Oud 92149 225574868 2008-07-14T11:21:21Z 85.177.151.214 /* List of famous oud players */ {{otheruses}} {{Infobox Instrument |name=Oud |names= |image=Oud.jpg |classification= *[[:Category:Necked bowl lutes|Necked bowl lutes]] *[[String instruments]] |range= |related= *[[Angélique (instrument)]] *[[Archlute]] *[[Balalaika]] *[[Barbat (lute)]] *[[Bağlama]] *[[Biwa]] *[[Bouzouki]] *[[Charango]] *[[Chitarra Italiana]] *[[Daguangxian]] *[[Đàn tỳ bà]] *[[Dombra]] *[[Domra]] *[[Dutar]] *[[Electric pipa]] *[[Erhu]] *[[Irish bouzouki]] *[[Liuqin]] *[[Lute]] *[[Mandocello]] *[[Mandola]] *[[Mandolin]] *[[Mandolute]] *[[Pandura]] *[[Pipa]] *[[Qanbus]] *[[Rubab]] *[[Setar]] *[[Sitar]] *[[Surbahar]] *[[Tanbur]] *[[Tanbur (Turkish)]] *[[Tembûr]] *[[Theorbo]] *[[Tiorbino]] *[[Tiqin]] *[[Topshur]] *[[Veena]] *[[Zhonghu]] }} The '''oud''' ({{lang-ar|'''عود'''}} ''ʿūd'', plural: '''أعواد''', ''a‘wād''; {{lang-so|}} ''kaban''; [[Persian language|Persian]]: '''بربط''' ''barbat''; {{lang-tr|ud ''or'' ut}};<ref>[http://tdk.org.tr/TR/SozBul.aspx?F6E10F8892433CFFAAF6AA849816B2EF05A79F75456518CA&kelime=ut Güncel Türkçe Sözlük'te Söz Arama] {{tr icon}}</ref> {{lang-el|ούτι}}; {{lang-hy|ուդ}}, [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]: ''ud''; [[Hebrew]]: עוד ''ud'') is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument, which is often seen as the predecessor of the western [[lute]], distinguished primarily by being without [[fret]]s, commonly used in [[Middle Eastern music]]. ==Name== The words "lute" and "oud" are both derived from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] العود (''al-ʿūd''), consisting of the [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic letters]] ''[[ayin|ʿayn]]''-''[[waw (letter)|wāw]]''-''[[dalet|dāl]]'', meaning a thin piece of [[wood]] similar to the shape of a straw, referring either the to wood [[plectrum]] used traditionally for playing the lute[http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk/history.html], or to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or for the fact that the top was made of wood, not skin as were earlier.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} However, recent research by [[Eckhard Neubauer]][http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/journals/archive/am/00449202_ap030061.html] suggests that ''ʿūd'' may simply be an Arabized version of the [[Persian language|Persian]] name ''rud'', which meant string, stringed instrument, or lute. Gianfranco Lotti suggests that the "wood" appellation originally carried derogatory connotations, because of proscriptions of all instruments music in early Islam.{{Fact|date=May 2007}} The Arabic prefix ''al-,'' in ''al-ʿūd,'' which represents the [[definite article]] and can be translated as "the," was not retained when ''al-ʿūd,'' was borrowed into Turkish, nor was the ''[[ayin|ʿayn]]'', as it is not a sound existing in the Turkish language. The resulting word in Turkish is simply ''ud'' (pronunciation follows that of the word ''food'' without the ''f'' ), much as it sounds when pronounced in the English language. The oud was most likely introduced to Western Europe by the Arabs who established the [[Umayyad]] Caliphate of [[Al-Andalus]] on the Iberian Peninsula beginning in the year 711 AD. Oud-like instruments such as the Ancient Greek [[Pandoura]] and the Roman [[Pandura]] likely made their way to the [[Iberian Peninsula]] much earlier than the oud. However, it was the royal houses of Al-Andalus that cultivated the environment which raised the level of oud playing to greater heights and boosted the popularity of the instrument. The most famous oud player of Al-Andalus was [[Zyriab]]. He established the first music conservatory in Spain, enhanced playing technique and added a fifth [[Course (music)|course]] to the instrument. The European version of this instrument came to be known as the lute - ''luth'' in French, ''laute'' in German, ''liuto'' in Italian, ''luit'' in Dutch, (all beginning with the letter "L") and ''alaud'' in Spanish. The word "[[luthier]]" meaning stringed instrument maker is also derived from the French ''luth''. Unlike the oud the Europen lute utilized frets (usually tied gut). ==History== According to [[Farabi]], the oud was invented by [[Lamech]], the sixth grandson of [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]]. The legend tells that the grieving Lamech hung the body of his dead son from a tree. The first oud was inspired by the shape of his son's bleached skeleton.<ref>{{cite news|title=A Fabled Instrument, Suppressed in Iraq, Thrives in Exile|date=May 1, 2008|publisher=[[New York Times]]|author=[[Erica Goode]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/middleeast/01oud.html?_r=1&hp=&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all}} (citing [[Grove Music Online]])</ref> The oldest pictorial record of a lute dates back to the [[Uruk period]] in Southern [[Mesopotamia]] - [[Iraq]] - [[Nasria]] city nowadays, over 5000 years ago on a cylinder seal acquired by Dr. Dominique Collon and currently housed at the British Museum. The image depicts a female crouching with her instruments upon a boat, playing right-handed. This instrument appears many times throughout Mesopotamian history and again in ancient Egypt from the 18th dynasty onwards in long and short-neck varieties. One may see such examples at the Metropolitan Museums of New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, and the British Museum on clay tablets and papyrus paper. This instrument and its close relatives have been a part of the music of each of the ancient civilizations that have existed in the Mediterranean and the Middle East regions, including the [[Sumerians]], [[Akkadians]], [[Persian people|Persians]], [[Babylonians]], [[Assyrians]], [[Armenians]], [[Greeks]], [[Egyptians]], and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]]. The ancient [[Turkic peoples]] had a similar instrument called the ''[[komuz|kopuz]]''. This instrument was thought to have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the [[Göktürk]] monument inscriptions, the military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.<ref>Fuad Köprülü, ''Türk Edebiyatında İlk Mutasavvıflar'' (First Sufis in Turkish Literature), Ankara University Press, Ankara 1966, pp. 207, 209.; Gazimihal; Mahmud Ragıb, ''Ülkelerde Kopuz ve Tezeneli Sazlarımız'', Ankara University Press, Ankara 1975, p. 64.; ''Musiki Sözlüğü'' (Dictionary of Music), M.E.B. İstanbul 1961, pp. 138, 259, 260.; Curt Sachs, ''The History of Musical Instruments'', New York 1940, p. 252.</ref> According to Musicolog [[Çinuçen Tanrıkorur]] today's oud was derived from the kopuz by Turks near Central Asia and additional strings were added by them.<ref>http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/detay.php?id=15164 {{tr icon}}</ref> Today's oud is totally different from the old prototypes and the Turkish oud is different from Arabic oud in playing style and shape. The Turkish is derived from modifying the Arabic oud, whose development has been attributed to Manolis Venios, a well known Greek luthier who lived Constantinople (Istanbul) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} In Greece and Armenia musicians especially use the Turkish ouds and tunings.{{Fact|date=April 2007}} [[Image:Aleppo-Music0Band.jpg|thumb|[[Aleppo]] musician with an oud, 1915.]] The oud has a particularly long tradition in [[Iraq]],<ref name=NYT2008>{{cite news|title=A Fabled Instrument, Suppressed in Iraq, Thrives in Exile|date=May 1, 2008|publisher=[[New York Times]]|author=[[Erica Goode]]|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/01/world/middleeast/01oud.html?_r=1&hp=&oref=slogin&pagewanted=all}}</ref> where a saying goes that in its music lies the country’s soul.<ref name=NYT2008/> A ninth-century Baghdad jurist praised the healing powers of the instrument, and the 19th century writer [[Muhammad Shihab al-Din]] related that it "places the temperament in equilibrium" and "calms and revives hearts."<ref name=NYT2008/> Following the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|invasion of Iraq]] and the overthrow of the secular [[Saddam Hussein|Hussein]] regime in 2003, however, the increasing fervor of Islamic militants who consider secular music to be ''[[haraam]]'' (forbidden) forced many Oud players or teachers into hiding or exile.<ref name=NYT2008/> ==Defining features== *'''Lack of [[Frets]]''': The oud, unlike many other plucked stringed instruments, does not have a fretted neck. This allows the player to be more expressive by using slides and [[vibrato]]. It also makes it possible to play the [[microtonal music|microtones]] of the [[Maqam|Maqam System]]. This development is relatively recent, as ouds still had frets ca. AD 1100, and they gradually lost them by AD 1300, mirroring the general development of Near-Eastern music which abandoned harmony in favor of [[melismatic]]s. *'''Strings''': With some exceptions, the modern oud has eleven strings. Ten of these strings are paired together in [[Course (music)|courses]] of two. The eleventh, lowest string remains single. There are many different tuning systems for the oud which are outlined below. The ancient oud had only four courses - five by the 9th century. The strings are generally lighter to play than the modern [[classical guitar]]. *'''[[Pegbox]]''': The pegbox of the oud is bent back at a 45-90° angle from the neck of the instrument. This provides the necessary tension that prevents the pegs from slipping. *'''Body''': The oud's body has a staved, bowl-like back resembling the outside of half a [[watermelon]], unlike the flat back of a [[guitar]]. This bowl allows the oud to [[resonate]] and have a more complex tone. *'''Sound-holes''': The oud generally has one to three sound-holes, which may be either oval or circular, and often are decorated with a bone or wood carved rosette. [[Image:Oud.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Front and rear views of an oud. This one was built by [[Viken Najarian]].]] ==Regional types== [[Image:Turkey.Konya025.jpg|thumb|right|225px|Turkish Ud, an ancient musical instrument inlaid with ivory and mother-of-pearl <br /> <center> <small> Mevlâna mausoleum, Konya, Turkey </small> </center>]] The following are the general regional characteristics of oud types in which both the shape and the tuning most commonly differ: *'''Arabic ouds''': :*'''[[Syria]]n ouds''': Slightly larger, slightly longer neck, lower in pitch. :*'''[[Iraq]]i (Munir Bashir type) ouds''': Generally similar in size to the Syrian oud but with a floating bridge which focuses the mid-range frequencies and gives the instrument a more guitar-like sound. This kind of oud was developed by the Iraqi oud [[virtuoso]] [[Munir Bechir]]. Iraqi ouds made today often feature 13 strings, adding a pair of higher pitched nylon strings to a standard Arabic oud configuration. :*'''[[Egypt]]ian ouds''': Similar to Syrian and Iraqi ouds but with a more pear shaped body. Slightly different tone. Egyptians commonly are set up with only the 5 courses GADGC. Egyptian Ouds tend to be very ornate and highly decorated. *'''[[Turkey|Turkish| Greek]] style ouds ("ud,ούτι")''' (Includes instruments found in [[Armenia]] and [[Greece]]): Slightly smaller in size, slightly shorter neck, higher in pitch, brighter [[timbre]]. It's known as '''outi''' in Greece and was used by early Greek musicians. *'''Barbat ([[Iran|Persian]] Oud)''': smaller than Arabic ouds with different tuning and higher tone. Similar to Turkish ouds but slightly smaller. *'''Oud Qadim''': an archaic type of oud from North Africa, now out of use. Although the Greek instruments [[Laouto]] and [[Lavta]] appear to look much like an oud, they are very different in playing style and origin, deriving from Byzantine lutes. The [[laouto]] is mainly a chordal instrument, with occasional melodic use in Cretan music. Both always feature movable frets (unlike the oud). ==Plectrum (pick)== The [[plectrum]] (pick) for the oud is usually a little more than the length of an index-finger. The Arabs traditionally used thin piece of wood as a plectrum, later replaced by the eagle's feather by [[Zyriab]] in [[Spain]] (between 822 to 857), other sources state that he is the first one to use the wooden [[plectrum]][http://www.amukhtar.com/ar/a/a45.html]. To date the Arabic players use the historic name ''reeshe'' or ''risha''([[Arabic]] ريشة), which literally means "feather" while Turkish players refer to it as a ''mızrap.''. Currently the plastic pick is most commonly used for playing the oud being effective, affordable and convenient to get. Like similar [[strum]]med [[stringed instrument]]s, professional Oud players take the quality of their [[plectrum]]s very seriously, often making their own out of other [[plastic]] objects, and taking great care to [[sandpaper|sand]] down any sharp edges in order to achieve the best sound possible. ==Oud tunings== There are many different tuning options for the oud. All tunings are presented from the lowest course/single string to the highest course. The following tunings are from [http://larkinthemorning.com/article.asp?AI=6&bhcd2=1145737318 Lark in the Morning] and [http://www.oudcafe.com/stringing_and_tuning.htm Oud Cafe]: [http://www.oud.gr/tunic.htm Oud] ===Arabic oud tunings=== *'''E A D G C''' Five Strings (Syria, Palestine and Lebanon) - by Eduardo Haddad Ribeiro *'''G A D G C''' Popular Egyptian tuning *'''D G A D G C''' older tuning *'''C F A D G C''' Currently the most commonly used tuning. *'''B E A D G C''' For certain classical music, similar to the classical Turkish tuning in all 4ths *'''F A D G C F''' high pitched solo tuning *'''G C D G C F''' *'''B E A D G C F''' ,Seven strings oud tuning. ===Turkish oud ("ud") and [[Cumbus|Cümbüş]] tunings=== *Old Turkish, Armenian and Greek Tuning: '''E A B E A D''' or '''D A B E A D''' * Classical Turkish and Tuning Variant: '''C# F# B E A D''' or '''B F# B E A D''' Note - Turkish classical music is written transposed, so that the written tuning for the above tuning is "F#BEADG"; also the Turks will transpose to other keys, too. *Standard [[Cumbus|Cümbüş]] Tuning: ABEADG actual pitch, written as '''D E A D G C''' ==List of famous oud players== {{Multicol}} '''In [[Middle East]]:''' In [[Egypt]]: *[http://www.oud.gr/riyad_alsumbati.htm Riyad al-Sunbati] *[[Hazem Shaheen]] (1978-) *[[Mohammed Abdel Wahab]] (1907-1991) *[[Mohamed El Asabgi]] (1892-1966) *[[Sayed Darwish]] (1892-1923) *[[Sheikh Imam]] (1918-1995) In [[Iraq]]: * [[Salman Shukur]] * [[Rahim Al Haj]] * [[Jamil Bashir]] * [[Munir Bashir]] (Iraq/Hungary) * [[Ahmed Mukhtar]] (Iraq/London) * [[Naseer Shamma]] * [[Ali Alemaam]] In [[Kuwait]]: * Yousif Al Mutrif (Kuwait) * Rashid Al Hameli (Kuwait) {{Multicol}} In [[Lebanon]]: * [[Wadih Saffi]] * [[Wadie el Safi]] * [[Rabih Abou-Khalil]] * [[Marcel Khalife]] * [[Charbel Rouhana]] * [[Bassem Rizk]] In [[Morocco]]: * [http://www.andalus.com Tarik Banzi] * Ahmed El Bidaoui * Said Chraybi * Driss El Maloumi * Armand Sabach In [[Palestine]]: *[http://www.letriojoubran.com Le trio Joubran] * [[Simon Shaheen]] * Nizar Rohana * Samer Totah [http://www.samertotah.com/] In [[Saudi Arabia]]: * [[Abadi al-Johar]] * [[Talal Maddah]] * [[Bashir Shannan]] {{Multicol}} In [[Somalia]]: * [[Hudaydi]] * [[Omar Dhuule]] * [[Hanuuniye]] In [[Sudan]]: * [[Mustafa Said Ahmed]] (Sudan) * [[Mohamed Al Amin]] (Sudan) In [[Syria]]: * [[Farid Al Attrach]] (Syria/Egypt) * Alsiadi [http://www.alsiadi.com ] (Syria/USA) * Muhammad Qadri Dalal * [http://www.oud.gr/method_arabe.htm Abolrahman Jabakjl] * Omar Naqishbandi * Afif Taian In [[Tunisia]]: * [[Anouar Brahem]] * [[Amine-Hamza M'RAIHI]] * [[Dhafer Youssef]] * Ali Es-Sriti * Khmaies Tarnen In [[Yemen]]: *Abu Baker Salem *Ali Alanisi *Ahmed Fathy *Ali Einaba *Alshameeri *Fasel Alawei *Fuad Alkibsy *Najiba Abdullah {{Multicol-end}} '''In [[Iran]]:''' *[[Hossein Behroozinia]] (1962-) *[[Arsalan Kamkar]] (1960-) *[[Mansour Nariman]] (1938-) *Mohammad Delnavazi (1954-) *Mohammad Firoozi (1957-) *Ahad Goharzadeh (1958-?) *Jamal Jahanshad (1948-) *Yousef Kamoosi (1902-1987) *Mohammad Khansarian (1948-) *Hasan Manoochehri (1934-) *Shahram Mirjalali (1959-) *Akbar Mohseni (1911-1995) *Abdulvahab Shahidi (1921-) *Nasrollah Zarrinpanjeh (1906-1982) '''In [[United States]]''' * [[Daron Malakian]] (Armenian) * [[Ahmed Abdul-Malik]] (United States/Sudan) * Saadoun Al-Bayati [http://www.saadounal-bayati.com] (United States/Iraq) * [[Hamza El Din]] (Egypt/Sudan/United States) * [[Sandy Bull]] (United States) * Rachid Halihal [http://www.rachidhalihalmusic.com/] (United States/Morocco) * Naji Hilal [http://www.najihilal.com/] (United States/Lebanon) * Naser Musa [http://www.nasermusa.net/] (Palestine/Lebanon) * Levent Firat (born in Turkey) [http://www.hicistan.com/] * David Lindley (United States) [http://www.davidlindley.com/] * Gayle Ellett (United States) [http://www.virb.com/Fernwood/] * Basil Samara (United States/Lebanon) * Scott Wilson (United States) * Mavrothi T. Kontanis (United States/Greece [http://www.mtkontanis-music.com/] :''of Armenian descent:'' :* [[John Berberian]] :* [[Richard Hagopian]] :* Roupen Altiparmakian (United States/Greece) (born in Adana, Turkey) :* John Bilezikjian :* Ara Dinkjian :* Charles "Chick" Ganimian :* Marty Kentigian :* Haig Manoukian :* Marko Melkon (Melkon Alemsharian) (born in Izmir, Turkey) :* George Mgrdichian :* Harry Minassian :* Antranig Kzirian [http://www.theoudplayer.com] {{Multicol-break}} '''In [[Turkey]]:''' [[Image:Udi Hrant CD jacket.jpg|thumb|Udi Hrant with his oud]] * Ismail Fencioglu * [http://www.oud.gr/bacanos.html Udi Yorgo Bacanos (1900-1977, also known as Georgios Mpatzanos) (ethnic Greek)] * Münir Nurettin Beken * Necati Çelik * Mısır'lı İbrahim Efendi (1872-1933) * Samim Karaca * [[Udi Hrant Kenkulian]] (1901-1978) (ethnic Armenian) * Udi Bogos Kireciyan (ethnic Armenian) * Ûdi Nevres Bey (1873-1937) * [[Coşkun Sabah]] * [[Cinuçen Tanrıkorur]] (1938-2000) * [[Serif Muhiddin Targan]] (1892-1967) * İlyas Tetik * Yurdal Tokcan * [http://www.oud.gr/mutlu.htm Mutlu Torun] '''In [[Israel]]:''' * [[Yair Dalal]] (Israel/Iraq) * Amos Hoffman * Taiseer Elias * Armond Sabah (Israel/Morocco) '''In [[Greece]]:''' * Tsiamoulis Christos (Classic Byzantine Music) * Michalis Tsouganakis * Periklis Tsoukalas * Alekos K. Vretos [http://www.alekosvretos.gr/] (Greece) * Haig Yazdjian (Armenian descent) * Giorgos Alevizos [http://www.myspace.com/alevizosgeorgeudi] * [http://www.oud.gr/my_oud.htm Nikos Saragoudas] * [http://www.oud.gr/index.html Nikos Dimitriadis] * [http://www.oud.gr/kasouras.htm Vasilis Kasouras] {{Multicol-break}} '''In [[United Kingdom]]''' * [[Robin Williamson]] (1943-) '''In [[Canada]]''' * Dikran ''Richard'' Sarookanian (''of Armenian descent'') * Gordon Grdina '''Others:''' * Ahmad Firdaus Baragbah (Jambi/Indonesia) * Zulkarnain Yusof (Johor/Malaysia) * Samir Zaki (Jordan) * Ali Bin Rogha (United Arab Emirates) * [[Joseph Tawadros]] (Australia) * George Farahat (Jordon) {{Multicol-end}} ==List of famous oud makers== {{Multicol}} '''In [[Iraq]]:''' *Mohammed Fadehl *[http://www.yaroubfadel.com/index.html Yaroub Fadhel] (making Iraqi ouds in Tunisia) *Ibrahim Hamody *Furat Ibrahim Hamody *Fawzi Manshad (Iraq-Basra) '''In [[Palestine]]:''' *[http://www.wissamjoubran.com Wissam Joubran] '''In [[Iran]]:''' *Jafar Abedini *Nariman Abnoosi *Mohsen Ajdari *Mohammad Taghi Arafti *Mohammad Ashari *Hasan Manoochehri *Ebrahim Ghanbari Mehr *Mohammadi Brothers *Khalil Mousavi *Bahram Taherian '''In [[Egypt]]:''' *Fathi Amin *Abdelrahman Darwish *[http://www.nilecart.com/GawharetelFanOuds.htm Gawharet el Fan] *Gamil Girges *[http://www.nilecart.com/MauriceShehataOuds.htm Maurice Shehata] {{Multicol-break}} '''In [[Somalia]]:''' *Mohamed Mooge Libaan *Daud Ali Masxaf *Jiimi Sheikh Mu'min '''In [[Syria]]:''' *Ali Khalifeh *Nahat family *[http://www.oudsukar.com/en/index.php Ibrahim Sukar] *[http://www.samir-oud.com/ Samir Azar] '''In [[Turkey]]:''' *[http://www.ibrahimada.com/ İbrahim Ada] (Istanbul) *Ramazan Calay (Istanbul) *Mustafa Copçuoğlu (Istanbul) *Necati Gurbuz (Izmir) http://necatigurbuz.tr.cx/ *[http://www.veyselmuzik.com/ Cengiz Sarikus] (Istanbul) *Hadi Usta *Onnik Karibyan (Turkey, of Armenian descent) *Manol (Manolis Venios)(19th c. Greek maker, Istanbul) *[[Faruk Turunz]] (Istanbul) *[http://www.eraydinsazevi.com.tr/ Haluk Eraydin] (Aydin) *[http://www.turkishouds.com/ Yildirim Palabiyik] (İzmir) '''In [[The United States]]:''' *Mario Epstein (Idaho) *Peter Kyvelos (Massachusetts) *[http://www.oud.net/ Viken Najarian] (California) *[http://www.khalafoud.com/ Jameel (Khalaf) Abraham] {{Multicol-end}} '''Other countries:''' *Faisal Alawy (Yemen) *[http://www.oudnazihghadban.com/home.htm Nazih Ghadban] (Lebanon) *Salmeen (Kuwait) *[http://www.theodorakis.name/ Tasos Theodorakis] (Greece) *[http://www.dimitrisouds.com/ Dimitris Rapakousios] (Greece) *[http://www.magicstrings.co.uk/ Michael Moussa] (UK) == Note == {{reflist}} == See also == * [[Qanbūs]] ==External links== * [http://www.learn-media.com/ Oud Playing] Learn to Play the Oud by ear (For beginners, DVD)]. * [http://www.nilecart.com/egyptianouds.htm NileCart] Egyptian oud gallery. * [http://www.alsiadi.com Alsiadi's Music Scores] Alsiadi's classical Arabic & Middle Eastern music scores * [http://www.oud.eclipse.co.uk/ Al-Oud/The Oud] a website by Dr David Parfitt * [http://www.maqamworld.com Maqam World] a website by Johnny Farraj, Najib Shaheen, Sami Abu Shumays and Tareq Abboushi * [http://www.xs4all.nl/~gregors/ud/ The Ud (Oud), its players and recordings] * [http://www.iranianoud.com/ Iranian Oud] a website by Majid Yahyanejad * [http://www.arabicouds.com Mike's Ouds, includes Oud Forums] * [http://www.brianprunka.com/oud/index.htm Brian Prunka Oud page] *[http://www.virb.com/Fernwood.html FERNWOOD] An American music group that uses ouds in their music. * [http://www.oudcafe.com Oud Cafe], an educational website dedicated to the practical techniques of Oud playing and the performance of Ottoman classical and Aegean traditional music * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2KbvqBY_BUk&feature=related Oso Varoun Ta Sidera] {{ArabicInstruments}} [[Category:Arabic musical instruments]] [[Category:Necked bowl lutes]] [[Category:Oud players|*]] [[Category:Lebanese music]] [[Category:Turkish music]] [[Category:Persian music]] [[Category:Turkmen music]] [[Category:Azerbaijani musical instruments]] [[Category:Uzbekistani music]] [[Category:Tunisian music]] [[Category:Moroccan music]] [[Category:Somali music]] [[Category:Albanian music]] [[Category:Arab music]] [[Category:Armenian musical instruments]] [[Category:Bulgarian music]] [[Category:Early musical instruments]] [[Category:Greek music]] [[Category:Macedonian music]] [[Category:Middle Eastern culture]] [[Category:Turkish musical instruments]] [[Category:Iranian musical instruments]] [[Category:Albanian musical instruments]] [[Category:Uzbekistani folk instruments]] [[ar:عود]] [[arc:ܥܘܕܐ]] [[cs:Úd (hudební nástroj)]] [[cy:Oud]] [[de:Oud]] [[es:Laúd árabe]] [[eo:Al-Udo]] [[fa:بربط]] [[fr:Oud]] [[it:Oud]] [[he:עוד (כלי נגינה)]] [[hu:Úd]] [[nl:Oud (muziekinstrument)]] [[ja:ウード]] [[no:Oud]] [[pl:Oud]] [[pt:Ud]] [[ru:Уд (музыкальный инструмент)]] [[simple:Oud]] [[fi:Ud]] [[sv:Oud]] [[tr:Ud]] [[zh:烏德琴]]