Orange (fruit) 4984440 223523940 2008-07-04T13:05:32Z AlleborgoBot 3813685 robot Adding: [[bn:কমলা (ফল)]] {{pp-semi|small=yes}} {{Taxobox | name = Orange | image = OrangeBloss_wb.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Orange blossoms and oranges on tree | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] | subclassis = [[Rosidae]] | ordo = [[Sapindales]] | familia = [[Rutaceae]] | genus = ''[[Citrus]]'' | species = '''''C. sinensis''''' | binomial = ''Citrus sinensis'' | binomial_authority = ([[L.]]) [[Osbeck]]<ref> {{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10782 |title=Citrus sinensis information from NPGS/GRIN |publisher=www.ars-grin.gov |accessdate=2008-03-17 |last= |first= }} </ref> }} {{nutritionalvalue | name=Orange, raw, Florida | kJ=192 | protein=0.70 g | fat=0.21 g | carbs=11.54 g | fiber=2.4 g | sugars=9.14 g | iron_mg=0.09 | calcium_mg=43 | magnesium_mg=10 | phosphorus_mg=12 | potassium_mg=169 | zinc_mg=0.08 | vitC_mg=45 | pantothenic_mg=0.250 | vitB6_mg=0.051 | folate_ug=17 | thiamin_mg=0.100 | riboflavin_mg=0.040 | niacin_mg=0.400 | right=1 | source_usda=1 }} An '''orange'''—specifically, the '''sweet orange'''—is the [[citrus]] fruit ''Citrus sinensis'' ([[Synonymy|syn.]] ''Citrus aurantium'' [[L.]] [[var.]] ''dulcis'' [[L.]], or ''Citrus aurantium'' [[Antoine Risso|Risso]]) and its [[fruit]]. The orange is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') and [[tangerine]] (''Citrus reticulata''). It is a small [[Flowering plant| flowering]] [[tree]] growing to about 10 [[metres|m]] tall with [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]], which are arranged alternately, of ovate shape with crenulate margins and 4–10 [[centimetre|cm]] long. The orange [[fruit]] is a [[hesperidium]], a type of [[berry]]. Oranges originated in Southeast [[Asia]]. The fruit of ''Citrus sinensis'' is called ''sweet orange'' to distinguish it from ''Citrus aurantium'', the [[bitter orange]]. In a number of languages, it is known as a "Chinese apple" (e.g. [[Dutch language|Dutch]] ''Sinaasappel'', "China's apple", or "Apfelsine" in German). The name is thought to ultimately derive from the [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]] word for the orange tree, with its final form developing after passing through numerous intermediate languages. ==Fruit== All citrus trees are of the single genus ''Citrus'', and remain largely interbreedable; that is, there is only one "superspecies" which includes [[grapefruit]]s, [[lemon]]s, [[lime (fruit)|lime]]s and oranges. Nevertheless, names have been given to the various members of the genus, oranges often being referred to as ''Citrus sinensis'' and ''[[bitter orange|Citrus aurantium]]''. Fruits of all members of the genus ''Citrus'' are considered [[berry|berries]] because they have many [[seed]]s, are fleshy and soft, and derive from a single [[ovary (plants)|ovary]]. An orange seed is called a [[pip]]. The white thread-like material, attached to the inside of the peel is called [[pith]]. ==Varieties== ===Persian orange=== The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th century, was bitter. Sweet oranges brought to Europe in the 15th century from [[India]] by Portuguese traders, quickly displaced the bitter, and are now the most common variety of orange cultivated. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colours according to local conditions, most commonly with ten ''[[carpel]]s'', or segments, inside. [[Portuguese empire|Portuguese]], [[Spanish empire|Spanish]], [[Arab]], and [[Dutch empire|Dutch]] sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent [[scurvy]]. On his second voyage in [[1493]], Christopher Columbus brought the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to [[Haiti]] and the Caribbean. They were introduced in Florida (along with lemons) in [[1513]] by Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de Leon]], and were introduced to [[Hawaii]] in [[1792]]. ===Navel orange=== [[Image:Navel orange sectioned.jpg|thumb|250px|left|A peeled sectioned navel orange. The underdeveloped twin is located on the bottom right.]] A single [[mutation]] in [[1820]] in an [[orchard]] of sweet oranges planted at a [[monastery]] in [[Brazil]] yielded the '''navel orange''', also known as the Washington, Riverside, or Bahie navel. The mutation causes navel oranges to develop a second orange at the base of the original fruit, opposite the stem. The second orange develops as a [[Conjoined twins|conjoined twin]] in a set of smaller segments embedded within the peel of the larger orange. From the outside, the smaller, and undeveloped twin leaves a formation at the bottom of the fruit that looks similar to the human [[navel]]. Because the mutation left the fruit seedless and, therefore, sterile, the only means available to cultivate more of this new variety is to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus tree. Two such cuttings of the original tree were transplanted<ref>[http://thegoldengecko.com/blog/?p=34 Parent Navel Orange Tree in Riverside, CA]</ref> to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], [[California]] in [[1870]], which eventually led to worldwide popularity. Today, navel oranges continue to be produced via [[cutting (plant)|cutting]] and [[grafting]]. This does not allow for the usual [[artificial selection|selective breeding]] methodologies, and so not only do the navel oranges of today have exactly the same genetic makeup as the original tree, and are therefore [[clones]]; in a sense, all navel oranges can be considered to be the fruit of that single, over a century-old tree. On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.<ref>[http://www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu/citrus/sweet_oranges.html Citrus Variety Collection]</ref> ===Valencia orange=== The [[Valencia orange|Valencia]] or [[Murcia]] orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when the navel oranges are out of season. For this reason, the orange was chosen to be the official [[mascot]] of the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]], which was held in [[Spain]]. The mascot was called "[[Naranjito]]" ("little orange"), and wore the colours of the Spanish soccer team uniform. ===Blood orange=== [[Image:2005orange.PNG|thumb|right|Orange output in 2005]] The [[blood orange]] has streaks of red in the fruit, and the juice is often a dark burgundy colour. The fruit has found a niche as an interesting ingredient variation on traditional Seville marmalade, with its striking red streaks and distinct flavour. The '''scarlet navel''' is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the navel orange. ==Production== {| class="wikitable" align="left" style="clear:left" ! colspan=2|Top Orange Producers — 2005<br>(million tonnes) |- | {{BRA}} || align="right" | 17.8 |- | {{USA}} || align="right" | 8.4 |- | {{MEX}} || align="right" | 4.1 |- | {{IND}} || align="right" | 3.1 |- | {{CHN}} || align="right" | 2.4 |- | {{ESP}} || align="right" | 2.3 |- | {{ITA}} || align="right" | 2.2 |- | {{IRN}} || align="right" | 1.9 |- | {{EGY}} || align="right" | 1.8 |- | {{PAK}} || align="right" | 1.6 |- ||'''World Total''' || align="right" | '''61.7''' |- |colspan=2|''Source: <br>[[UN Food & Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO)''<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/form?collection=Production.Crops.Primary&Domain=Production&servlet=1&hasbulk=0&version=ext&language=EN FAO Statistics]</ref> |} [[Image:OrangeGrov.jpg|thumb|100px|An orange grove photographed from the air.]] Oranges grown for commercial production are generally grown in groves and are produced throughout the world. The top three orange-producing countries are [[Brazil]], the [[United States]], and [[Mexico]]. Oranges are sensitive to [[frost]], and a common treatment to prevent frost damage when sub-freezing temperatures are expected, is to spray the trees with water, since as long as unfrozen water is turning to ice on the trees' branches, the ice that has formed stays just ''at'' the freezing point, giving protection even if air temperatures have dropped far lower.<ref>[http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/gen01/gen01243.htm How Cold Can Water Get?]</ref> == Etymology == {{main|Orange (word)}} <!-- Please go to the above main article, [[Orange (word)]] if you wish to add further examples from any additional languages. --> The word ''orange'' is derived from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{unicode|nāraṅgaḥ}}'' "orange tree."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/orange | title = Orange | publisher = [[Reference.com]] | accessdate = 2008-01-31 | date = 2008 }}</ref> The Sanskrit word was borrowed into European languages through [[Persian language|Persian]] ''nārang'', [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''nārinj'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''nāranj'', ([[Spanish (language)|Spanish]] ''naranja'' and [[Portuguese (language)|Portuguese]] ''laranja''), [[Late Latin]] ''arangia'', [[Italian (language)|Italian]] ''arancia'' or ''arancio'', and [[Old French]] ''orenge'', in chronological order. The first appearance in English dates from the [[14th century]]. The forms starting with n- are older; this initial n- may have been mistaken as part of the indefinite article, in languages with articles ending with an -n sound (e.g., in French ''une norenge'' may have been taken as ''une orenge''). The name of the colour is derived from the fruit, first appearing in this sense in 1542. Some languages have different words for the bitter and the sweet orange, such as Modern Greek ''nerantzi'' and ''portokali'', respectively. Or in Persian, the words are ''narang'' and ''porteghal'' (Portugal), in the same order. The reason is that the sweet orange was brought from China or India to Europe during the 15th century by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]]. For the same reason, some languages refer to it as ''Applesin'' (or variants), which means "Apple from China," while the bitter orange was introduced through Persia. ==Juice and other products== [[Image:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|thumb|left|Oranges and [[orange juice]].]] Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavours of oranges vary from [[sweet]] to [[sour]]. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] that is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by removing [[water]], using [[pressure]] and [[heat]]. It is also used in certain recipes as flavouring or a [[Garnish (food)|garnish]]. The outer-most layer of the rind can be grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a [[zester]], to produce orange [[zest (ingredient)|zest]]. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains the oil glands and has a strong flavour similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind, called the ''[[pericarp]]'' or ''albedo'' and including the [[pith]], is a source of [[pectin]] and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh. Products made from oranges include: *[[Orange juice]] is one of the commodities traded on the [[New York Board of Trade]]. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by the USA. It is made by squeezing the fruit on a special instrument called a "''juicer''" or a "''squeezer''." The juice is collected in a small tray underneath. This is mainly done in the home, and in industry is done on a much larger scale. *Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered orange juice.<ref>[http://members.aol.com/citrusweb/oj_story.html The Story of Florida Orange Juice: From the Grove to Your Glass]</ref> *Sweet [[orange oil]] is a [[by-product]] of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used as a [[flavouring]] of food and drink and for its [[fragrance]] in [[perfume]] and [[aromatherapy]]. Sweet orange oil consists of about 90% [[Limonene|d-Limonene]], a [[solvent]] used in various household chemicals, such as to condition [[wood]]en [[furniture]], and along with other citrus oils in [[Petroleum|grease]] removal and as a [[hand]]-cleansing agent. It is an efficient cleaning agent which is promoted as being environmentally friendly and preferable to [[petroleum]] distillates. However, [[Limonene|d-Limonene]] is classified as toxic or very toxic in several countries{{Fact|date=April 2008}}. Its smell is considered more pleasant by some than those of other cleaning agents. Although once thought to cause [[Renal cell carcinoma|renal cancer]] in rats, limonene now is known as a significant [[chemoprophylaxis|chemopreventive]] agent<ref>Crowell PL. Prevention and therapy of cancer by dietary monoterpenes. J Nutr. 1999 Mar;129(3):775S-778S.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10082788]</ref> with potential value as a dietary anti-cancer tool in humans.<ref>Tsuda H, Ohshima Y, Nomoto H, Fujita K, Matsuda E, Iigo M, Takasuka N, Moore MA. Cancer prevention by natural compounds. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2004 Aug;19(4):245-63.[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15499193]</ref> There is no evidence for [[carcinogen]]icity or [[genotoxic]]ity in humans. The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARC]] classifies ''d''-limonene under Class 3: ''not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans''.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} *The orange [[blossom]], which is the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of Florida, is traditionally associated with good fortune, and was popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths for [[wedding]]s for some time. The [[petal]]s of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of [[rosewater]]. Orange blossom water is a common part of Middle Eastern cuisine. The orange blossom gives its touristic nickname to the ''[[Costa del Azahar]]'' ("Orange-blossom [[wiktionary:Costa|coast]]"), the [[Castellon (province)|Castellon]] seaboard. *In Spain, fallen blossoms are dried and then used to make tea. *Orange blossom [[honey]], or actually citrus honey, is produced by putting [[beehives]] in the citrus groves during bloom, which also [[pollination|pollinates]] seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and tastes much like orange. *[[Marmalade]], a conserve usually made with [[Seville orange]]s. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade: the pith and pips are separated, and typically placed in a muslin bag where they are boiled in the juice (and sliced peel) to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process. *Orange peel is used by gardeners as a [[slug]] repellent. * Orange leaves can be boiled to make tea. ==Gallery== <gallery> Image:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|These varieties are called 'Ambersweet' oranges. Image:Orangeseeds.jpg|Featured here are orange seeds (pips). Image:Florida navel orange 1.jpg|Navel oranges from Florida are the most common to be sold in US grocery stores. Image:2007-12-25-IMG 0451.JPG|Satsuma Oranges picked on Christmas day 2007 in [[Gainesville, Florida]] </gallery> ==Footnotes== {{Commons|Citrus sinensis}} {{reflist}} ==References== * McPhee, John. ''Oranges'' (1966) - focuses on Florida groves. * Sackman, Douglas Cazaux. ''Orange Empire: California and the Fruits of Eden'' (2005) comprehensive, multidimensional history of citrus industry in California * Train, John. ''Oranges'' (2006) ==External links== *[http://sun.ars-grin.gov:8080/npgspub/xsql/duke/plantdisp.xsql?taxon=282 ''Citrus sinensis'' List of Chemicals (Dr. Duke's Databases)] [[Category:Citrus]] [[Category:Tropical agriculture]] [[Category:Symbols of Florida]] [[am:ብርቱካን (ፍሬ)]] [[ar:برتقال]] [[an:Narancha (fruita)]] [[bn:কমলা (ফল)]] [[zh-min-nan:Liú-teng]] [[be:Апельсін]] [[be-x-old:Апельсін]] [[bs:Narandža]] [[ca:Taronja]] [[cs:Pomeranč]] [[cy:Oren (ffrwyth)]] [[da:Appelsin]] [[de:Orange (Frucht)]] [[et:Apelsinipuu]] [[el:Πορτοκαλιά]] [[es:Citrus × sinensis]] [[eo:Oranĝo (frukto)]] [[eu:Laranja]] [[fa:پرتقال]] [[fr:Orange (fruit)]] [[gl:Laranxa (froita)]] [[ko:오렌지]] [[hr:Naranča]] [[id:Jeruk manis]] [[is:Appelsína]] [[it:Citrus × sinensis]] [[he:תפוז]] [[jv:Jeruk]] [[kk:Апельсин]] [[ht:Zoranj]] [[la:Citrus sinensis]] [[lt:Apelsinas]] [[ln:Lilála]] [[hu:Narancs]] [[nl:Sinaasappel]] [[ja:オレンジ]] [[no:Appelsin]] [[nn:Appelsin]] [[ug:قىزغۇچ سېرىق]] [[pl:Pomarańcza]] [[pt:Laranjeira]] [[qu:Chilina]] [[ru:Апельсин]] [[sq:Portokalli]] [[simple:Orange (fruit)]] [[sk:Pomaranč]] [[sl:Pomaranča]] [[sr:Наранџа]] [[fi:Appelsiini]] [[sv:Apelsin]] [[te:బత్తాయి]] [[th:ส้ม (ผลไม้)]] [[vi:Cam]] [[to:Moli]] [[tr:Portakal]] [[uk:Апельсин]] [[yi:מאראנץ]] [[yo:Ọsàn]] [[zh-yue:橙]] [[zh:橙]]