Orthoptera
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2008-07-04T16:31:46Z
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{{Taxobox
| name = '''Orthoptera'''
|fossil_range=[[Carboniferous]] - Recent
| image = Patanga_japonica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Patanga japonica]]''
| image_width = 240px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| subclassis = [[Pterygota]]
| infraclassis = [[Neoptera]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Exopterygota]]
| superordo = [[Orthopteroidea]]
| ordo = '''Orthoptera'''
| ordo_authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1793
| subdivision_ranks = Extant [[suborder]]s and [[superfamily|superfamilies]]
| subdivision =
Suborder [[Ensifera]]
*[[Grylloidea]]
*[[Hagloidea]]
*[[Rhaphidophoroidea]]
*[[Schizodactyloidea]]
*[[Stenopelmatoidea]]
*[[Tettigonioidea]]
Suborder [[Caelifera]]
*[[Acridoidea]]
*[[Eumastacoidea]]
*[[Pneumoroidea]]
*[[Pyrgomorphoidea]]
*[[Tanaoceroidea]]
*[[Tetrigoidea]]
----
*[[Tridactyloidea]]
*[[Trigonopterygoidea]]
}}
The '''Orthoptera''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ορθός, ''orthos'' = "straight" and πτεрόν, ''pteron'' = "wing") are an order of [[insect]]s with paurometabolous or [[incomplete metamorphosis]], including the [[grasshopper]]s, [[cricket (insect)|cricket]]s and [[locust]]s. Many insects in this order produce [[sound]] (known as a "[[stridulation]]") by rubbing their wings against each other or their legs, the wings or legs containing rows of corrugated bumps. The tympanum or [[ear]] is located in the front tibia in crickets, mole crickets, and katydids. These organisms use vibrations to locate other individuals.
==Characteristics==
Orthopterans have two pairs of [[insect wing|wings]]; the forewings or tegmina are narrower than the hind wings and hardened at the base. They are held overlapping the abdomen at rest. The hind wing is membranous and held folded fan-like under the forewings when at rest. They have [[mandible|mandibulate]] mouthparts, large compound eyes, [[antenna (biology)|antennae]] length varies with species. Their saltatorial hind legs are elongated for jumping.
==Life cycle==
Orthopteroid species have a paurometabolous life cycle or [[gradual metamorphosis]]. Most grasshoppers lay their [[egg (biology)|eggs]] in the ground or on vegetation. The eggs hatch and the young [[Nymph (biology)|nymphs]] resemble adults but lack wings and at this stage are often called ''hoppers''. Grasshoppers are able to fold their wings, placing them in the group Neoptera. Through successive [[ecdysis|moults]] the nymphs develop wings until their final moult into a mature adult with fully developed wings.
The number of moults varies between species; growth is also very variable and may take a few weeks to some months depending on food availability and weather conditions.
==Orthoptera as food==
The Orthoptera are the only insects considered [[kosher]] in [[Judaism]]. Although the [[Bible]] may be read as stating that all Orthoptera are kosher except those, such as the [[mole cricket]], that do not jump, [[halakhic]].
== Classification ==
**Superfamily [[Hagloidea]]
***[[Haglidae]]†
***[[Hagloedischiidae]]†
***[[Prophalangopsidae]]
***[[Tuphellidae]]†
**Superfamily [[Phasmomimoidea]]†
***[[Phasmomimidae]]†
**Superfamily [[Rhaphidophoroidea]]
***[[Rhaphidophoridae]] - camel crickets, cave crickets, cave wetas
**Superfamily [[Schizodactyloidea]]
***[[Schizodactylidae]] - dune crickets
**Superfamily [[Stenopelmatoidea]]
***[[Anostostomatidae]] - wetas, king crickets
***[[Cooloolidae]]
***[[Gryllacrididae]] - leaf-rolling crickets
***[[Stenopelmatidae]] - Jerusalem crickets
**Superfamily [[Tettigonioidea]]
***[[Haglotettigoniidae]]†
***[[Tettigoniidae]] - katydids / bush crickets
*Suborder [[Caelifera]] - grasshoppers, locusts
**Infraorder [[Acrididea]]
***Superfamily [[Acridoidea]]
****[[Acrididae]] - grasshoppers, locusts
****[[Charilaidae]]
****[[Dericorythidae]]
****[[Lathiceridae]]
****[[Lentulidae]]
****[[Lithidiidae]]
****[[Ommexechidae]]
****[[Pamphagidae]] - toad grasshoppers
****[[Pyrgacrididae]]
****[[Romaleidae]]
****[[Tristiridae]]
***Superfamily [[Eumastacoidea]]
****[[Chorotypidae]]
****[[Episactidae]]
****[[Eumastacidae]]
****[[Euschmidtiidae]]
****[[Mastacideidae]]
****[[Morabidae]]
****[[Promastacidae]]†
****[[Proscopiidae]]
****[[Thericleidae]]
***Superfamily [[Locustopsoidea]]†
****[[Araripelocustidae]]†
****[[Bouretidae]]†
****[[Eolocustopsidae]]†
****[[Locustavidae]]†
****[[Locustopsidae]]†
***Superfamily [[Pneumoroidea]]
****[[Pneumoridae]] - bladder grasshoppers
***Superfamily [[Pyrgomorphoidea]]
****[[Pyrgomorphidae]] - gaudy grasshoppers
***Superfamily [[Tanaoceroidea]]
****[[Tanaoceridae]]
***Superfamily [[Tetrigoidea]]
****[[Tetrigidae]] - grouse locusts
***Superfamily [[Trigonopterygoidea]]
****[[Trigonopterygidae]]
****[[Xyronotidae]]
**Infraorder [[Tridactylidea]]
***Superfamily [[Dzhajloutshelloidea]]†
****[[Dzhajloutshellidae]]†
***Superfamily [[Regiatoidea]]†
****[[Regiatidae]]†
***Superfamily [[Tridactyloidea]]
****[[Cylindrachetidae]]
****[[Rhipipterygidae]]
****[[Tridactylidae]] - pygmy mole crickets
==See also==
*[[List of orthoptera recorded in Britain]]
*[[Grasshopper]]
*[[Locust]]
*[[Walking Sticks]]
*[[Crickets]]
*[[Mantids]]
*[[Katydids]]
== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://orthoptera.speciesfile.org/ Orthoptera Species File Online]
*[http://www.ent.iastate.edu/imagegal/orthoptera Orthoptera Image Gallery (Iowa State University Entomology Department)]
*[http://www.affa.gov.au/content/output.cfm?ObjectID=D2C48F86-BA1A-11A1-A2200060B0A00383 Australian Plague Locust Commission]
*[http://www.orthoptera.org/ The Orthopterists' Society]
[[Category:Insects]]
[[Category:Orthoptera| ]]
[[ca:Ortòpter]]
[[cs:Rovnokřídlí]]
[[de:Springschrecken]]
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[[eo:Ortopteroj]]
[[fr:Orthoptera]]
[[ko:메뚜기목]]
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[[ja:バッタ目]]
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[[qu:Haq'arwitu]]
[[ru:Прямокрылые]]
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[[vi:Bộ Cánh thẳng]]
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