Ossification
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2008-06-22T19:04:10Z
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{{wiktionary|ossification}}
'''Ossification''' is the process of [[bone]] formation, in which connective tissues, such as [[cartilage]] are turned to bone or bone-like tissue. The ossified tissue is invaginated with blood vessels. These blood vessels bring [[minerals]] like [[calcium]] and deposit it in the ossifying tissue. Bone formation is a dynamic process, with cells called [[osteoblast]]s depositing minerals, and [[osteoclast]]s removing bone.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Caetano-Lopes J, Canhão H, Fonseca JE |title=Osteoblasts and bone formation |journal=Acta reumatológica portuguesa |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=103–10 |year=2007 |pmid=17572649}}</ref> This process, termed [[bone remodeling]] continues throughout life.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II |title=Bone remodeling |journal=Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. |volume=1092 |issue= |pages=385–96 |year=2006 |pmid=17308163 |doi=10.1196/annals.1365.035}}</ref>
==Types of ossification==
* [[Endochondral ossification]]: formation of bone by detachment of hyaline bone.
* [[Intramembranous ossification]]: dissolment of bone from [[mesenchyme]], esp. round bones found in the [[pelvis]]
* [[Heterotopic ossification]]: detachment of bone in extraskeletal hard tissue, esp. in connective tissue or muscle tissue.
==Evolution==
Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in [[vertebrates]]. One popular idea is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store [[mineral]]s. In this model, minerals such as calcium were stored in [[cartilage]], and that bone was an [[exaptation]] from this ossified [[cartilage]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donoghue PC, Sansom IJ |title=Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization |journal=Microsc. Res. Tech.|issue=5 |pages=352–72 |year=2002 |pmid=12430166 |doi=10.1002/jemt.10217 |volume=59}}</ref> However, other possibilities include bony tissue evolving as an osmotic barrier, or as a protective structure.
==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Skeletal system]]
[[Category:Tissues]]
{{biology-stub}}
[[id:Osifikasi]]
[[ja:骨化]]
[[sv:Benbildning]]
[[th:การกลายเป็นกระดูก]]
[[zh:成骨作用]]