PLGA
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2008-07-04T11:36:22Z
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robot Adding: [[de:Polylactid-co-Glycolid]]
'''PLGA''' or '''poly(lactic-''co''-glycolic acid)''' is a [[copolymer]] which is used in a host of [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) approved therapeutic devices, owing to its [[Biodegradation|biodegradability]] and [[biocompatibility]]. PLGA is synthesized by means of random ring-opening co-polymerization of two different [[monomer]]s, the cyclic dimers (1,4-dioxane-2,5-diones) of [[glycolic acid]] and [[lactic acid]]. Common catalysts used in the preparation of this polymer include tin(II) [[2-Ethylhexanoic acid|2-ethylhexanoate]], tin(II) [[alkoxide]]s, or [[aluminum isopropoxide]]. During polymerization, successive monomeric units (of glycolic or lactic acid) are linked together in PLGA by [[ester]] linkages, thus yielding a linear, [[aliphatic]] [[polyester]] as a product.<ref>{{
cite journal
| author = Astete, C. E. and Sabliov, C. M.
| title = Synthesis and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles
| year = 2006
| journal = Journal of Biomaterials Science - Polymer Edition
| volume = 17
| issue = 3
| pages = 247-289
| doi = 10.1163/156856206775997322}}</ref>
Depending on the ratio of lactide to glycolide used for the polymerization, different forms of PLGA can be obtained: these are usually identified in regard to the monomers' ratio used (e.g. PLGA 75:25 identifies a copolymer whose composition is 75% lactic acid and 25% glycolic acid. All PLGAs are [[Amorphous solid|amorphous]] rather than [[crystallinity|crystalline]] and show a [[glass transition temperature]] in the range of 40-60 °C. Unlike the [[homopolymer]]s of lactic acid ([[polylactide]]) and glycolic acid ([[polyglycolide]]) which show poor solubilities, PLGA can be dissolved by a wide range of common [[solvent]]s, including [[chlorine|chlorinated]] solvents, [[tetrahydrofuran]], [[acetone]] or [[ethyl acetate]].
[[Image:PLGA.jpg|frame|center|Structure of poly(lactic-''co''-glycolic acid)]]
PLGA degrades by [[hydrolysis]] of its ester linkages in the presence of [[water (molecule)|water]]. It has been shown that the time required for degradation of PLGA is related to the monomers' ratio used in production: the higher the content of glycolide units, the lower the time required for degradation. An exception to this rule is the copolymer with 50:50 monomers' ratio which exhibits the faster degradation (about two months). In addition, polymers that are end-capped with esters (as opposed to the free [[carboxylic acid]]) demonstrate longer degradation half-lives.
PLGA has been successful as a biodegradable polymer because it undergoes hydrolysis in the body to produce the original monomers, lactic acid and glycolic acid. These two monomers under normal physiological conditions, are by-products of various [[metabolic pathways]] in the body. Since the body effectively deals with the two monomers, there is very minimal systemic [[toxicity]] associated with using PLGA for drug delivery or biomaterial applications. It, however, can cause trouble for lactose intolerant people. Also, the possibility to tailor the polymer degradation time by altering the ratio of the monomers used during synthesis has made PLGA a common choice in the production of a variety of biomedical devices such as: [[grafts]], [[sutures]], [[implants]] and [[prosthetic devices]]. As an example, a commercially available drug delivery device using PLGA is [[Lupron]] Depot<sup>Ⓡ</sup> for the treatment of advanced [[prostate cancer]].
Other biodegradable [[polymer]]s:
*[[polycaprolactone]]
*[[polyglycolide]]
*[[polylactic acid]]
*[[poly-3-hydroxybutyrate]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Copolymers]]
[[Category:Synthetic fibers]]
[[Category:Biodegradable plastics]]
[[de:Polylactid-co-Glycolid]]