Pacific Ocean
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{{redirect|Pacific}}
{{Five oceans}}
The '''Pacific Ocean''' is the largest of the [[Earth]]'s [[ocean]]ic divisions. Its name is derived from the [[Latin]] name ''Mare Pacificum'', "peaceful sea", bestowed upon it by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]]. It extends from the [[Arctic]] in the north to [[Antarctica]] in the south, bounded by [[Asia]] and [[Australia (continent)|Australia]] on the west and the [[Americas]] on the east. At 169.2 million [[square kilometers]] (65.3 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the [[World Ocean]] – and, in turn, the [[hydrosphere]] – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about 32% of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined.<ref name=ebc>"[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9374340/Pacific-Ocean Pacific Ocean]". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica Concise]].'' 2006. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</ref> The [[equator]] subdivides it into the '''North Pacific Ocean''' and '''South Pacific Ocean'''. The [[Mariana Trench]] in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the Pacific and in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,798 ft).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web-japan.org/atlas/technology/tec03.html|title=Japan Atlas: Japan Marine Science and Technology Center|accessdate=2007-07-04}}</ref>
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[[Image:Pacific Ocean.png|center|300px|Pacific Ocean]]
== Overview ==
[[Image:Iss007e10807.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Sunset over the Pacific Ocean as seen from the [[International Space Station]]. Anvil tops of [[thundercloud]]s are also visible.]]
The ocean encompasses almost a third of the [[Earth]]'s surface, having an area of 179.7 million square kilometres (69.4 million sq mi and 161 million cubic mi) —significantly larger than Earth's entire landmass, with room for another [[Africa]] to spare. Extending approximately 15,500 kilometres (9,600 mi) from the [[Bering Sea]] in the [[Arctic]] to the icy margins of [[Antarctica]]'s [[Ross Sea]] in the south (although the Antarctic regions of the Pacific are sometimes described as part of the circumpolar [[Southern Ocean]]), the Pacific reaches its greatest east-west width at about [[5th parallel north|5°N latitude]], where it stretches approximately 19,800 kilometres (12,300 mi) from [[Indonesia]] to the coast of [[Colombia]] and [[Peru]] - halfway across the world, and more than five times the diameter of the Moon. The western limit of the ocean is often placed at the [[Strait of Malacca]]. The lowest point on earth—the [[Mariana Trench]]—lies 10,911 metres (35,797 ft) below sea level. Its average depth is 4,280 metres (14,000 ft)<ref name=ebc />.
The Pacific contains about 25,000 [[Pacific islands|islands]] (more than the total number in the rest of the world's oceans combined), the majority of which are found south of the [[equator]].
The Pacific Ocean is currently shrinking from [[plate tectonics]], while the [[Atlantic Ocean]] is increasing in size.
Along the Pacific Ocean's irregular western margins lie many seas, the largest of which are the [[Celebes Sea]], [[Coral Sea]], [[East China Sea]], [[Philippine Sea]], [[Sea of Japan]], [[South China Sea]], [[Sulu Sea]], [[Tasman Sea]], and [[Yellow Sea]]. The [[Strait of Malacca]] joins the Pacific and the [[Indian Ocean]]s on the west, and the [[Strait of Magellan]] links the Pacific with the Atlantic Ocean on the east. To the north, the [[Bering Strait]] connects the Pacific with the [[Arctic Ocean]].
As the Pacific straddles the [[180th meridian|± 180° meridian]], the ''West Pacific'' (or ''western Pacific'', near Asia) is in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]], while the ''East Pacific'' (or ''eastern Pacific'', near the Americas) is in the [[Western Hemisphere]].
[[Image:Storm in Pacifica.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Storm in [[Pacifica, California|Pacifica]], [[California]]]]
For most of Magellan's voyage from the Strait of Magellan to the [[Philippines]], the explorer indeed found the ocean peaceful. However, the Pacific is not always peaceful. Many [[tropical cyclone]]s ([[typhoon]]s, the equivalent of Atlantic [[hurricane]]s), batter the islands of the Pacific. The lands around the Pacific rim are full of [[volcano]]es and often affected by [[earthquake]]s. [[Tsunami]]s, caused by underwater earthquakes, have devastated many islands and destroyed entire towns.
== Water characteristics ==
Water temperatures in the Pacific vary from freezing in the poleward areas to about {{convert|30|°C|°F|abbr=on}} near the equator. [[Salinity]] also varies latitudinally. The water near the equator is less salty than that found in the mid-latitudes because of abundant equatorial precipitation throughout the year. Poleward of the temperate latitudes salinity is also low, because little evaporation of seawater takes place in these frigid areas.
The surface circulation of Pacific waters is generally clockwise in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] (the [[North Pacific Gyre]]) and counter-clockwise in the [[Southern Hemisphere]]. The [[North Equatorial Current]], driven westward along [[15th parallel north|latitude 15°N]] by the [[trade wind]]s, turns north near the Philippines to become the warm Japan or [[Kuroshio Current]].
Turning eastward at about [[45th parallel north|45°N]], the Kuroshio forks and some waters move northward as the [[Aleutian Current]], while the rest turn southward to rejoin the North Equatorial Current. The Aleutian Current branches as it approaches North America and forms the base of a counter-clockwise circulation in the Bering Sea. Its southern arm becomes the chilled slow, south-flowing California Current.
The [[South Equatorial Current]], flowing west along the equator, swings southward east of [[New Guinea]], turns east at about [[50th parallel south|50°S]], and joins the main westerly circulation of the Southern Pacific, which includes the Earth-circling [[Antarctic Circumpolar Current]]. As it approaches the [[Chile]]an coast, the South Equatorial Current divides; one branch flows around [[Cape Horn]] and the other turns north to form the Peru or [[Humboldt Current]].
== Geology ==
[[Image:Pacific elevation.jpg|thumb|300px|The Pacific is ringed by many volcanoes and [[oceanic trench]]es]]
The [[andesite line]] is the most significant regional distinction in the Pacific. It separates the deeper, [[mafic]] [[igneous rock]] of the Central Pacific Basin from the partially submerged continental areas of [[felsic]] igneous rock on its margins. The andesite line follows the western edge of the islands off [[California]] and passes south of the [[Aleutian Islands|Aleutian arc]], along the eastern edge of the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], the [[Kuril Islands]], [[Japan]], the [[Mariana Islands]], the [[Solomon Islands]], and [[New Zealand]]'s [[North Island]]. The dissimilarity continues northeastward along the western edge of the [[Andes]] Cordillera along [[South America]] to [[Mexico]], returning then to the islands off California. [[Indonesia]], the Philippines, Japan, New Guinea, and New Zealand—all eastward extensions of the continental blocks of [[Asia]], [[Australia]] and [[Zealandia (continent)|Zealandia]]—lie outside the Andesite Line.
Within the closed loop of the andesite line are most of the deep troughs, submerged volcanic mountains, and oceanic volcanic islands that characterize the [[Pacific basin]]. Here basaltic lavas gently flow out of rifts to build huge dome-shaped volcanic mountains whose eroded summits form island arcs, chains, and clusters. Outside the Andesite Line, volcanism is of the explosive type, and the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]] is the world's foremost belt of explosive volcanism. The Ring of Fire is named after the several hundred active volcanoes that sit above the various subduction zones.
The Pacific Ocean is the only ocean which is almost totally bounded by subduction zones. Only the Antarctic and Australian coasts have no nearby subduction zones.
== Landmasses ==
[[Image:Pacific Shore.JPG|thumb|Right|200px|The shore of the Pacific Ocean in [[San Francisco, California]].]]
The largest landmass entirely within the Pacific Ocean is the [[island]] of [[New Guinea]]— the second largest island in the world. Almost all of the smaller islands of the Pacific lie between 30°N and 30°S, extending from [[Southeast Asia]] to [[Easter Island]]; the rest of the Pacific Basin is almost entirely submerged.
The great triangle of [[Polynesia]], connecting [[Hawaii]], [[Easter Island]], and [[New Zealand]], encompasses the island arcs and clusters of the [[Cook Islands]], [[Marquesas]], [[Samoa]], [[Society Islands|Society]], [[Tokelau]], [[Tonga]], [[Tuamotu]], [[Tuvalu]] and the [[Wallis and Futuna]] islands.
North of the equator and west of the International Date Line are the numerous small islands of [[Micronesia]], including the [[Caroline Islands]], the [[Marshall Islands]] and the [[Mariana Islands]].
[[Image:Palmbeach.JPG|thumb|200px|left|The shoreline at [[Palm Beach, New South Wales]]]]
In the southwestern corner of the Pacific lie the islands of [[Melanesia]], dominated by New Guinea. Other important island groups of Melanesia include the [[Bismarck Archipelago]], [[Fiji]], [[New Caledonia]], the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]].
Islands in the Pacific Ocean are of four basic types: continental islands, high islands, coral reefs, and uplifted coral platforms. Continental islands lie outside the [[Andesite Line]] and include New Guinea, the islands of New Zealand, and the [[Philippines]]. These islands are structurally associated with nearby continents. High islands are of volcanic origin, and many contain active volcanoes. Among these are [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], Hawaii, and the Solomon Islands.
The third and fourth types of islands are both the result of coralline island building. Coral reefs are low-lying structures that have built up on basaltic lava flows under the ocean's surface. One of the most dramatic is the [[Great Barrier Reef]] off northeastern [[Australia]]. A second island type formed of coral is the uplifted coral platform, which is usually slightly larger than the low coral islands. Examples include [[Banaba Island|Banaba]] (formerly Ocean Island) and [[Makatea]] in the Tuamotu group of [[French Polynesia]].
== History and economy ==
{{See|Oceania}}
{{Expand-section|date=June 2008}}
[[Image:Ortelius - Maris Pacifici 1589.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Maris Pacifici by [[Ortelius]] (1589). Probably the first printed map that shows the Pacific Ocean.]]
[[Image:Trieste (23 Jan 1960).jpeg|thumb|right|300px|[[Bathyscaphe Trieste]], before her record dive to the bottom of the [[Marianas Trench]], 23 January 1960.]]
Important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times, most notably those of the [[Polynesians]] from the Asian edge of the ocean to [[Tahiti]] and then to [[Hawaii]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Easter Island]].
The ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century, first by the Spanish explorer [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]] who crossed the [[Isthmus of Panama]] in 1513, and then by [[Ferdinand Magellan]], who sailed the Pacific during his circumnavigation from 1519 to 1522. In 1564, [[conquistador]]s crossed the ocean from Mexico led by [[Miguel López de Legazpi]] who sailed to the [[Philippines]] and [[Mariana Islands]]. For the remainder of the 16th century, Spanish influence was paramount, with ships sailing from [[Spain]] to the Philippines, [[New Guinea]], and the [[Solomon Islands]].
During the 17th century, the Dutch, sailing around southern Africa, dominated discovery and trade; [[Abel Tasman|Abel Janszoon Tasman]] discovered [[Tasmania]] and [[New Zealand]] in 1642. The 18th century marked a burst of exploration by the Russians in [[Alaska]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]], the French in [[Polynesia]], and the British in the three voyages of [[James Cook]] to the South Pacific and [[Australia]], [[Hawaii]], and the North American [[Pacific Northwest]].
Growing [[imperialism]] during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by European powers, and later, the [[United States]] and [[Japan]]. Significant contributions to oceanographic knowledge were made by the voyages of [[HMS Beagle|HMS ''Beagle'']] in the 1830s, with [[Charles Darwin]] aboard; [[HMS Challenger|HMS ''Challenger'']] during the 1870s; the [[USS Tuscarora (1861)|USS ''Tuscarora'']] (1873-76); and the German ''Gazelle'' (1874-76). Although the United States gained control of the [[Philippines]] from [[Spain]] in 1898, Japan controlled most of the western Pacific by 1914 and occupied many other islands during [[World War II]]. However, by the end of that war, Japan was defeated and the [[United States Navy|U.S. Pacific Fleet]] was the virtual master of the ocean. Since the end of World War II, many former colonies in the Pacific have become independent [[state]]s.
The exploitation of the Pacific's mineral wealth is hampered by the ocean's great depths. In shallow waters of the continental shelves off the coasts of Australia and New Zealand, [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]] are extracted, and [[pearls]] are harvested along the coasts of [[Australia]], [[Japan]], [[Papua New Guinea]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], and the [[Philippines]], although in sharply declining volume in some cases. The Pacific's greatest asset is its fish. The shoreline waters of the continents and the more temperate islands yield [[herring]], [[salmon]], [[sardine]]s, [[snapper]], [[swordfish]], and [[tuna]], as well as [[shellfish]].
==Environmental Issues==
[[Image:Marine debris on Hawaiian coast.jpg|thumb|[[Marine debris]] on the [[Hawaii]]an coast]]
{{main|Marine pollution}}
Marine pollution is a generic term for the harmful entry into the ocean of chemicals or particles. The biggest culprit are rivers that empty into the Ocean, and with it the many chemicals used as [[fertilizers]] in agriculture as well as waste from [[livestock]] and [[humans]]. The excess of oxygen depleting chemicals in the water leads to [[hypoxia (environmental)|hypoxia]] and the creation of a [[dead zone (ecology)]].<ref>Gerlach: Marine Pollution, Springer, Berlin (1975)</ref>
[[Marine debris]], also known as marine litter, is a term used to describe human-created waste that has found itself floating in a lake, sea, ocean or waterway. Oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the centre of gyres and coastlines, frequently washing aground where it is known as beach litter.
{{see also|Great Pacific Garbage Patch}}
{{see also|Ship pollution}}
==Major ports and harbours==
{{col-start}}
{{col-2}}
*[[Acapulco]], [[Mexico]]
*[[Anchorage, Alaska]], [[United States]]
*[[Antofagasta]], [[Chile]]
*[[Arica, Chile|Arica]], [[Chile]]
*[[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]
*[[Bacolod]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]
*[[Bluff, New Zealand|Bluff]], [[New Zealand]]
*[[Brisbane, Queensland]], [[Australia]]
*[[Buenaventura, Colombia]]
*[[Busan]], [[South Korea]]
*[[Cabo San Lucas]], [[Mexico]]
*[[Cagayan de Oro]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Callao]], [[Peru]]
*[[Cebu City]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Chongjin]], [[North Korea]]
*[[Dalian]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Davao City]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Ensenada]], [[Mexico]]
*[[Esmeraldas, Ecuador|Esmeraldas]], Ecuador
*[[Guayaquil]], [[Ecuador]]
*[[Hong Kong]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Honolulu, Hawaii]], [[United States]]
*[[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]
*[[Iloilo City|Iloilo]], [[Philippines]]
*[[Iquique]], [[Chile]]
*[[Kaohsiung]], [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]]
*[[Kitimat, British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
*[[Keelung]], [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]])
*[[Klang]], [[Malaysia]]
*[[Kobe]], [[Japan]]
*[[Laem Chabang]], Thailand
*[[Lyttleton, New Zealand]]
*[[Long Beach, California]], United States
*[[Los Angeles, California]], United States
*[[Manta]], Ecuador
*[[Manzanillo]], Mexico
{{col-2}}
*[[Mazatlan]], Mexico
*[[Melbourne|Melbourne, Victoria]], [[Australia]]
*[[Manila]], Philippines
*[[Nampo]], [[North Korea]]
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales]], [[Australia]]
*[[Oakland, California]], [[United States]]
*[[Panama City, Panama]]
*[[Portland, Oregon]], [[United States]]
*[[Portoviejo]], [[Ecuador]]
*[[Prince Rupert, British Columbia]], [[Canada]]
*[[Puerto Montt]], [[Chile]]
*[[Puerto Vallarta]], [[Mexico]]
*[[Qingdao]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[San Antonio, Chile|San Antonio]], [[Chile]]
*[[San Diego, California]], United States
*[[San Francisco, California]], [[United States]]
*[[Seattle, Washington]], United States
*[[Shanghai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Shenzhen]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Singapore]]
*[[Songkhla]], Thailand
*[[Sydney, New South Wales]], Australia
*[[Tacoma, Washington]], United States
*[[Taichung]], Republic of China (Taiwan)
*[[Talcahuano]], [[Chile]]
*[[Tauranga]], [[New Zealand]]
*[[Tianjin]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Tijuana]], Mexico
*[[Tokyo]], Japan
*[[Valparaiso]], [[Chile]]
*[[Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada
*[[Victoria, British Columbia]], Canada
*[[Vladivostok]], [[Russia]]
*[[Xiamen]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Yantai]], [[People's Republic of China]]
*[[Yokohama]], [[Japan]]
*[[Zamboanga City|Zamboanga]], [[Philippines]]
{{col-end}}
==See also==
[[Image:Sunset Marina.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Sunset in [[Monterey County, California]], [[United States|U.S.]].]]
*[[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation]]
*[[Pacific-Antarctic Ridge]]
*[[Pacific Coast]]
*[[Pacific hurricane]]
*[[Pacific Islands]]
*[[Pacific Rim]]
*[[Pacific Time Zone]]
*[[Pacific War]]
*[[War of the Pacific]]
==References==
<div class="references-small">
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<references/>
</div>
==Further reading==
:''Based on public domain text from US Naval Oceanographer''
*{{cite book|last=Barkley|first=Richard A.|title=Oceanographic Atlas of the Pacific Ocean|year=1968|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu}}
*{{cite book|title=Blue Horizons: Paradise Isles of the Pacific|year=1985|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, D.C.|id=ISBN 0-87044-544-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Cameron|first=Ian|title=Lost Paradise: The Exploration of the Pacific|year=1987|publisher=Salem House|location=Topsfield, Mass.|id=ISBN 0-88162-275-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Couper|first=A. D. (ed.)|title=Development and Social Change in the Pacific Islands|year=1989|publisher=Routledge|location=London|id=ISBN 0-415-00917-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Gilbert|first=John|title=Charting the Vast Pacific|year=1971|publisher=Aldus|location=London|id=ISBN 0-490-00226-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Lower|first=J. Arthur|title=Ocean of Destiny: A Concise History of the North Pacific, 1500-1978|year=1978|publisher=University of British Columbia Press|location=Vancouver|id=ISBN 0-7748-0101-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Napier|first=W.|coauthors=Gilbert, J., and Holland, J.|title=Pacific Voyages|year=1973|publisher=Doubleday|location=Garden City, N.Y.|id=ISBN 0-385-04335-X}}
*{{cite book|last=Oliver|first=Douglas L.|title=The Pacific Islands|year=1989|edition=3rd ed.|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|id=ISBN 0-8248-1233-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Ridgell|first=Reilly|title=Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia|year=1988|edition=2nd ed.|publisher=Bess Press|location=Honolulu|id=ISBN 0-935848-50-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Soule|first=Gardner|title=The Greatest Depths: Probing the Seas to {{convert|20000|ft|m}} and Below|year=1970|publisher=Macrae Smith|location=Philadelphia|id=ISBN 0-8255-8350-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Spate|first=O. H. K.|title=Paradise Found and Lost|year=1988|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|location=Minneapolis|id=ISBN 0-8166-1715-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Terrell|first=John|title=Prehistory in the Pacific Islands: A Study of Variation in Language, Customs, and Human Biology|year=1986|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|id=ISBN 0-521-30604-3}}
== External links ==
{{wiktionary}}
{{commonscat|Pacific Ocean}}
* [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/oceans/la-oceans-series,0,7842752.special LA Times special Altered Oceans]
* [http://www.epic.noaa.gov/epic/ewb/ EPIC Pacific Ocean Data Collection] Viewable on-line collection of observational data
* [http://dapper.pmel.noaa.gov/dchart/ NOAA In-situ Ocean Data Viewer] Plot and download ocean observations
* [http://www.oscar.noaa.gov/datadisplay/ NOAA Ocean Surface Current Analyses - Realtime (OSCAR)] Near-realtime Pacific Ocean Surface Currents derived from satellite altimeter and scatterometer data
* [http://floats.pmel.noaa.gov/floats/ NOAA PMEL Argo profiling floats] Realtime Pacific Ocean data
* [http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/jsdisplay/ NOAA TAO El Niño data] Realtime Pacific Ocean El Niño buoy data
{{coor title d|0|N|160|W|type:waterbody_scale:100000000}}
[[Category:Oceans]]
[[Category:Water]]
[[Category:Pacific Ocean|*]]
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