Outlaw 266307 224469388 2008-07-08T23:50:20Z Bobo192 97951 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/24.187.13.31|24.187.13.31]] ([[User talk:24.187.13.31|talk]]) to last version by Garrettfranceskaiser {{world}} {{Refimprove|date=May 2007}} {{dablink|For other senses of this word, see [[outlaw (disambiguation)]].}} [[Image:Great_train_robbery_still.jpg‎|right|200px|thumb| [[Image:Great_train_robbery_still.jpg‎|right|200px|thumb|]] |Western American outlaw as depicted in the [[The Great Train Robbery (1903 film)]]]] An '''outlaw''' or '''bandit''' is a person living the lifestyle of '''outlawry'''; the word literally means "outside the [[law]]",<ref>Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), citing 22 Viner, Abr. 316.</ref> by folk-etymology from the original meaning "laid outside" of the Old Norse word ''útlagi'', from which the word ''outlaw'' was borrowed into English.<ref>Sara M. Pons-Sanz, ''Norse-Derived Vocabulary in Late Old English Texts: Wulfstan's Works, a Case Study'', North-Western European Language Evolution, Supplement, 22 (Odense: University Press of Southern Denmark, 2007), p. 80.</ref> In the [[common law]] of England, a judgment declaring someone an outlaw, known as a "Writ of Outlawry", was one of the harshest penalties in the legal system, since the outlaw could not use the legal system to protect himself if needed, such as from [[mob justice]].<ref>Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), and citations therein.</ref> Though the judgment of outlawry is now obsolete (even though it inspired the ''pro forma'' [[Outlawries Bill]] which is still to this day introduced in the [[British House of Commons]] during the [[State Opening of Parliament]]), romanticised outlaws became [[stock character]]s in several fictional settings, particularly in [[Western movie]]s. Thus, "outlaw" is still commonly used to mean those violating the law<ref>Black's Law Dictionary at 1255 (4th ed. 1951), citing ''Oliveros v. Henderson'', 116 S.C. 77, 106 S.E. 855, 859.</ref> or, by extension, those living that lifestyle, whether actual criminals evading the law or those merely opposed to "law-and-order" notions of conformity and authority (such as the "[[outlaw country]]" music movement in the 1970s). ==A feature of older legal systems== In [[United Kingdom|British]] [[common law]], an outlaw was a person who had defied the laws of the realm, by such acts as ignoring a [[summons]] to court, or fleeing instead of appearing to plead when charged with a [[crime]]. In the earlier law of [[Anglo-Saxon England]], outlawry was also declared when a person committed a [[homicide]] and could not pay the [[weregild]], the blood-money, due to the victim's kin. Outlawry also existed in other legal codes of the time, such as the ancient [[Norse]] and [[Iceland]]ic legal code. These societies did not have any police force or prisons and criminal sentences were therefore restricted to either fines or outlawry. To be declared an outlaw was to suffer a form of [[civil death|civil]] or [[social death|social]]<ref>Zygmunt Bauman, "Modernity and Holocaust".</ref> death. The outlaw was debarred from all civilized society. No one was allowed to give him food, shelter, or any other sort of support &mdash; to do so was to commit the crime of [[aiding and abetting]], and to be in danger of the ban oneself. An outlaw might be killed with impunity; and it was not only lawful but meritorious to kill a thief flying from justice &mdash; to do so was not [[murder]]. A man who slew a thief was expected to declare the fact without delay, otherwise the dead man’s kindred might clear his name by their oath and require the slayer to pay weregild as for a true man<ref>F. Pollock and F. W. Maitland, ''The History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I'' (1895, 2nd. ed., Cambridge, 1898, reprinted 1968).</ref> Because the outlaw has defied civil society, that society was quit of any obligations to the outlaw &mdash;outlaws had no civil rights, could not sue in any court on any cause of action, though they were themselves personally liable. In the context of [[criminal law]], outlawry faded not so much by legal changes as by the greater population density of the country, which made it harder for wanted fugitives to evade capture; and by the international adoption of [[extradition]] pacts. In the civil context, outlawry became obsolescent in [[civil procedure]] by reforms that no longer required summoned [[defendant]]s to appear and plead. Still, the possibility of being declared an outlaw for derelictions of [[Civil law (common law)|civil]] duty continued to exist in English law until 1879 and in [[Scots law]] until the late 1940s. The Third Reich made extensive use of the concept.<ref>Shirer,"The Third Reich."</ref> Prior to the [[Nuremberg Trials]], the British jurist [[Lord Chancellor]] [[John Simon, 1st Viscount Simon|Lord Simon]] attempted to resurrect the concept of outlawry in order to provide for summary executions of captured [[Nazism|Nazi]] [[war criminal]]s. Although Simon's point of view was supported by [[Winston Churchill]], American and Soviet attorneys insisted on a trial, and he was thus overruled.. == Hobsbawm's Bandits == The colloquial sense of an outlaw as bandit or brigand is the subject of a colourful monograph by [[Eric Hobsbawm]]<ref>Bandits, E J Hobsbawm, pelican 1972</ref>. According to Hobsbawm<blockquote> The point about social bandits is that they are peasant outlaws whom the lord and state regard as criminals, but who remain within peasant society, and are considered by their people as heroes, as champions, avengers, fighters for justice, perhaps even leaders of liberation, and in any case as men to be admired, helped and supported. This relation between the ordinary peasant and the rebel, outlaw and robber is what makes social banditry interesting and significant...........Social banditry of this kind is one of the most universal social phenomena known to history. </blockquote> Hobsbawm's book discusses the bandit as a symbol, and mediated idea, and many of the outlaws he refers to, such as Ned Kelly, Mr. Dick Turpin, and Billy the Kid, are also listed below.. ==Famous outlaws== <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:Lampiao.jpg|frame|right|[[Lampião]], a famous bandit (turned into popular myth) of Brazilian [[Cangaço]]|{{deletable image-caption|1=Sunday, 13 January 2008}}]] -->The [[stereotype]] owes a great deal to [[England|English]] [[folklore]] precedents, in the tales of [[Robin Hood]] and of gallant [[highwayman|highwaymen]]. But outlawry was once a [[term of art]] in the [[law]], and one of the harshest [[judgment]]s that could be pronounced on anyone's head. The outlaw is familiar to contemporary readers as an archetype in [[Western movie]]s, depicting the lawless [[expansionism]] period of the United States in the late 19th century. The Western outlaw is typically a [[criminal]] who operates from a base in the [[wilderness]], and opposes, attacks or disrupts the fragile institutions of new settlements. By the time of the Western frontier, many jurisdictions had abolished the process of outlawry, and the term was used in its more popular meaning. ===American Western=== {{seealso|List of Western Outlaws}} * [[Joaquin Murietta]] * [[The Sundance Kid]] * [[William Quantrill]] * [[Jim Miller (outlaw)|Jim Miller]] * [[Sam Bass]] * [[Kid Curry]] * [[Butch Cassidy]] * [[Billy the Kid]] * [[Jesse James (outlaw)|Jesse James]] *[[Frank James]] * [[Cole Younger]] * [[Marlow Brothers (outlaw)|Marlow Brothers]] * [[Belle Starr]] * [[Tom Ketchum|Black Jack]] * [[Charles Bolles|Black Bart]] * [[John Daly (outlaw)|John Daly]] * [[Tiburcio Vasquez]] * [[Reno Gang]] === American [[Great Depression]] === * [[John Dillinger]] * [[Bonnie and Clyde]] * [[Ma Barker]] === Argentinian === {{seealso|Rural Bandits}} * [[Juan Bautista Bailoretto]] * [[Butch Cassidy]] * [[Segundo David Peralta]] * [[Gaucho Gil]] ===Australian=== * [[Jackson Mullane]] * [[Ned Kelly]] * [[Martin Cash]] * [[Ben Hall]] * [[Frank Gardiner]] * [[Captain Thunderbolt]] * [[Dan Morgan (bushranger)|Dan Morgan]] * [[Jack the Rammer]] * [[Mary Ann Bugg]] * [[Moondyne Joe]] * [[Jackey Jackey|William Westwood]] aka [[Jackey Jackey]] ===British=== * [[Hereward the wake|Hereward the Wake]] - Saxon outlaw during the Norman conquest of England * [[John Nevison]] - 17th century [[highwayman]]<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/eastmidlands/series3/travellers_highwaymen_derbyshire_peakdistrict.shtml BBC Inside Out - Highwaymen]</ref> * [[Dick Turpin]] - 18th century highwayman * [[James MacLaine]] - Scottish highwayman * [[William_Plunkett_%28highwayman%29|William Plunkett]] - British highwayman * [[Tom King (highwayman)|Tom King]] - English highwayman * [[Sawney Beane]] - Scottish outlaw * [[Edgar Ætheling|Edgar the Outlaw]] - English king * [[Robin Hood]] - Legendary Medieval [[England|English]] outlaw * [[Eustace Folville]] - English outlaw and soldier * [[Adam the Leper]] - Fourteenth-century English gang-leader * [[William Wallace]] - Leader of the Scottish resistance to [[Edward I of England|Edward I]]. * [[Rob Roy MacGregor]] - Scottish Chieftain. * [[Twm Siôn Cati]] - Welsh Outlaw from Tregaron in Tudor times, ended up mayor of [[Brecon]] * [[James Hind]] - 17th century highwayman * [[John Clavell]] - English highwayman, author, and lawyer * [[Claude Duval]] - [[France|French]]-born highwayman in England ===East Asian=== * [[Zhang Xianzhong]] - nicknamed ''Yellow Tiger'', was a Chinese bandit and rebel leader who conquered [[Sichuan Province]] in the middle of the 17th century. * [[Song Jiang]] - Historical Chinese outlaw immortalised in the classic ''[[Water Margin]]'' * [[Hong Gildong]] - Historical/legendary Korean outlaw * [[Ishikawa Goemon]] - Legendary Japanese thief featured in kabuki plays * [[Nezumi Kozō]] - Japanese thief * [[Wong Fei Hung]] - Famous Chinese herbalist considered an outlaw hero in Chinese folklore ===Irish=== * [[Grace O'Malley]] * [[Redmond O'Hanlon (outlaw)|Redmond O'Hanlon]] * [[Neesy O'Haughan]] * [[Tiger Roche]] * [[Captain Gallagher]] ===Italian=== * [[Marco Sciarra]] - famous Neapolitan brigand chief * [[Rinaldo Rinaldini]] - Italian outlaw/ folk hero * [[Salvatore Giuliano]] - Sicilian bandit/ separatist * [[Giuseppe Musolino]] - Italian outlaw/ folk hero ===Middle Eastern and Indian=== * Fudayl ibn Iyad - famous highwayman of Khurasan who repented and traveled in search of knowledge. He is revered by Muslims as a major figure of early Sufism. * [[Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari]] - rose from a bandit to the rule of much of modern [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] * Nirushan Neela - famous Bandit of southern Asia who was never caught by police. Stopped killing in 1930 and was never heard from again. ===Punjabi=== * [[Dulla Bhatti]] - was a Punjabi who led a rebellion against the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]. His act of helping a poor peasant's daughter to get married led to a famous folk take which is still recited every year on the festival of [[Lohri]] by Punjabis. ===Tamil=== * [[Veerappan]], Poacher, Sandalwood smuggler, India ===Canadian=== *[[Simon Gunanoot]] *[[Slumach]] *[[Allan McLean]] *[[Bill Miner]] <!--should be in US West section also--> ===German=== * [[Eppelein von Gailingen]] * [[Johannes Bückler]], nicknamed Schinderhannes * [[Lips Tullian]] * [[Nickel List]] * [[Matthias Klostermayr]], aka ''Bavarian Hiasl'', aka ''Hiasl of Bavaria'', aka der ''Bayerische Hiasl'', aka da ''Boarische Hiasl'' === [[Norsemen|Norse]] === * [[Erik the Red]] * [[Gísli Súrsson]] * [[Grettis saga|Grettir Ásmundarson]] ===Russian=== * Nightingale the Robber - myth * [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] - 16th century [[Cossack]] outlaw and explorer * [[Stenka Razin]] - Cossack leader * [[Joseph Stalin]] - led "fighting squads" in bank robberies to raise funds for the Bolshevik Party. ===Spanish=== * [[Perot Rocaguinarda]], [[Catalan people|Catalan]] bandit * [[Sanchicorrota]], [[Navarre]]se late Middle Age bandit * [[El Tempranillo]], [[Andalusia]]n'' bandolero'' * [[El Pernales]], [[Andalusia]]n'' bandolero'' ===Turkish=== * [[İnce Memed tetralogy|İnce Memed]], a legendary fictional character by [[Yaşar Kemal]] * [[Atçalı Kel Mehmet Efe]], an outlaw who led a local revolt against [[Ottoman Empire]] * [[Çakırcalı Mehmet Efe]], one of the most powerful outlaws of late [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] era ===New Zealander=== * [[James Mckenzie]] Shepherd, drover, sheep rustler [http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=1M30] * [[Te Kooti]] Maori warrior & leader ===Serbian=== * [[Jovo Stanisavljevic Caruga]], [[Serb]] * [[Joco Udmanic]], Serb ===Others=== * [[Michael Monafis]] ([[Greece|Greek]] outlaw) * [[Phoolan Devi]] * [[Lampião]] ([[Brazil]]) * Jack the Robber ([[rome|Roma]]) * [[Juraj Jánošík]] ([[Slovakia]]) * Václav Babinský ([[Czech Republic|Czech]] outlaw) * [[Johann Georg Grasel]] ([[Moravia]]) * Sobri Jóska ([[Hungarian people|Hungarian]] highwayman) * [[Louis Dominique Bourguignon|Louis Dominique Cartouche]] (famous [[French people|French]] bandit) * [[Heraclio Bernal]] ([[Mexican]] bandit) * Cercyon (Greek), a bandit killed by [[Theseus]] * Kassa Hailu, later Emperor [[Tewodros II of Ethiopia]] * [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] by the coalition in Vienna * When the government of the [[First Spanish Republic]] was unable to reduce the [[cantonalism|Cantonalist]] rebellion centered in [[Cartagena, Spain]], the Cartagena fleet was declared piratic, allowing any nation to prey on it. * [[Toño Bicicleta]] (Bicycle Tony), A notorious bicycle-riding [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] criminal who became an element of local folklore. * [[Martin Luther]] was declared an outlaw by the [[Diet of Worms]] * [[Nelson Mandela]] * Fictional character, Bernard Mickey Wrangle, in [[Tom_Robbins]]' book [[Still Life with Woodpecker]], considers himself an outlaw, rather than a criminal. ==See also== *[[Vigilante]] *[[Robbery]] *[[Robber baron]] *[[Pirate]] *[[Buccaneer]] *[[Highwayman]] *[[Hajduk]] *[[Uskoks]] *[[Brigandage]] *[[Motorcycle club#One Percenters, Gangs and Outlaws|Outlaw motorcycle club]] *[[Social bandits]], a term invented by [[Eric Hobsbawm]] *[[Shanlin]] *[[Thug]] *[[Dacoit]] *[[Feud]] *[[Mafia]] *[[Gangs in the United States|Gangs]] *[[Klepht]] ==References== {{ref}} <!-- Please cite sources to help with the encyclopedia's general verifiability concerns. Tips for referencing: For websites, use the formatting below (date/year are when you accessed the web page): {{Web reference | title=Title of page | work=Title of Complete Work | url=http://www.example.com | date=Month Day | year=Year}} For Books, use: {{Book reference | Author=Lincoln, Abraham; Grant, U. S.; & Davis, Jefferson | Title=Resolving Family Differences Peacefully | Publisher=Gettysburg: Printing Press | Year=1861 | Editor=Stephen A. Douglas | ID=ISBN 0-12-345678-9}} For other sources, see: [[WP:CITET]]. Thanks! --> {{Reflist}} [[Category:Criminal law]] [[Category:Legal history]] [[Category:Outlaws| ]] [[Category:Outlaws by nationality]] [[Category:Stock characters]] [[ast:Bandoleru]] [[ca:Bandolerisme]] [[cs:Zbojník]] [[da:Fredløshed]] [[de:Gesetzloser]] [[es:Bandolerismo]] [[eo:Eksterleĝulo]] [[fr:Hors-la-loi]] [[nl:Outlaw]] [[ja:アウトロー]] [[no:Fredløshet]] [[fi:Lainsuojaton]] [[sv:Fredlös]]