times article]
* [[Pandora (console)]], an upcoming Open-Source video game console, media player and PDA hybrid using Linux and a [[OMAP]] [[SoC]] from [[Texas Instruments]]
=== Machines and tools===
* The [[Multimachine]], an open source machine tool project. <ref>[http://opensourcemachine.org/ Open source machine website]</ref> <ref>[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/multimachine MultiMachine Group]</ref>
* [[Build-It-Solar]] - Plans and tools and information to do renewable energy and conservation projects. <ref>[http://www.builditsolar.com/index.htm BuildItSolar: Solar energy projects for Do It Yourselfers to save money and reduce pollution<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
=== Medical ===
* [http://www.openprosthetics.org/ The Open Prosthetics Project]- A [[Prosthetics]] designed with open source principles.
* [http://openeeg.sourceforge.net/ OpenEEG] - creating a low cost [[EEG]] device and free software to go with it. , [http://opencircuits.com/Programmable_Chip_EEG]
===Organisations===
*'''Open Hardware''' ('''OH''') is a project in which [[hardware design]]ers share their work by disclosing the [[schematic]]s and [[software]] ([[Device driver|driver]]s) used in their designs. Open hardware [[designers]] meet, discuss what they ar and ask each other for assistance in finding parts, or seek ideas to solve design problems. OH is also an opportunity to exhibit designs, so some may learn from what others have done.
* [[OpenCores]] is a [[Foundation (charity)|foundation]] that attempts to form a community of designers to support open-source cores (logic designs) for CPUs, peripherals and other devices. OpenCores maintains an open-source on-chip interconnection bus specification called [[Wishbone (computer bus)|Wishbone]].
=== Renewable energy ===
* [[Dye-sensitized solar cell]]
* [http://www.peswiki.com/index.php/DIY PESWiki OS Energy Technology].
* [[SHPEGS]] - Open source Solar Heat Pump Electrical Generation System
===Vehicles===
{{Splitsection|Open source vehicle}}
* c, mm,n: '''c, mm, n''' is a Dutch project to design an environmental friendly car using [[open source]] principles. <ref>[http://www.autoindetoekomst.nl/website/ Homepage<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [[OScar (open source car)]]: '''OScar''' is the first attempt to design an entire car using [[open source]] principles.
* OSCav : open source [[compressed air vehicle]]. <ref>[http://cair.wikia.com/wiki/OSCav OSCav - Compressed Air Wiki - a Wikia wiki<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
* [http://www.ihpva.org/wiki/index.php/Open_Source_Velomobile_Development_Project Open Source Velomobile Development Project]: build your own [[velomobile]].
* [[Open Source Green Vehicle]] ([http://www.osgv.org/]): The '''Open Source Green Vehicle''' project is an attempt to design an environmental friendly [[SUV]] using [[open source]] principles.
* [[EVProduction club]] ([http://evproduction.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page]) is an organization with a wiki to design and produce open source [[electric vehicle]]s and complements.
===Other Projects===
* [[Open-rTMS]] - creating a low cost [[Transcranial magnetic stimulation|rTMS]] device and free software to go with it. [http://open-rtms.sourceforge.net/]
* [[OpenServo]] - creating a low cost digital servo for use with [[RC]] and [[robotics]] projects. [http://openservo.com/]
* [http://transcenmentalism.org/OpenStim/ OpenStim: The Open Noninvasive Brain Stimulator]
* [[OSMC]] - An open source Motor Control project, meant primarily for [[robotics]] but applicable to low-power electric vehicles and other uses [http://www.robotpower.com/osmc_info/]
* [[RONJA]] - Open source Free Space Optic system, DIY in a garage, 10 Mbit/s full duplex/1.4 km
* [http://www.digitalhome.ca/ota/superantenna/ Gray-Hoverman Antenna] The Gray-Hoverman Antenna For [[UHF]] Television Reception.
* [[LED Throwies]] - non-destructive graffiti and light displays.
===Organisations===
*'''Open Hardware''' ('''OH''') is a project in which [[hardware design]]ers share their work by disclosing the [[schematic]]s and [[software]] ([[Device driver|driver]]s) used in their designs. Open hardware [[designers]] meet, discuss what they ar and ask each other for assistance in finding parts, or seek ideas to solve design problems. OH is also an opportunity to exhibit designs, so some may learn from what others have done.
* [[OpenCores]] is a [[Foundation (charity)|foundation]] that attempts to form a community of designers to support open-source cores (logic designs) for CPUs, peripherals and other devices. OpenCores maintains an open-source on-chip interconnection bus specification called [[Wishbone (computer bus)|Wishbone]].
* [http://www.openhardwarefoundation.org Open Hardware Foundation]
* [http://www.thinkcycle.org Thinkcycle]
=== Events ===
[http://wiki.openpattern.org/index.php/OpenTechSummitTaiwan2008 OpenTechSummit in Taiwan] with participants from Asus, Intel, Openmoko, Openpattern, Freifunk.net<ref>[http://www.perspektive89.com/2008/open_hardware_jurgen_neumann_freifunknet_and_marek_lindner_openmoko_project_about_open_source_and_hardware Open Hardware: Jürgen Neumann of Freifunk.net and Marek Lindner from the Openmoko project about Open Source and Hardware<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
== See also ==
{{portal|Free software|Free Software Portal Logo.svg}}
*[[Blender (software)]]
*[[DIY]]
*[[Electronic design automation]]
*[[Engineers Without Borders]]
*[[Free CAD software]]
*[[Free content]]
*[[Free software]]
*[[Lee Felsenstein]], founder of the [[Homebrew Computer Club]], based on [[Ivan Illich]]'s [http://todd.cleverchimp.com/tools_for_conviviality/ ''Tools for Conviviality'']
*[[Graphics hardware and FOSS]]
*[[Open CASCADE]] - [[software development platform]] freely available in open source.
*[[Open content]]
*[[Open design]] - Open-source physical design with a wider focus
*[[Opengear]] - Follows SSH/X11 protocoll, otherwise proprietary.
*[[Open source]]
*[[Open source software]]
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
* [http://www.opencollector.org/Whyfree/freedesign.html Free Hardware Design - Past, Present, Future] by Graham Seaman
== External links ==
{{external links}}
* [http://www.tapr.org/OHL The TAPR Open Hardware License]
* [http://opensource.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Open hardware Wikia].
*[http://www.vlsitoday.com/analysis/can-the-open-source-development-model-applied-to-hardware-de.html VLSItoday: Can the open source development model applied to hardware design] ?
* [http://www.openhardware.net Openhardware.net]
* [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Hardware/Open_Source/ Open Directory: Computers: Hardware: Open Source]
* [http://www.openhardware.de Openhardware's Kernel Accelerator Device]
* [http://opencollector.org/Whyfree/open_hardware.html Debian Open Hardware] at [http://opencollector.org/ Open Collector]
* [http://www.uclinux.org Embedded Linux/Microcontroller Project]
* [http://www.opencores.org OpenCores]
* [http://www.f-cpu.org/ Freedom CPU]
* [http://www.gaisler.com/ Gaisler research]
* [http://opensparc.net Sun's OpenSPARC]
* [http://wiki.debian.org/open_hardware DebianWiki page about Open hardware].
* [http://fusor.net/ Open-source fusor research]
* [http://opencircuits.com/ Open Circuits wiki]
* [http://www.opendildonics.org/ Open dildonics wiki]
* [http://www.gaisler.com/products/leon2/leon.html open source LEON2 processor]
* [http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/opensource.html Wired:Open Source Everywhere]
* [http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php Homebrew and How the Apple Came to Be] by [[Stephen Wozniak]]
* [http://www.srisc.com/ Simply RISC S1 Core] ([http://www.eetimes.eu/193000635 EETimes article])
* [http://www.makezine.com/blog/archive/2006/11/the_open_source_1.html The Open Source Gift Guide: Open source hardware, software, and more for the holidays!]
* [http://features.linuxtoday.com/news_story.php3?ltsn=1999-06-22-005-05-NW-LF Richard Stallman's thoughts on free hardware].
* [http://www.p2pfoundation.net/Category:Design Peer2Peer Foundations page on Design and Open Hardware]
* [http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11482589 The Economist: Open Sesame! Technology Quarterly on Open Hardware]
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[[Category:Open machine|Hardware]]
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