Organic light-emitting diode 191646 225894222 2008-07-15T22:11:31Z WikiDreamer Bot 7221255 robot Adding: [[da:OLED]] [[Image:OLEDScreen.jpg|thumb|A 3.8&nbsp;cm (1.5&nbsp;in) OLED Screen]] An '''organic light-emitting diode''' ('''OLED'''), also '''light emitting polymer''' ('''LEP''') and '''organic electro-luminescence''' ('''OEL'''), is any [[light-emitting diode]] (LED) whose [[Emission (electromagnetic radiation)|emissive]] [[electroluminescence|electroluminescent]] layer is composed of a film of [[organic compounds]]. The layer usually contains a [[polymer]] substance that allows suitable organic compounds to be deposited. They are deposited in rows and columns onto a flat carrier by a simple "printing" process. The resulting matrix of [[pixel]]s can emit light of different colors. Such systems can be used in [[television]] screens, [[computer display]]s, portable system screens, advertising, information and indication. OLEDs can also be used in light sources for general space illumination, and large-area light-emitting elements. OLEDs typically emit less light per area than inorganic solid-state based LEDs which are usually designed for use as point-light sources. A significant benefit of OLED displays over traditional [[liquid crystal display]]s (LCDs) is that OLEDs do not require a [[backlight]] to function. Thus they draw far less power and, when powered from a battery, can operate longer on the same charge. Because there is no need for a backlight, an OLED display can be much thinner than a LCD panel. OLED-based [[display device]]s also can be more effectively manufactured than LCDs and plasma displays.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} However, degradation of OLED materials has limited their use.<ref>O. Prache, [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V01-4344JGD-3/2/6d182b573e86e5086c7c4bde634776a9 ''Active matrix molecular OLED microdisplays''], Displays Volume 22, Issue 2, May 2001, Pages 49-56.</ref> ==History== Bernanose and co-workers first produced [[electroluminescence]] in organic materials in the early 1950s by applying a high-voltage [[alternating current]] (AC) field to crystalline thin films of [[acridine orange]] and [[quinacrine]].<ref>A. Bernanose, M. Comte, P. Vouaux, ''J. Chim. Phys.'' [[1953]], '''50''', 64</ref><ref>A. Bernanose, P. Vouaux, ''J. Chim. Phys.'' 1953, '''50''', 261</ref><ref>A. Bernanose, ''J. Chim. Phys.'' [[1955]], '''52''', 396</ref><ref>A. Bernanose, P. Vouaux, ''J. Chim. Phys.'' 1955, '''52''', 509</ref> In [[1960]], researchers at [[Dow Chemical]] developed AC-driven electroluminescent cells using doped [[anthracene]].<ref>E. Gurnee, R. Fernandez, {{US patent|3172862}}, [[1965]]</ref> The low electrical conductivity of such materials limited light output until more conductive organic materials became available, especially the [[polyacetylene]], [[polypyrrole]], and [[polyaniline]] "Blacks". In a [[1963]] series of papers, Weiss ''et al.'' first reported high conductivity in iodine-[[Doping (semiconductor)|doped]] oxidized [[polypyrrole]].<ref>R. McNeill, R. Siudak, J. H. Wardlaw, D. E. Weiss, [http://www.organicsemiconductors.com/polypyrrole1.pdf Electronic Conduction in Polymers. I. The Chemical Structure of Polypyrrole], ''Aus. J. Chem.'' [[1963]], '''16''', 1056</ref><ref>B. A. Bolto, D. E. Weiss, [http://www.organicsemiconductors.com/polypyrrole2.pdf Electronic Conduction in Polymers. I. The Chemical Structure of Polypyrrole], ''Aus. J. Chem.'' 1963, '''16''', 1056</ref><ref>B. A. Bolto, R. McNeill, D. E. Weiss, [http://www.organicsemiconductors.com/polypyrrole3.pdf Electronic Conduction in Polymers. III. Electronic Properties of Polypyrrole], ''Aus. J. Chem.'' 1963, '''16''', 1090</ref> They achieved a conductivity of 1 [[Siemens (unit)|S]]/[[Metre|cm]]. Unfortunately, this discovery was "lost" {{Clarifyme|date=March 2008}}, as was a 1974 report<ref>J. McGinness, P. Corry, P. Proctor, [http://www.drproctor.com/os/amorphous.htm Amorphous Semiconductor Switching in Melanins], ''Science'' [[1974]], '''183''', 853</ref> of a melanin-based bistable switch with a high conductivity "ON" state. This material emitted a flash of light when it switched. In a subsequent [[1977]] paper, [[Hideki Shirakawa]] ''et al.'' reported high conductivity in similarly oxidized and iodine-doped [[polyacetylene]].<ref>H. Shirakawa, E. J. Louis, A. G. MacDiarmid, C. K. Chiang and A. J. Heeger, [http://www.rsc.org/Publishing/Journals/C3/article.asp?doi=C39770000578 Synthesis of electrically conducting organic polymers: halogen derivatives of polyacetylene, (CH)x], ''J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun.'' [[1977]], 578 - 580</ref> [[Alan J. Heeger]], [[Alan G. MacDiarmid]] & Hideki Shirakawa received the [[2000]] [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for "The discovery and development of conductive organic polymers". The Nobel citation made no reference to the earlier discoveries.<ref>The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/chemadv.pdf Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000], retrieved on [[July 28]] [[2007]]</ref> The first diode device was invented at Eastman Kodak by Dr. Ching Tang and Steven Van Slyke in the 1980s. <ref name=ApplPhy87/> This diode, giving rise to the term "OLED" used a novel two-layer structure with separate hole transporting and electron transporting layers such that recombination and light emission occurred in the middle or the organic layer. This resulted in a reduction in operating voltage and improvements in efficiency, and started the current era of OLED research and device production. Later, this concept was adapted for use with polymers culminated in the Burroughs ''et al.'' [[1990]] paper in the journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' reporting a very-high-efficiency green-light-emitting polymer.<ref>J. H. Burroughes, D. D. C. Bradley, A. R. Brown, R. N. Marks, K. Mackay, R. H. Friend, P. L. Burn, A. B. Holmes, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v347/n6293/abs/347539a0.html Light-emitting diodes based on conjugated polymers], ''Nature'' [[1990]], '''347''', 539 - 541</ref> ==Working principle== A typical OLED is composed of an emissive layer, a conductive layer, a substrate, and [[anode]] and [[cathode]] terminals. The layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. Their levels of conductivity range from those of insulators to those of conductors, and so they are called [[organic semiconductor]]s. The first, most basic OLEDs consisted of a single organic layer, for example the first light-emitting polymer device synthesised by Burroughs ''et al.'' involved a single layer of [[poly(p-phenylene vinylene)]]. Multilayer OLEDs can have more than two layers to improve device efficiency. As well as conductive properties, layers may be chosen to aid charge injection at electrodes by providing a more gradual electronic profile, or block a charge from reaching the opposite electrode and being wasted.<ref>D. Ammermann, A. Böhler, W. Kowalsky, [http://www.tu-braunschweig.de/Medien-DB/ihf/p048-058.pdf ''Multilayer Organic Light Emitting Diodes for Flat Panel Displays''], Institut für Hochfrequenztechnik, TU Braunschweig, 1995</ref> [[Image:OLED schematic.svg|thumb|center|400px|Schematic of a 2-layer OLED: 1. Cathode (&minus;), 2. Emissive Layer, 3. Emission of radiation, 4. Conductive Layer, 5. Anode (+)]] A voltage is applied across the OLED such that the anode is positive with respect to the cathode. This causes a current of [[electron]]s to flow through the device from cathode to anode. Thus, the cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer and the anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer; in other words, the anode gives [[electron hole]]s to the conductive layer. Soon, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged, while the conductive layer becomes rich in positively charged holes. Electrostatic forces bring the electrons and the holes towards each other and they recombine. This happens closer to the emissive layer, because in organic semiconductors holes are more mobile than electrons (unlike in inorganic semiconductors). The recombination causes a drop in the energy levels of electrons, accompanied by an emission of [[radiation]] whose [[frequency]] is in the [[visible light|visible region]]. That is why this layer is called emissive. The device does not work when the anode is put at a negative potential with respect to the cathode. In this condition, holes move to the anode and electrons to the cathode, so they are moving away from each other and do not recombine. [[Indium tin oxide]] is commonly used as the anode material. It is transparent to visible light and has a high [[work function]] which promotes injection of holes into the polymer layer. Metals such as [[aluminium]] and [[calcium]] are often used for the cathode as they have low [[work function]]s which promote injection of electrons into the polymer layer.<ref>R. H. Friend, R. W. Gymer, A. B. Holmes, J. H. Burroughes, R. N. Marks, C. Taliani, D. D. C. Bradley, D. A. Dos Santos, J. L. Brédas, M. Lögdlund, W. R. Salaneck, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v397/n6715/abs/397121a0.html Electroluminescence in conjugated polymers], ''Nature'' 1999, '''397''', 121</ref> Just like [[Passive matrix addressing|passive-matrix]] LCD versus [[active-matrix LCD]], OLEDs can be categorized into passive-matrix and active-matrix displays. Active-matrix OLEDs (AMOLED) require a [[thin film transistor]] backplane to switch the individual pixel on or off, and can make higher resolution and larger size displays possible. ==Material technologies== ===Small molecules=== OLED technology was first developed at [[Eastman Kodak Company]] by Dr. Ching W. Tang using small molecules. The production of small-molecule displays often involves [[thin-film deposition|vacuum deposition]], which makes the production process more expensive than other processing techniques (see below). Since this is typically carried out on glass substrates, these displays are also not flexible, though this limitation is not inherent to small-molecule organic materials. The term OLED traditionally refers to this type of device, though some are using the term SM-OLED. Molecules commonly used in OLEDs include organo-metallic [[chelation|chelates]] (for example [[tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium|Alq3]], used in the first organic light-emitting device)<ref name=ApplPhy87>C. W. Tang, S. A. VanSlyke, [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000051000012000913000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Organic electroluminescent diodes], ''Appl. Phys. Lett.'' [[1987]], '''51''', 913</ref> and conjugated [[dendrimers]]. Recently a hybrid light-emitting layer has been developed that uses nonconductive polymers [[Doping (semiconductor)|doped]] with light-emitting, conductive molecules. The polymer is used for its production and mechanical advantages without worrying about optical properties. The small molecules then emit the light and have the same longevity that they have in the SM-OLEDs. ===Polymer light-emitting diodes=== [[Image:Lep partfail.jpg|thumb|LEP display showing partial failure]] Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLED), also light-emitting polymers (LEP), involve an [[electroluminescence|electroluminescent]] [[conductive polymer]] that emits [[light]] when connected to an external voltage source. They are used as a [[thin film]] for [[full-spectrum]] color displays and require a relatively small amount of power for the light produced. No vacuum is required, and the emissive materials can be applied on the [[substrate (printing)|substrate]] by a technique derived from commercial [[inkjet printer|inkjet]] printing.<ref>T. R. Hebner, C. C. Wu, D. Marcy, M. H. Lu, J. C. Sturm, [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000072000005000519000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices], ''Appl. Phys. Lett.'' [[1998]], '''72''', 519</ref><ref>J. Bharathan, Y. Yang, [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000072000021002660000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Polymer electroluminescent devices processed by inkjet printing: I. Polymer light-emitting logo], ''Appl. Phys. Lett.'' 1998, '''72''', 2660</ref> The substrate used can be flexible, such as [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]].<ref>G. Gustafsson, Y. Cao, G. M. Treacy, F. Klavetter, N. Colaneri, A. J. Heeger, [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v357/n6378/abs/357477a0.html Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers], ''Nature'' [[1992]], '''357''', 477</ref> Thus flexible PLED displays, also called Flexible OLED (FOLED), may be produced inexpensively. Typical polymers used in PLED displays include derivatives of [[poly(p-phenylene vinylene)]] and [[polyfluorene]]. [[Substitution (chemistry)|Substitution]] of side chains onto the polymer backbone may determine the color of emitted light<ref>A. J. Heeger, in W. R. Salaneck, I. Lundstrom, B. Ranby, ''Conjugated Polymers and Related Materials'', Oxford 1993, 27-62</ref> or the stability and solubility of the polymer for performance and ease of processing.<ref>R. Kiebooms, R. Menon, K. Lee, in H. S. Nalwa, ''Handbook of Advanced Electronic and Photonic Materials and Devices Volume 8'', Academic Press 2001, 1-86</ref> ===Phosphorescent OLED=== Phosphorescent OLED ([[PHOLED]]) uses the principle of electrophosphorescence to convert electrical energy in an OLED into light in a highly efficient manner. ==Patterning technologies== ===Patternable OLED=== Patternable organic light-emitting device (POLED) uses a light or heat activated electroactive layer. A latent material ([[PEDOT-TMA]]) is included in this layer that, upon activation, becomes highly efficient as a hole injection layer. Using this process, light-emitting devices with arbitrary patterns can be prepared.<ref>J. Liu, L. N. Lewis and A. R. Dugal. "Photoactivated and patternable charge transport materials and their use in organic light-emitting devices." Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 233503 (2007)</ref> ===Inkjet=== See "PLED" section. ===Laser patterning=== Color patterning by means of laser, such as Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer ([[RIST]]).<ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=DTPSDS000036000001000972000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=Yes M.Boroson et al., "Non-Contact OLED Color Patterning by Radiation-Induced Sublimation Transfer (RIST)", SID2005 Digest, p.972, 2005]</ref> ==Backplane technologies== For a high resolution display like a TV, a [[Thin film transistor|TFT]] backplane is necessary to drive the pixels correctly. Currently [[LTPS]]-[[Thin film transistor|TFT]] ([[LTPS|low temperature poly silicon]]) is used for commercial AMOLED displays. LTPS-TFT has variation of the performance in a display, so various compensation circuits have been reported. <ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=DTPSDS&CURRENT=NO&ONLINE=YES&smode=strresults&sort=rel&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&pjournals=DTPSDS%2CJSIDE8&pyears=2004%2C2003%2C2002%2C2001%2C2000&possible1=sasaoka&possible1zone=article&SMODE=strsearch&OUTLOG=NO&viewabs=DTPSDS&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=1&chapter=0 T.Sasaoka et al., "A 13.0-inch AM-OLED Display with Top Emitting Structure and Adaptive Current Mode Programmed Pixel Circuit (TAC)," SID Digest, Vol.32, pp.384-387, June 2001]</ref> Due to the size limitation of the [[excimer laser]] used for [[LTPS]], the AMOLED size was limited. To cope with the hurdle related to the panel size, amorphous-silicon/microcrystalline-silicon backplanes have been reported with large display prototype demonstrations.<ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=DTPSDS000034000001000006000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=Yes T.Tsujimura et al., "A 20-inch OLED Display Driven by Super-Amorphous-Silicon Technology," SID Digest, Vol.34, pp.6-9, May 2003]</ref><ref>F.Templier et al, "Development of nanocrystalline silicon thin film transistors with low-leakage and high stability for AMOLED displays", IDMC2006 Digest, p.1705, 2006</ref> ==OLED Structures== ===Bottom emission/Top emission=== Bottom emission uses a transparent or semi-transparent bottom electrode to get the light through a transparent substrate. Top emission<ref>W.Graupner et al., "High Resolution Color Organic Light Emitting Diode Microdisplay Fabrication Method", SPIE Proceedings 4207, 11-19 (2000)</ref><ref>[http://scitation.aip.org/vsearch/servlet/VerityServlet?KEY=DTPSDS&CURRENT=NO&ONLINE=YES&smode=strresults&sort=rel&maxdisp=25&threshold=0&pjournals=DTPSDS%2CJSIDE8&pyears=2004%2C2003%2C2002%2C2001%2C2000&possible1=sasaoka&possible1zone=article&SMODE=strsearch&OUTLOG=NO&viewabs=DTPSDS&key=DISPLAY&docID=1&page=1&chapter=0 T.Sasaoka et al., "A 13.0-inch AM-OLED Display with Top Emitting Structure and Adaptive Current Mode Programmed Pixel Circuit (TAC)," SID Digest, Vol.32, pp.384-387, June 2001]</ref> uses a transparent or semi-transparent top electrode to get the light through the counter substrate. ===Transparent OLED=== Transparent organic light-emitting device (TOLED) uses a proprietary transparent contact to create displays that can be made to be top-only emitting, bottom-only emitting, or both top and bottom emitting (transparent). TOLEDs can greatly improve contrast, making it much easier to view displays in bright sunlight. This technology is used in [[Head-up display]]s. ===Stacked OLED=== Stacked OLED (SOLED) uses a pixel architecture that stacks the red, green, and blue subpixels on top of one another instead of next to one another as is commonly done in [[Cathode ray tube|CRT]]s and LCDs. This improves display resolution up to threefold and enhances full-color quality. ===Inverted OLED=== In contrast to a conventional OLED, in which the anode is placed on the substrate, an Inverted OLED (IOLED) uses a bottom cathode that can be connected to the drain end of an n-channel TFT especially for the low cost [[amorphous silicon]] TFT backplane useful in the manufacturing of AMOLED displays.<ref>Ta-Ya Chu, Szu-Yi Chen, Chao-Jung Chen, Jenn-Fang Chen and Chin H. Chen,[http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APPLAB000089000005053503000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Highly efficient and stable inverted bottom-emission organic light emitting devies], Appl. Phys. Lett. 2006, '''89''', 053503.</ref> ==Advantages== The radically different manufacturing process of OLEDs lends itself to many advantages over flat-panel displays made with LCD technology. Since OLEDs can be printed onto any suitable [[Substrate (printing)|substrate]] using an inkjet printer or even screen printing technologies,<ref>D. A. Pardo, G. E. Jabbour, N. Peyghambarian, [http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/73500507/ABSTRACT Application of Screen Printing in the Fabrication of Organic Light-Emitting Devices], ''Adv. Mater.'' 2000, '''12''', No. 17, 1249</ref> they can theoretically have a significantly lower cost than LCDs or [[plasma display]]s. Printing OLEDs onto flexible substrates opens the door to new applications such as roll-up displays and displays embedded in fabrics or clothing. OLEDs enable a greater range of colors, brightness, and viewing angle than LCDs, because OLED pixels directly emit light. OLED pixel colors appear correct and unshifted, even as the viewing angle approaches 90 degrees from normal. LCDs use a [[backlight]] and cannot show true black, while an "off" OLED element produces no light and consumes no power. Energy is also wasted in LCDs because they require [[polarizer]]s which filter out about half of the light emitted by the backlight. Additionally, color filters in color LCDs filter out two-thirds of the light. OLEDs also have a faster response time than standard LCD screens. Whereas a standard LCD currently has an average of 4-8 millisecond response time, an OLED can have less than 0.01ms response time.<ref>Samsung SDI, [http://www.samsungsdi.com/contents/en/product/oled/type01.html OLED - Passive Matrix (PM)], retrieved on July 28 2007</ref> ==Disadvantages== The biggest technical problem for OLEDs is the limited lifetime of the organic materials. In particular, blue OLEDs historically have had a lifetime of around 14,000 hours (5 years at 8 hours a day) when used for flat-panel displays, which is lower than typical lifetime of LCD, LED or [[Plasma display|PDP]] technology &ndash; each currently rated for about 60,000 hours, depending on manufacturer and model. But in 2007, experimental PLEDs were created which can sustain 400 cd/m² of luminance for over 198,000 hours for green OLEDs and 62,000 hours for blue OLEDs.<ref>Cambridge Display Technology, [http://www.cdtltd.co.uk/press/current_press_releases/602.asp Cambridge Display Technology and Sumation Announce Strong Lifetime Improvements to P-OLED Material; Blue P-OLED Materials Hit 10,000 Hour Lifetime Milestone at 1,000 cd/sq.m], March 26, 2007, retrieved on [[January 03]], [[2008]]</ref> The intrusion of water into displays can damage or destroy the organic materials. Therefore, improved sealing processes are important for practical manufacturing and may limit the longevity of more flexible displays. == Technology demos == ===Sony applications=== [[Image:Sony OLED TV XEL-1.JPG|thumb|Sony 11-inch OLED, released in Japan at the end of 2007]] At the [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] [[Consumer Electronics Show|CES 2007]], [[Sony]] showcased 11-inch (28 cm, resolution 1,024×600) and 27-inch (68.5 cm, full HD resolution at 1920×1080) models claiming million-to-one [[contrast ratio]] and total thickness (including bezels) of 5 mm. Sony released a commercial version of this television in Japan in December, 2007.<ref>Engadget, [http://www.engadget.com/2007/10/01/the-sonydrive-xel-1-oled-tv-1-000-000-1-contrast-starting-decem/ The Sony Drive XEL-1 OLED TV: 1,000,000:1 contrast starting December 1st], October 1 2007, retrieved on October 1 2007</ref> Sony plans to begin manufacturing 1000 11-inch OLED TVs per month for market testing purposes.<ref>CNET News, [http://news.cnet.co.uk/televisions/0,39029698,49289103,00.htm Sony to sell 11-inch OLED TV this year], April 12 2007, retrieved on July 28 2007</ref> Sony has begun selling an 11-inch OLED Digital TV ([[Sony XEL-1|XEL-1]]) for $2499.99 CAN<ref> Sony Canada [http://www.sonystyle.ca/commerce/servlet/ProductDetailDisplay?storeId=10001&langId=-1&catalogId=10001&productId=1004843&navigationPath=n100404&RequestPartner=Google&gclid=CLTn4pfd9JICFQVGagodhCHf5Q] </ref> On [[May 25]] [[2007]], Sony publicly unveiled a video of a 2.5-inch flexible OLED screen which is only 0.3 millimeters thick.<ref>Australian IT, [http://www.australianit.news.com.au/story/1,24897,21805296-5013040,00.html Sony bends video display], May 28 2007, retrieved on July 28 2007</ref> The screen displayed images of a bicycle stunt and a picturesque lake while the screen was flexed. On [[October 1]] [[2007]], Sony announced it will sell 11-Inch OLED TVs for 200,000 yen (1,962.51 USD as of 4/1/08) from December 2007, only in Japan <ref> Nikkei News [http://www.nni.nikkei.co.jp/AC/TNKS/Nni20071001D01JF323.htm Sony To Sell 11-Inch OLED TVs For Y200,000 From Dec] </ref> and with an initial production of 2000 units per month. On [[April 16]] [[2008]], at "Display 2008", Sony showed a 0.2 mm (0.0079 inch) thick 3.5 inch display with a resolution of 320x200 pixels and a 0.3 mm thick 11 inch display with 960x540 pixels resolution. That's one-tenth the thickness of the XEL-1 (which is also 11 inch and the same resolution).<ref>[http://www.engadget.com/2008/04/16/sonys-3-5-inch-oled-is-just-0-0079-inches-thin/ Sony's 3.5- and 11-inch OLEDs are just 0.008- and 0.012-inches thin - Engadget]</ref> <ref>[http://209.85.135.104/translate_c?hl=en&u=http://www.watch.impress.co.jp/av/docs/20080416/display1.htm AV Watch article (Google translation from Japanese)]</ref> On [[July 10]] [[2008]], The Japanese government is backing Sony, Toshiba, Sharp, Matsushita Electric and some other companies in joint research of OLED TV Panels. An agency set up for encouraging research, The New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization, or NEDO, said in a statement Thursday it has chosen the companies with the aim of developing a 40-inch OLED display sometime after 2015.).<ref>[http://www.oled-display.net/japanese-companies-will-team-up-with-the-government-to-develop-oled-panel-key-technologies/ Japanese companies will team up with the government to develop OLED Panel key technologies ]</ref> ===Other companies=== The [[Optimus Maximus keyboard]] developed by the [[Art. Lebedev Studio]] and released early 2008 uses 113 48×48-pixel OLEDs (10.1×10.1 mm) for its keys. OLEDs can be used in High-Resolution Holography ([[Volumetric display]]). Professor Orbit showed on [[May 12]] [[2007]], EXPO Lisbon the potential application of these materials to reproduce three-dimensional video.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} OLEDs could also be used as solid-state light sources. OLED efficacies and lifetime already exceed those of [[incandescent light bulb]]s, and OLEDs are investigated worldwide as a source of general illumination; an example is the EU OLLA project.<ref name=olla>OLLA project, [http://www.OLLA-project.org EU OLLA website], retrieved on July 28 2007</ref> On March 11, 2008 [[GE Global Research]] demonstrated the first successful [[Roll-to-roll processing|roll-to-roll]] manufactured OLED, marking a major milestone towards cost effective production of commercial OLED technology. The 4 year, $13 million research project was carried out by [[GE Global Research]], Energy Conversion Devices, Inc and the [[NIST|U.S. Commerce Department’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)]].<ref name=businesswire>Businesswire, [http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20080311005806&newsLang=en] , retrieved on March 11, 2008</ref> <ref name=ge>GE Global research blog,[http://www.grcblog.com/?p=247], retrieved March 11 2008</ref> [[Chi Mei]] EL Corp of Tainan, [[Taiwan]], demonstrated a 25" Low-Temperature [[Polycrystalline silicon]] Active Matrix OLED at the Society of Information Displays ([http://www.sid.org SID]) conference in Los Angeles, CA, USA on May 20-22, 2008. ==Commercial uses== OLED technology is used in commercial applications such as small screens for mobile phones and portable [[digital audio player]]s (MP3 players), car radios, [[digital camera]]s, and high-resolution microdisplays for [[head-mounted display]]s. Such portable applications favor the high light output of OLEDs for readability in sunlight, and their low power drain. Portable displays are also used intermittently, so the lower lifespan of OLEDs is less important here. Prototypes have been made of flexible and rollable displays which use OLED's unique characteristics. OLEDs have been used in most [[Motorola]] and [[Samsung]] color cell phones, as well as some [[Sony Ericsson]] phones, notably the Z610i, and some models of the [[Sony Walkman]]<ref name=cellphone>Electronic News, [http://www.edn.com/index.asp?layout=article&articleid=CA516009&partner=enews OLEDs Replacing LCDs in Mobile Phones], April 7 2005, retrieved on July 28 2007</ref>. It is also found in the Creative Zen V/V Plus series of MP3 players. [[Nokia]] has also introduced recently some OLED products, including the 7900 Prism and Nokia 8800 Arte. On October 1st, 2007, [[Sony]] became the first company to announce an OLED television.The XEL-1 11" OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode) Digital Television sells for $2499.99 in Canada (as of April 24, 2008). They are available in the United States at select Sony Style stores for US$2499.99. Newer OLED applications include signs and outdoor lighting.<ref>CeeLite, [http://www.news.com/Start-up-creates-flexible-sheets-of-light/2100-11398_3-6221720.html?part=rss&tag=2547-1_3-0-5&subj=news], December 6, 2007</ref> The second-generation flash-based [[iriver clix|Clix]] mp3 player, released in April 2007 by [[iRiver]], displays video on a 320x240 2.2" AMOLED screen of 262K colors.<ref>iRiver Product Page, [http://www.iriver.com/product/p_detail.asp?pidx=82], April 2007</ref> Samsung unveiled a 31-inch OLED TV at the January 2008 CES in Las Vegas and is promising much larger screens to come. “We have the technological ability to make 40-inch OLED,” said a spokesman, before adding that it won’t be until 2010 that the company will be in a position to mass produce such panels.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Use of OLEDs may be subject to [[patent]]s held by [[Eastman Kodak]] and others. Kodak has [[license]]d its patents to other firms such as [[LG]] for commercialization.<ref>OLED-Info.com, [http://www.oled-info.com/tags/companies/kodak Kodak Signs OLED Cross-License Agreement With LG Display], retrieved on March 14,2008</ref> ==See also== {{portalpar|Electronics|Nuvola_apps_ksim.png}} <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> *[[Comparison of display technology]] *[[Active-Matrix OLED]] (AMOLED) *[[Flexible electronics]] *[[List of light sources]] *[[PHOLED]] *[[Surface-conduction electron-emitter display]] (SED) *[[Field emission display]] (FED) *[[List of emerging technologies]] *[[Nano-emissive display]] *[[Organic semiconductor]]s *[[Conductive polymers]] *[[Molecular electronics]] *[[Steven Van Slyke]] *[[Time Multiplexed Optical Shutter]] (TMOS) </div> == References == <!--This article uses the Cite.php citation mechanism. If you would like more information on how to add references to this article, please see http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cite/Cite.php --> {{reflist|2}} == Further reading == * Shinar, Joseph (Ed.), ''Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Survey''. NY: Springer-Verlag (2004). ISBN 0-387-95343-4. * Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), ''Handbook of Luminescence, Display Materials and Devices'', Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2003). ISBN 1-58883-010-1. Volume 1: Organic Light-Emitting Diodes * Hari Singh Nalwa (Ed.), ''Handbook of Organic Electronics and Photonics'', Volume 1-3. American Scientific Publishers, Los Angeles (2008). ISBN 1-58883-095-0. * Yersin, Hartmut (Ed.), ''Highly Efficient OLEDs with Phosphorescent Materials''. Wiley-VCH (2007). ISBN 3-527-40594-1 * Müllen, Klaus (Ed.), ''Organic Light Emitting Devices: Synthesis, Properties and Applications''. Wiley-VCH (2006). ISBN 3-527-31218-8 ==External links== * [http://www.ewh.ieee.org/soc/cpmt/presentations/cpmt0401a.pdf Structure and working principle of OLEDs and electroluminescent displays] * [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/2000/public.html Information for the public about the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2000] {{Display Technology}} [[Category:Optical diodes]] [[Category:Display technology]] [[Category:Molecular electronics]] [[Category:Conductive polymers]] [[ca:Díode orgànic d'emissió de llum]] [[cs:OLED]] [[da:OLED]] [[de:Organische Leuchtdiode]] [[es:OLED]] [[eo:OLED]] [[fr:Diode électroluminescente organique]] [[ko:유기 발광 다이오드]] [[id:OLED]] [[it:OLED]] [[he:OLED]] [[nl:Organische lichtemitterende diode]] [[ja:有機エレクトロルミネッセンス]] [[no:OLED]] [[pl:Organic Light-Emitting Diode]] [[pt:OLED]] [[ru:OLED]] [[simple:Organic light-emitting diode]] [[fi:OLED]] [[sv:OLED]] [[tr:OLED]] [[uk:Органічний світлодіод]] [[zh:有机发光半导体]]