Orchidaceae 22719 226182271 2008-07-17T05:30:23Z Someguy1221 3315180 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/202.171.160.46|202.171.160.46]] to last version by Rjwilmsi (using [[WP:HG|Huggle]]) {{Redirect|Orchid}} {{Taxobox | name = Orchidaceae | fossil_range = {{fossil range|80}}[[Late Cretaceous]]- Recent | image = Haeckel Orchidae.jpg | image_width = 200px | image_caption = Color plate from [[Ernst Haeckel]]'s ''[[Kunstformen der Natur]]'' | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = '''Orchidaceae''' | familia_authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies | subdivision = * [[Apostasioideae]] * [[Cypripedioideae]] * [[Epidendroideae]] * [[Orchidoideae]] * [[Vanilloideae]] }} '''Orchidaceae''', also called the '''Orchid family''', is the largest [[Family (biology)|family]] of the flowering plants ([[Angiospermae]]). <ref> [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/BiancaNicoletti.shtml Number of orchids] </ref> <ref> [http://www.kew.org/scihort/orchids/whystudy.html Orchid Fact File, Royal Botanic gardens, Kew] </ref> Its name is derived from the genus ''[[Orchis]]''. The [[Royal Botanical Gardens]] of Kew list 880 [[genus|genera]] and nearly 22,000 accepted [[species]], but the exact number is unknown (perhaps as many as 25,000)<ref> [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1355-4905.2005.00466.x CLASSIFICATION OF ORCHIDACEAE IN THE AGE OF DNA DATA]</ref> because of [[taxonomic]] disputes. The number of orchid species equals about four times the number of [[mammal]] species, or more than twice the number of [[bird]] species. It also encompasses about 6–11% of all [[seed plants]].<ref> [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation]</ref> About 800 new orchid species are added each year. The largest genera are ''[[Bulbophyllum]]'' (2,000 species), ''[[Epidendrum]]'' (1,500 species), ''[[Dendrobium]]'' (1,400 species) and ''[[Pleurothallis]]'' (1,000 species). The family also includes the ''[[Vanilla]]'' (the genus of the [[Vanilla planifolia|vanilla plant]]), ''[[Orchis]]'' (type genus) and many commonly cultivated plants like some ''[[Phalaenopsis]]'' or ''[[Cattleya]]''. Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species in the 19th century, [[horticulture|horticulturists]] have more than 100,000 [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s and [[cultivar]]s. == Distribution == Orchidaceae are [[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]], occurring in almost every [[Habitat (ecology)|habitat]] apart from [[desert]]s and [[glacier]]s. The great majority are to be found in the [[tropics]], mostly [[Asia]], [[South America]] and [[Central America]]. They are found above the [[Arctic Circle]], in southern [[Patagonia]] and even on [[Macquarie Island]], close to [[Antarctica]]. The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution: * tropical America: 300 to 350 genera * tropical Asia: 250 to 300 genera * tropical Africa: 125 to 150 genera * Oceania: 50 to 70 genera * Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera * North America: 20 to 30 genera ==Taxonomy== {{main|Taxonomy of the Orchid family}} This family is totally recognised, and the APG II system of 2003 places it in the order [[Asparagales]]. The taxonomy of this family is in constant flux, as new studies continue to identify more classificatory elements. Five subfamilies are now recognised. The [[cladogram]] has been made according to the [[APG system]]: {{clade|style=font-size:80%;line-height:75% |1={{clade|1='''[[Apostasioideae]]''': 2 genera and 16 species, south-western [[Asia]] |2={{clade|1='''[[Cypripedioideae]]''': 5 genera and 130 species, mostly from the temperate regions of the world, some in tropical [[Americas|America]]|label2=&nbsp;Monandrae&nbsp; |2={{clade|1='''[[Vanilloideae]]''': 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern [[North America]] |2={{clade|1='''[[Epidendroideae]]''': more than 500 genera and more or less 20 000 species, cosmopolitan |2='''[[Orchidoideae]]''': 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan }}}}}}}}}} ==Ecology== [[Image:Neottia nidus-avis plants.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Neottia nidus-avis]]'', a [[myco-heterotroph]] ]] A majority of orchids are [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[epiphyte]]s, which grow anchored to [[tree]]s or [[shrub]]s in the [[tropics]] and subtropics. Other species are [[lithophyte]]s, growing on rocks or very rocky soil, or are terrestrial. Nearly all [[temperate]] orchids are terrestrial. Some orchids, like ''[[Neottia]]'' and ''[[Corallorhiza]]'', lack [[chlorophyll]] and are unable to photosynthesise. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by [[parasitism|parasitising]] soil fungi through the formation of [[orchid mycorrhiza]]s. The fungi involved include those that form [[ectomycorrhiza]]s with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as ''[[Armillaria]]'', and [[saprotroph]]s.<ref name="leake05">Leake JR. 2005. Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the ‘saprophytic’ plant myth. ''Mycologist'' 19: 113–122. ([http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=340905&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S0269915X05003046 abstract])). </ref> These orchids are known as [[myco-heterotroph]]s, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes due to the belief that they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. While only a few species are achlorophyllous [[Parasitic plant|holoparasite]]s, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their [[mycorrhiza]]l fungi. ==Description== [[Image:Cattleya aclandiae Orchi 01.jpg|301px|thumb|''Cattleya aclandiae''. Note the typical [[zygomorphic]] flower with three petal-like [[sepal]]s (top, lower right, lower left), two normal [[petal]]s on either side and the [[labellum]]]] Orchids are easily distinguished, as they share some very evident [[apomorphy|apomorphies]]. Among these: [[symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry|bilaterally symmetric]] ([[zygomorphic]]) and [[resupinate]], a [[petal]] (''labellum'') is always highly modified, [[stamens]] and [[carpel]]s are fused, and the [[seed]]s are extremely small. ===Leaves=== Like most [[monocot]]s, orchids generally have simple [[Leaf|leaves]] with parallel [[vein]]s, although some [[Vanilloideae]] have a reticulate [[leaf|venation]]. They may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate and very variable in size. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally [[phyllotaxis|alternate]] on the stem, often plicate, and have no [[stipule]]s. Orchid leaves often have [[silica|siliceous]] bodies called ''stegmata'' in the vascular [[bundle sheaths]] (not present in the [[Orchidoideae]]) and are fibrous. The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the [[lamina]]s are covered by a waxy [[Plant cuticle|cuticle]] to retain their necessary water supply. Shade species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves. The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs, as in ''[[Catasetum]]''. The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of the ''Macodes sanderiana'', a semiterrestrial or lithophyte, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of ''Psychopsiella limminghei'' are light brownish green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of [[Lady's Slipper]]s from temperate zones (''[[Paphiopedilum]]'') is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also ''Phalaenopsis schilleriana'' is a lovely pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The '''Jewel Orchid''' (''Ludisia discolor'') is grown more for its colorful leaves than its fairly inconspicuous white flowers. Some orchids, as ''Polyrrhiza lindenii'' ([[Ghost Orchid]]), ''[[Aphyllorchis]]'' and ''[[Taeniophyllum]]'' depend on their green roots for [[photosynthesis]] and lack normally developed leaves, as do all of the [[heterotrophy|heterotrophic]] species. ===Stem and roots=== All orchids are [[perennial plant|perennial]] [[herb]]s and lack any permanent [[wood]]y structure. Orchids can grow according to two patterns: * '''[[Monopodial]]''': The stems grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several metres in length, as in ''[[Vanda]]'' and ''[[Vanilla]]''. * '''[[Sympodial]]''': The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing, to be then replaced. Sympodial orchids grow laterally rather than vertically, following the surface of their support. The growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in ''[[Cattleya]]''. While a new lead is developing, the [[rhizome]] may start its growth again from a so-called 'eye', an undeveloped bud, thereby branching. [[Image:Orchis lactea rhizotubers.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Orchis lactea]]'' showing the two tubers]] Terrestrial orchids may be [[rhizome|rhizomatous]] or form [[corm]]s or [[tuber]]s. The root caps of terrestrials are smooth and white. Some sympodial terrestrials, such as ''[[Orchis]]'' and ''[[Ophrys]]'', have two subterranean [[tuberous root]]s. One is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops. In warm and humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs. Epiphytic orchids have modified [[aerial root]]s that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy [[Epidermis (botany)|epidermis]] called ''[[velamen]]'' has the function to absorbe humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients mainly come from animal droppings on their supporting tree. The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form what is called a ''[[pseudobulb]]'' that contains nutrients and water for drier periods. [[Image:Pseudobulbe.jpg|thumb|The pseudobulb of ''Prosthechea fragrans'']] The pseudobulb has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in ''[[Bulbophyllum]]'' (black orchids) it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world, ''[[Grammatophyllum speciosum]]'' (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some ''[[Dendrobium]]'' have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length, some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves. With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a ''backbulb''. A pseudobulb then takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years. ===Flower=== [[Image:Orchis sambicina anatomia.jpg|left|291px|thumb|''Dactylorhiza sambucina'', [[Orchidoideae]] for reference]] Orchidaceae are well known for the many structural variations in their [[flower]]s. Some orchids have single flowers but most have a [[Inflorescence|racemose]] inflorescence, sometimes with a large number of flowers. The flowering stem can be ''basal'', that is produced from the base of the tuber, like in ''[[Cymbidium]]'', ''apical'', meaning it grows from the apex of the main stem, like in ''[[Cattleya]]'', or ''axillary'', from the leaf axil, as in ''[[Vanda]]''. As an [[apomorphy]] of the [[clade]], orchid flowers are primitively [[zygomorphic]] ([[symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry|bilaterally symmetrical]]), although in some genera like ''[[Mormodes]]'', ''[[Ludisia]]'', ''[[Macodes]]'' this kind of symmetry may be difficut to notice. The orchid flower, like most flowers of [[monocots]] has two whorls of sterile elements. The outer whorl has three [[sepal]]s and the inner whorl has three [[petal]]s. The sepals are usually very similar to the petals (and thus called ''[[tepals]]'', '''1'''), but may be completely distinct. The upper <!--- Yes, the *upper*. Read what follows, please --->medial petal, called the ''[[labellum]]'' or lip ('''6'''),<!--- It is necessary to include additional explanation herein --->, is always modified and enlarged. The inferior [[ovary]] ('''7''') or the [[pedicel]] is rotated 180 degrees, so that the labellum, goes on the lower part of the flower, thus becoming suitable to form a platform for pollinators. This characteristic, called the ''resupination'' occurs primitively in the family and is considered [[apomorphy|apomorphic]] (the torsion of the ovary is very evident from the picture). Some orchids have secondarily lost the resupination, like some ''[[Zygopetalum]]'. The normal form of the sepals can be found in ''[[Cattleya]]'', where they form a triangle. In ''[[Paphiopedilum]]'' (Venus slippers) the lower two sepals are fused together into a [[synsepal]], while the lip has taken the form of a slipper. In ''[[Masdevallia]]'' all the sepals are fused. Orchid flowers with abnormal numbers of petals or lips are called ''peloric''. [[Peloria]] is a genetic trait, but its expression is environmentally influenced and may appear random. [[Image:VanillaFlowerLongitudinalSection-en.png|thumb|Longitudinal section of a flower of ''[[Vanilla planifolia]]''|401px|right]] Orchid flowers primitively had three [[stamen]]s, but this situation is now limited to the genus ''[[Neuwiedia]]''. ''[[Apostasia]]'' and the [[Cypripedioideae]] have two stamens, the central one being sterile and reduced to a [[staminode]]. All of the other orchids, the clade called ''Monandria'', retain only the central stamen, the others being reduced to [[staminode]]s ('''4'''). The filaments of the [[stamen]]s are always [[adnation|adnate]] (fused) to the [[carpel|style]] to form cylindrical structure called the ''gynostemium'' or [[column (botany)|column]] ('''2'''). In the primitive [[Apostasioideae]] this fusion is only partial, in the [[Vanilloideae]] it is more deep, while in [[Orchidoideae]] and [[Epidendroideae]] it is total. The [[Carpel|stigma]] ('''9''') is very asymmetrical as all of its lobes are bent towards the centre of the flower and lay on the bottom of the column. [[Pollen]] is released as single grains, like in most other plants, in the [[Apostasioideae]], [[Cypripedioideae]] and [[Vanilloideae]]. In the other subfamilies, that comprise the great majority of orchids, the anther ('''3'''), carries and two [[pollinium|pollinia]]. A pollinium is a waxy mass of pollen grains held together by the glue-like [[alkaloid]] [[viscin]], containing both cellulosic stands and mucopolysaccharides. Each pollinium is connected to a filament which can take the form of a ''[[caudicle]]'', like in ''[[Dactylorhiza]]'' or ''[[Habenaria]]'' or a ''[[stipe (botany)|stipe]]'', like in ''[[Vanda]]''. Caudicles or stipes hold the pollinia to the ''viscidium'', a sticky pad which sticks the pollinia to the body of [[pollinator]]s. At the upper edge of the stigma of single-anthered orchids, in front of the anther cap, there is the ''rostellum'' ('''5'''), a slender extension involved in the complex pollination mechanism. As aforementioned, the [[ovary (plants)|ovary]] is always inferior (located behind the flower). It is three-[[carpel]]ate and one or, more rarely, three-partitioned, with parietal [[placenta]]tion (axile in the [[Apostasioideae]]). ===Pollination=== Orchids have developed highly specialized [[pollination]] systems and thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce. This is why orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods and why most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass; each time pollination succeeds thousands of ovules can be fertilized. Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, [[nectar]] may be produced in a [[spur (biology)|spur]] ('''8''') of the labellum, on the point of the sepals or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the [[Asparagales]]. In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following. When the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. The possessors of orchids may be able to reproduce the process with a pencil or similar device. <!--- This was written as 'Don't stuff beans up your nose'. I mean, some plant guy out there could do it (I have, it's easy) and possibly upload a picture/video! ---> [[Image:Ophrys apifera flower2.jpg|thumb|left|''[[Ophrys apifera]]'' is about to self-pollinate]] Some orchids mainly or totally rely on [[self-pollination]], especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower hasn't been visited by any pollinator and the pollina then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in ''[[Holcoglossum amesianum]]''). The labellum of the [[Cypripedioideae]] is poke-shaped and has the function to trap visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor. In some extremely specialized orchids, like the Eurasian genus ''[[Ophrys]]'', the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via [[mimicry]] of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers. Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male [[euglossini|orchid bees]], which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize [[pheromone|pheromonal]] attractants. Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper [[cross-pollination]]. An underground orchid in Australia, ''[[Rhizanthella slateri]]'', never sees the light of day and depends on [[ant]]s and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it. ''[[Catasetum]]'', a genus discussed briefly by [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a [[seta]]. After pollination the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary. ===Asexual reproduction=== Some species, as some ''[[Phalaenopsis]]'', ''[[Dendrobium]]'' and ''[[Vanda]]'', produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the [[node (botany)|node]]s along the [[Plant stem|stem]], through the accumulation of growth hormones at that point. These shoots are known as ''[[keiki]]''. ===Fruits and seeds=== [[Image:Kapselquerschnitte Orchideen.png|thumb|right|201px|Cross-section of an orchid capsule, the longitudinal slits]] The ovary typically develops into a [[capsule (fruit)|capsule]] that is [[dehiscent]] by 3 or 6 longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. The [[ripe]]ning of a capsule can take 2 to 18 months. The [[seed]]s are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. After ripening they blow off like dust particles or spores. They lack [[endosperm]] and must enter symbiotic relationship with various [[Orchid mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal]] [[basidiomycete]]ous [[fungi]] that provide them the necessary nutrients to germinate, so that all orchid species are mycoheterotrophic during germination and reliant upon [[fungi]] to complete their lifecycle. As the chance for a seed to meet a fitting fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into an adult plant. Germination can take up to fifteen years. [[Horticultural]] techniques have been devised for germinating seeds on a nutrient-containing gel, eliminating the requirement of the fungus for germination, greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. == Evolution == A study in the scientific journal [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] <ref name="Origin of the orchids">{{cite journal | author=Santiago R. Ramírez, Barbara Gravendeel, Rodrigo B. Singer, Charles R. Marshall & Naomi E. Pierce| title=Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator| journal=Nature | date=[[30 August]] [[2007]]| volume=448| url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v448/n7157/abs/nature06039.html| pages=1042–1042| doi=10.1038/nature06039}}</ref> has shown that the origin of orchids goes back much longer than originally expected. An extinct species of stingless bee, ''Proplebeia dominicana'', was found trapped in [[Miocene]] [[amber]] about 15-20 million years ago. The bee was carrying [[pollen]] of a previously unknown orchid taxon, ''[[Meliorchis caribea]]'', on its wings. This indicates that orchids may have an ancient origin and have arisen 76 to 84 million years ago during the [[Late Cretaceous]]. In other words, they may have co-existed with [[dinosaur]]s. It shows also that at that time insects were active [[pollinator]]s of orchids. Using the [[molecular clock]] method, it was possible to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. This also confirmed that the subfamily [[Vanilloideae]] is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the [[monandrous]] orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this genus occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of Vanilla is estimated at 60 to 70 million years). This find is the first proof of fossilised orchids to date.<ref name="Origin of the orchids" /> The extinct orchid ''M. caribea'' has been placed within the extant tribe [[Cranichideae]], subtribe [[Goodyerinae]] (subfamily [[Orchidoideae]]). ==Uses== {{see|Vanilla}} [[Image:Vanilla fragrans 4.jpg|thumb|left|251px|Vanilla fruits drying]] One orchid genus, ''[[Vanilla]]'', is commercially important, used as a foodstuff flavouring. The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids (mainly ''[[Orchis mascula]]'') are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage ''[[salep]]'' or the so-called "fox-testicle ice cream" [[salepi dondurma]]. The [[scent]] of orchids is frequently analysed by [[Perfume|perfumists]] (using [[Gas-liquid chromatography]]) to identify potential fragrance chemicals. The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are [[tropical]] or [[subtropical]], but quite a few which grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include ''[[Ophrys apifera]]'' (bee orchid), ''[[Gymnadenia conopsea]]'' (fragrant orchid), ''[[Anacamptis pyramidalis]]'' (pyramidal orchid) and ''[[Dactylorhiza fuchsii]]'' (common spotted orchid). The term ''botanical orchid'' loosely denotes those small flowered tropical orchids belonging to several genera (not necessarily related to each other) that don't fit into the "Florist" orchid category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some, such as ''[[Pleurothallis]]'' and ''[[Bulbophyllum]]'', contain approximately 1700 and 2000 species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. The primary use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid species from horticulturally created [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]]s. [[Image:Phalaenopsis lindenii toapel.jpg|thumb|right|251px|Cultivated ''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'']] A few of the most common orchids found in "casual" culture are: {| border="0" cellpadding="05" | * ''[[Anguloa]]'' * ''[[Cattleya]]'' * ''[[Cymbidium]]'' * ''[[Laelia]]'' * ''[[Dendrobium]]'' * ''[[Phalaenopsis]]'' * ''[[Paphiopedilum]]'' * ''[[Oncidium]]'' | * ''[[Vanda]]'' * ''[[Epidendrum]]'' * ''[[Brassia]]'' * ''[[Bulbophyllum]]'' * ''[[Catasetum]]'' * ''[[Sophronitis]]'' * ''[[Miltonia]]'' * ''[[Phaius]]'' |} [[Taiwan]], the biggest orchid exporter in the world, established the [http://top.tainan.gov.tw/ Taiwan Orchid Plantation], a science-based [[industrial park]], in [[2004]], to explore novel ways of growing and distributing orchids. The renowned [http://www.tios.com.tw/ Taiwanese International Orchid Show], usually held in early March each year, is amongst the top three orchid exhibitions in the world [http://www.libertytimes.com.tw/2007/new/mar/10/today-life7.htm]. Taiwan is particularly famous for the production of Phalaenopsis, and is a member of the [http://www.phal.org/ International Phalaenopsis Alliance (IPA)]. The [http://oldsite.toga.org.tw/index.htm Taiwan Orchid Growers Association (TOGA)], a [[NPO]] established in [[2001]], acts as a bridge between the government and the local orchid producers and distributors. The National Orchid Garden in the [[Singapore Botanic Gardens]] is considered by some to be among the finest collections of orchids in cultivation open to the public. Orchids, like [[tulip]]s, have become a major market throughout the world. Buyers now bid hundreds of dollars on new hybrids or improved ones. Because of their apparent ease in hybridization, they are now becoming one of the most popular cut-flowers on the market. ==Genera== {{main|List of Orchidaceae genera}} The following are amongst the most notable genera in the very large orchid family. ''[[Aa (plant)|Aa]]''; ''[[Abdominea]]''; ''[[Acampe]]''; ''[[Acanthephippium]]''; ''[[Aceratorchis]]''; ''[[Acianthus]]''; ''[[Acineta]]''; ''[[Acrorchis]]''; ''[[Ada (orchid)|Ada]]''; ''[[Aerangis]]''; ''[[Aeranthes]]''; ''[[Aerides]]''; ''[[Aganisia]]''; ''[[Agrostophyllum]]''; ''[[Amitostigma]]''; ''[[Anacamptis]]''; ''[[Ancistrochilus]]''; ''[[Angraecum]]''; ''[[Anguloa]]''; ''[[Ansellia]]''; ''[[Aorchis]]''; ''[[Aplectrum]]''; ''[[Arethusa (plant)|Arethusa]]''; ''[[Armodorum]]''; ''[[Ascocenda]]''; ''[[Ascocentrum]]''; ''[[Ascoglossum]]''; ''[[Australorchis]]''; ''[[Auxopus]]''; ''[[Baptistonia]]''; ''[[Barbrodia]]''; ''[[Barkeria]]''; ''[[Barlia]]''; ''[[Bartholina]]''; ''[[Beloglottis]]''; ''[[Biermannia]]''; ''[[Bletilla]]''; ''[[Brassavola]]''; ''[[Brassia]]''; ''[[Bulbophyllum]]''; ''[[Calypso Orchid|Calypso]]''; ''[[Catasetum]]''; ''[[Cattleya]]''; ''[[Cirrhopetalum]]''; ''[[Cleisostoma]]''; ''[[Clowesia]]''; ''[[Coelogyne]]''; ''[[Coryanthes]]''; ''[[Cymbidium]]''; ''[[Cyrtopodium]]''; ''[[Cypripedium]]''; ''[[Dactylorhiza]]''; ''[[Dendrobium]]''; ''[[Disa (orchid)|Disa]]''; ''[[Dracula (biology)|Dracula]]''; ''[[Encyclia]]''; ''[[Epidendrum]]''; ''[[Epipactis]]''; ''[[Eria]]''; ''[[Eulophia]]''; ''[[Gongora]]''; ''[[Goodyera]]''; ''[[Grammatophyllum]]''; ''[[Gymnadenia]]''; ''[[Habenaria]]''; ''[[Herschelia]]''; ''[[Laelia]]''; ''[[Lepanthes]]''; ''[[Liparis]]''; ''[[Ludisia]]''; ''[[Lycaste]]''; ''[[Masdevallia]]''; ''[[Maxillaria]]''; ''[[Meliorchis]]'', ''[[Mexipedium]]''; ''[[Miltonia]]''; ''[[Mormodes]]''; ''[[Odontoglossum]]''; ''[[Oncidium]]''; ''[[Ophrys]]''; ''[[Orchis]]''; ''[[Paphiopedilum]]''; ''[[Paraphalaenopsis]]''; ''[[Peristeria]]''; ''[[Phaius]]''; ''[[Phalaenopsis]]''; ''[[Pholidota (orchid)|Pholidota]]''; ''[[Phragmipedium]]''; ''[[Platanthera]]''; ''[[Pleione (orchid)|Pleione]]''; ''[[Pleurothallis]]''; ''[[Promenaea]]''; ''[[Pterostylis]]''; ''[[Renanthera]]''; ''[[Renantherella]]''; ''[[Restrepia]]''; ''[[Restrepiella]]''; ''[[Rhynchostylis]]''; ''[[Roezliella]]''; ''[[Saccolabium]]''; ''[[Sarcochilus]]''; ''[[Satyrium]]''; ''[[Selenipedium]]''; ''[[Serapias]]''; ''[[Sophronitis]]''; ''[[Spiranthes]]''; ''[[Stanhopea]]''; ''[[Stelis]]''; ''[[Thrixspermum]]''; ''[[Trias]]''; ''[[Trichocentrum]]''; ''[[Trichoglottis]]''; ''[[Vanda]]''; ''[[Vanilla (orchid)|Vanilla]]''; ''[[Zeuxine]]''; ''[[Zygopetalum]]''. == Image gallery == <gallery> Image:Dockrillia teretifolia.jpg|''[[Dockrillia teretifolia]]'', an epiphyte orchid. Image:Corallorhiza maculata 10222.JPG|''[[Corallorhyza maculata]]'', a [[myco-heterotroph]] Image:Cephalanthera longifolia plant100604.jpg|''[[Cephalanthera longifolia]]'', a terrestrial orchid Image:Blattformen toapel.jpg|Leaves of different species of orchids Image:Habenaria radiata.jpg|''[[Habenaria radiata]]''. Note the lip Image:Pterostylis coccinea 270903.jpg|''[[Pterostylis coccinea]]'', a highly specialized shape Image:Neuwiedia griffithii.jpg|''[[Neuwiedia griffithii]]'', [[Apostasioideae]]. Note the three normal stamens. Image:Pink Lady's Slipper.jpg|''[[Cypripedium acaule]]'' has two stamens. One can be seen from the picture, the other is on the other side Image:Ophrys insectifera flower.jpg|''[[Ophrys insectifera]]'' Image:Catasetum fimbriatum Orchi 05.jpg|''[[Catasetum fimbriatum]]''. The ''seta'' is evident. Image:Holcoglossum kimballianum Orchi 04.jpg|''[[Holcoglossum kimballianum]]'' Image:Spiranthes spiralis 120807.jpg|''[[Spiranthes spiralis]]'' Image:Dactylorhiza sambucina 040531Bw.jpg|''[[Dactylorhiza sambucina]]'' in two different colours Image:Vanilla planifolia 1.jpg|''[[Vanilla planifolia]]'', the vanilla flower Image:Vanilla plantation in wood dsc00190.jpg|Vanilla plant (the climber) Image:Bulbophyllum putidum.jpg|''[[Bulbophyllum putidum]]'' Image:Cattleya intermedia.jpg|''[[Cattleya intermedia]]'' Image:Labiata.jpg|''[[Cattleya labiata]]'' Image:Epidendrum ciliare.jpg|Cultivated ''[[Epidendrum ciliare]]'' Image:Dracula vampira.jpg|''[[Dracula vampira]]'', an orchid with a funny name Image:Odontoglossum grande Orchi 003.jpg|''[[Rossioglossum grande]]'' Image:Listera ovata 050606.jpg|''[[Listera ovata]]'', a less showy orchid Image:Vanda tricolor var suavis.jpg|''[[Vanda tricolor]]'' var. ''suavis'' Image:Oncidium papilio Orchi 03.jpg|''[[Oncidium papilio]]'' Image:Cambria_orchid.JPG|Cambria Image:White Orchid.jpg|Phalaenopsis hybrid Image:Orchid houseplant.JPG|An orchid as a decorative houseplant </gallery> ==See also== *[[Moyobamba]] - the 'City of Orchids', which has some 3,500 species of orchid native to the area *[[Nero Wolfe]] - fictional detective and orchidophile *Orchid - a poem by [[Patrick Ryan Dunn Sullivan]] == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ==References== * Arditti, J. 1992. Fundamentals of orchid biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. * Walter S. Judd, Christopher S. Campbell, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, Peter F. Stevens, Michael J. Donoghue: ''Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach'', Sinauer Associates Inc. 2007 * Batygina, T. B., Bragina, E. A., and Vasilyeva, E. 2003. ''The reproductive system and germination in orchids''. Acta Biol. Cracov. ser. Bot. 45: 21-34. * Berg Pana, H. 2005. ''Handbuch der Orchideen-Namen. Dictionary of Orchid Names. Dizionario dei nomi delle orchidee''. Ulmer, Stuttgart * Kreutz, C. A. J. 2004. ''Kompendium der Europaischen Orchideen. Catalogue of European Orchids''. Kreutz Publishers, Landgraaf, Netherlands * Ramírez, S., et al. Nature 448 , 1042- 1045 (2007). * D. Lee Taylor and Thomas D. Bruns : ''Ectomycorrhizal mutualism by two nonphotosynthetic orchids''; Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA; Vol. 94, pp. 4510-4515, April 1997 ([http://plantbio.berkeley.edu/~bruns/papers/taylor1997b.html on line]). * Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since]. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/] * Strasburger, Noll, Schenck, Schimper: Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. 4. Auflage, Gustav Fischer, Jena 1900, p. 459 {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{commonscat|Orchidaceae}} *[http://www.aos.org American Orchid Society] *[http://aoc.inetgardens.com Auckland Orchid Club] *[http://www.orchideen.at/english/frames_e.htm Austrian Orchid Society] *[http://www.chileflora.com/Florachilena/FloraEnglish/PIC_ORCHIDACEAE.php Chilean Orchids in Chileflora] *[http://www.cymbidiumorchids.net/ Cymbidium Orchids] *[http://www.kew.org/wcsp/home.do Kew checklist] *[http://www.nativeorchid.org/ Native Orchid Conservation Inc] *[http://www.pharmanatur.com/orchid.htm Orchids of Europe] *[http://orchidkerala.googlepages.com Orchids of Kerala] *[http://www.orchidspecies.com/index.htm Orchid Photo Encyclopedia] *[http://www.floridanaturepictures.com/orchids/orchid.html Orchid Picture Gallery] *[http://www.orchidworks.com/ OrchidWorks] - a photo album and overview of a variety of orchids *[http://www.ocos.net Orange County (California) Orchid Society] *[http://www.orchidplantcare.info Orchid Plant Care Information] *[http://www.flyingscarf.com/photos/folio/peloricphal.htm Peloric "Two Lips" Phalaenopsis] *[http://www.mayumihashi.com/blog-en/ Peruvian Orchids] - Mayumi Hashi, a botanical illustrator's report on a trip to Peru, which was partly funded by the [[Royal Horticultural Society]] (RHS). *[http://www.r-b-o.eu RBO] - Web-Portal about Reproductive Biology of Orchids *[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2004/03/0308_040308_cheatingorchids.html#main Report on pollination tactics by orchids] *[http://www.anbg.gov.au/cpbr/orchids/index.html Revealing the secret life of orchids ( Centre for plant biodiversity research - CSIRO and Botanic Gardens Australia )] *[http://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/registration_orchids.asp Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) International Orchid Register] (with search capability) *[http://orchid.unibas.ch/ Swiss Orchid Foundation at the Herbarium Jany Renz] *[http://www.apstas.com/groundorchids.htm Tasmanian terrestrial orchids (Hobart District Group of The Australian Plants Society)] *[http://www.fieldmuseum.org/vanishing_treasures/V_Wwaling.htm Waling-waling, an endangered orchid] *[http://www.coloridellamurgia.it/gall/schedebotorc/index.htm Wild orchids of "Alta Murgia" (Apulia - Southern Italy)] *[http://www.alpine-plants-jp.com/art/index_ranka.htm Wild orchid of Japan] - Flavon's art gallery *[http://www.photos.neuralnetworks.in/orchids.htm Wild orchids] - South Indian orchids *Stevens, P. F. (2001 onwards). Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 7, May 2006 [and more or less continuously updated since]. [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/] *[http://home-and-garden.webshots.com/album/558333132LaNIYq Orchids in Utopia Park (Israel) - Photo gallery] *[http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=a4AHZEKDUaM Orchid Bees Pollinating Mormodes Orchid - Video] [[Category:Flowers]] [[Category:Plant families]] [[Category:Orchids| ]] {{Link FA|de}} {{Link FA|pt}} [[ar:سحلب]] [[an:Orquidias]] [[gn:Tamanakuna]] [[bg:Орхидеи]] [[ca:Orquídia]] [[cs:Vstavačovité]] [[co:Orchidaceae]] [[da:Gøgeurt-familien]] [[de:Orchideen]] [[et:Käpalised]] [[es:Orchidaceae]] [[eo:Orkidacoj]] [[fr:Orchidaceae]] [[gl:Orquídea]] [[hsb:Orchidejowe rostliny]] [[hr:Orhideje]] [[id:Orchidaceae]] [[it:Orchidaceae]] [[he:סחלביים]] [[ka:ჯადვარისებრნი]] [[ht:Òkide]] [[lb:Orchideeën]] [[lt:Gegužraibiniai]] [[hu:Kosborfélék]] [[mg:Orkide]] [[ml:ഓര്‍ക്കിഡ്]] [[ms:Pokok Bunga Anggerik]] [[my:သစ်ခွ]] [[nl:Orchideeënfamilie]] [[ja:ラン科]] [[no:Orkidéfamilien]] [[pl:Storczykowate]] [[pt:Orquídea]] [[ro:Orhidee]] [[qu:Hillurina yura rikch'aq ayllu]] [[ru:Орхидные]] [[simple:Orchidaceae]] [[sk:Vstavačovité]] [[sl:Kukavičevke]] [[fi:Kämmekkäkasvit]] [[sv:Orkidéer]] [[th:กล้วยไม้]] [[vi:Họ Phong lan]] [[to:ʻOketi]] [[tr:Salepgiller]] [[uk:Орхідні]] [[zh:蘭科]]