Palau
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223768996
2008-07-05T18:32:32Z
Gugganij
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{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Beluu er a Belau
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Palau
|common_name = Palau
|image_flag = Flag of Palau.svg
|image_coat = Palau seal.gif
|image_map = LocationPalau.png
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = {{lang|pau|''[[Belau rekid|Belau loba klisiich er a kelulul]]''}}
|official_languages = [[English language|English]], [[Palauan language|Palauan]],
|regional_languages = [[Japanese language|Japanese]], [[Angaur language|Angaur]], (in Angaur) [[Sonsorolese language|Sonsorolese]], (in Sonsoral) [[Tobian language|Tobian]], (in Hatohobei), [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]], [[Filipino language|Filipino]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
|demonym = Palauan
|capital = [[Melekeok]]<sup>1</sup>
|latd=7 |latm=21 |latNS=N |longd=134 |longm=28 |longEW=E
|largest_city = [[Koror]]
|government_type = [[representative democracy|Democratic]] [[presidential system|Presidential]] [[Republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Palau|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Tommy Remengesau]]
|leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Palau|Vice president]]
|leader_name2 = [[Elias Camsek Chin]]
|area_rank = 195th
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|area_km2 = 459
|area_sq_mi = 177 <!--Do not remove per [[]]-->
|percent_water = negligible
|population_estimate = 20,842
|population_estimate_rank = 217th
|population_estimate_year = July 2007
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 43
|population_density_sq_mi = 111 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 155th
|GDP_PPP = $157.7 million²<!--US Department of State-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = <small>not ranked</small>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2006
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $10,000 <small>(2006 est.)</small>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = <small>not ranked</small>
|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = <small>from UN Trust Territory</small>
|established_event1 = Date
|established_date1 = [[October 1]], [[1994]]
|HDI = n/a
|HDI_rank = n/a
|HDI_year = 2003
|HDI_category = <font color=gray>unranked</font>
|currency = [[United States dollar|US Dollar]]
|currency_code = USD
|country_code = PW
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = +9
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
|cctld = [[.pw]]
|calling_code = 680
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup> On [[7 October]] [[2006]], government officials moved their offices in the former capital of [[Koror]] to [[Melekeok]], located {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northeast of Koror on Babelthaup Island.
² GDP estimate includes US subsidy (2004 est.)}}{{wikinews|Bones of "small-bodied humans" found in cave}}
'''Palau''' ({{pronEng|pəˈlaʊ}}), officially the '''Republic of Palau''' ({{lang-pau|Beluu er a Belau}}), is an [[borderless country|island nation]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]], some 500 miles (800 [[kilometre|km]]) east of the [[Philippines]] and 2000 miles (3200 km) south of [[Tokyo]]. Having emerged from [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Trusteeship Council|trusteeship]] (administered by the [[United States]]) in 1994, it is one of the [[List of countries by date of independence|world's youngest]] and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name '''Belau'''.
== History ==
{{main|History of Palau}}
===Archaeology===
Early Palauans may have come from [[Australia]], [[Polynesia]] and [[Asia]]. Depending on the thread of the family, [[Palauans]] may indeed represent many parts of [[Melanesia]], [[Micronesia]] and Polynesia. However, it is traditionally considered to be Micronesian. According to geneticists, there are two distinctive strains of Melanesian bloodlines:
one is associated with indigenous Australians/[[Papua New Guinea]]ns and the other is known to have originated in Asia. There has not been any link established between the two.
Until recently, Palau was not considered a part of [[Micronesia]]. In the European and Australian world Belau/Pelew is better known by the name of "[[The Black Islands]]". Vintage maps and village drawings can be found at the [http://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/apps/kss Australian library online], as well as photos of the tattooed and pierced Ibedul of Koror and Ludee.
Carbon dating and recent archaeological discoveries have brought new attention to the archipelago. Cemeteries uncovered in islands have shown Palau has the oldest burial ceremony known to [[Oceania]]. Prior to this there has been much dispute as to whether Palau was established during 2500 BC or 1000 BC. New studies seem to dispute both of these findings. Moreover, Palau's ancient trading partner, Java, has also come under close scrutiny since ''[[Homo floresiensis]]'' was found.
Like Flores remains of small-bodied humans have been found in Palau.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Lee R. Berger]], Steven E. Churchill, Bonita De Klerk1, Rhonda L. Quinn
| title = Small-Bodied Humans from Palau, Micronesia
| journal = [[PLoS ONE]]
| year = 2008
| month = March
| volume = 3
| issue = 3
| pages = e1780
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0001780
}}</ref>
For thousands of years, Palauans have had a well established matrilineal society, believed to have descended from Javanese precedents. Traditionally, land, money, and titles passed through the female line. Clan lands continue to be passed through titled women and first daughters<ref>Palau National Communications Corporation [http://www.palaunet.com/pw_culture.aspx]</ref> but there is also a modern patrilineal sentiment introduced by imperial [[Japan]]. The Japanese government attempted to confiscate and redistribute tribal land into personal ownership during [[World War II]], and there has been little attempt to restore the old order. Legal entanglements continue amongst the various clans.<ref>[http://sg.travel.yahoo.com/guide/australasia_and_pacific/palau/history.html SG Travel at Yahoo on Palauan matriarchal social systems]</ref>
===European contact===
Historians take interest in the early navigational routes of European explorers in the Pacific. There is a certain controversy as to whether Spanish explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], who landed in several [[Caroline Islands]], spotted the Palau archipielago in 1543. No conclusive evidence exists but there are some who think he could have seen the tip of a southernmost island in the group.
Palau had limited relations—mainly with [[Yap]] and [[Java (island)|Java]]. Had it not have been for ship-wrecked islanders who accidentally took refuge in the Philippines, Europeans likely would not have found a route to Palau until much later. English Captain [[Henry Wilson (Antelope)|Henry Wilson]] also shipwrecked off the island of Ulong in 1783.<ref name="wilson>[http://sg.travel.yahoo.com/guide/australasia_and_pacific/palau/history.html SG Travel at Yahoo on Henry Wilson]</ref> Wilson dubbed Palau the “Pelew Islands”.
===Spanish rule===
Like the [[Mariana Islands]], the [[Caroline Islands]] and the [[Marshall Islands]], Palau was part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], and was administered from the Spanish [[Philippines]] until the Spanish-American War of 1898.
In 1885, after [[Germany]] occupied some of the islands, a dispute was brought to [[Pope Leo XIII]], who made an attempt to legitimize the Spanish claim to the islands (but with economic concessions for Britain and Germany). Spain in 1899, after defeat during the Spanish-American War, sold the islands to Germany in the [[German-Spanish Treaty (1899)|1899 German-Spanish Treaty]].
<ref name="sandafayre">[http://www.sandafayre.com/atlas/carois.htm Sandafayre.com on Palauan history]</ref><ref name="state_1">[http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/1840.htm United States Department of State article on Palau]</ref>
=== German Era ===
After the Spanish sold the islands to Germany, the Germans began an economic transformation in Micronesia. The Germans began mining [[bauxite]] (an aluminum ore), [[Phosphate]], and other resources. The islands were also administered by German New Guinea. Mining continued throughout Micronesia even after the Germans lost the islands to Japan under the terms of the [[Treaty of Versailles]], after World War I. The Japanese continued and expanded the mining operations.
===Japanese rule===
[[Image:Koror in the Japanese Period.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Koror in the Japanese Period]]
During [[World War I]], under the terms of the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]], the [[Empire of Japan]] declared war on the [[German Empire]] and invaded German overseas territories in the [[Pacific Ocean]], including the Palau Islands. Following Germany's defeat, the [[League of Nations]] formally awarded Palau to Japan as a Class C [[League of Nations mandate#Class C mandates|League of Nations Mandate]]. <ref>Peatty, Nan'Yo: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese in Micronesia </ref>
Under the terms of a “Class C Mandate” Japan incorporated the islands as an integral part of its empire, establishing the [[South Pacific Mandate|Nanyo-cho]] government. <ref>Beasley, Japanese Imperialism </ref> Initially under [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] administration, civilian control was introduced from 1922, and Palau was one of six administrative districts within the Mandate. Japan mounted an aggressive [[economic development]] program and promoted immigration by [[Japanese people|Japanese]], [[Okinawan]]s and [[Korean people|Korean]]s. During this period, the Japanese established [[bonito]] (tuna production) and [[copra]] processing plants in Palau.
===World War II===
[[Battle of Peleliu|Peleliu]] was the scene of intense fighting between American and Japanese forces beginning September 1944 resulting in an Allied victory, though the cost in human terms was high for both sides. After WWII, the [[United Nations]] played a role in deciding the U.S. would administer Palau as part of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]. Eventually, in 1979, Palauans voted against joining the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] based on language and cultural differences. After a long period of transition, including the violent deaths of two presidents ([[Haruo Remeliik]] in 1985 and [[Lazarus Salii]] in 1988), Palau voted to freely associate with the United States in 1994 while opting to retain independence under the [[Compact of Free Association]].
There are still roughly 100 American service members listed as Missing In Action (MIA) in Palau since WWII. Since 1993, a small group of American volunteers called The [[BentProp Project]] have searched the waters and jungles of Palau to attempt to locate information that can lead to the identification and recovery of remains of these American MIAs.
==Government==
<!--Please add new information into relevant articles of the series-->
{{main|Politics of Palau}}
[[Image:Capitol-complex-melekeok-palau20071220.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The New Capitol building in Palau]]
Politics of Palau takes place in a framework of a presidential [[representative democracy|representative democratic]] republic, whereby the [[President of Palau]] is both [[head of state]] and [[head of government]], and of a [[multi-party system]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and the [[Palau National Congress]]. The [[Judiciary]] is independent of the executive and the legislature.
===Foreign relations===
Palau gained its independence [[October 1]], [[1994]], when the Compact of Free Association with the United States came into force. Palau was the last portion of the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]] to gain its independence. Under the Compact, the U.S. remains responsible for Palau's defense for 50 years, and Palauans are allowed to serve in the U.S. military without having to possess permanent residency in the U.S.
Palau is a sovereign nation and conducts its own foreign relations. Since independence, Palau has established diplomatic relations with a number of nations, including many of its Pacific neighbors. Palau was admitted to the United Nations on [[December 15]], [[1994]], and has since joined several other international organizations. In September 2006, Palau hosted the first Taiwan-Pacific Allies Summit, and its President has gone on several official visits to other Pacific countries, including the [[Republic of China|Republic of China (Taiwan)]].
The United States maintains the usual diplomatic delegation and an embassy in Palau, but most aspects of the two countries' relationship have to do with Compact-funded projects, which are the responsibility of the U.S. [[Department of the Interior]]'s [[Office of Insular Affairs]].<ref>[http://www.doi.gov/oia/Firstpginfo/oia_responsibilities.html USDOI Office of Insular Affairs]</ref> This has led to some ambiguity in the official status of Palau, though regarded as de jure independent.
===Nuclear-free constitution===
In 1981, Palau voted for the world's first nuclear-free constitution. However, this delayed Palau's independence as it also wanted a [[Compact of Free Association]] with the United States, which the U.S. would not agree to as long as the anti-nuclear clause was in place; thus the [[United Nations]] delayed terminating the U.S. trusteeship. Palauan independence was finally achieved after the anti-nuclear clause was repealed.
One of the notable aspects of the Palauan resistance to nuclear research is the leadership of women activists such as [[Cita Morei]] and [[Isabella Sumang]].{{Fact|date=May 2007}}
==States==
{{main|States of Palau}}
[[Image:States of Palau.jpg|thumb|The sixteen states of Palau]]
Palau is divided into sixteen states (until 1984 called municipalities):
* [[Aimeliik]]
* [[Airai]]
* [[Angaur]]
* [[Hatohobei]]
* [[Kayangel]]
* [[Koror]]
* [[Melekeok]]
* [[Ngaraard]]
* [[Ngarchelong]]
* [[Ngardmau]]
* [[Ngatpang]]
* [[Ngchesar]]
* [[Ngeremlengui]]
* [[Ngiwal]]
* [[Peleliu]]
* [[Sonsorol]]
The uninhabited [[Rock Islands (Palau)|Rock Islands]] of Palau have historically been part of the State of Koror.
==Geography==
[[Geography of Palau]]
[[Image:Palau-CIA WFB Map.png|thumb|right|250px|The Republic of Palau]]
Palau's most populated islands are [[Angaur]], [[Babeldaob]], [[Koror]], and [[Peleliu]]. The latter three lie together within the same [[barrier reef]], while Angaur is an Oceanic Island several miles to the South. About two-thirds of the population lives on Koror. The [[coral]] [[atoll]] of [[Kayangel]] is situated north of these islands, while the uninhabited [[Rock Islands (Palau)|Rock Islands]] (about 200) are situated to the west of the main island group. A remote group of six islands, known as the [[Southwest Islands (Palau)|Southwest Islands]], some 375 miles (600 km) from the main islands, are also part of the country and make up the States of Hatohobei and Sonsorol.
[[Image:Japan Palau Friendship Bridge.jpg|thumb|left|Koror-Babeldaob Bridge.]]
===Climate===
Palau enjoys a tropical [[climate]] all year round with an annual mean temperature of 82 °[[Fahrenheit|F]] (27 °[[Celsius|C]]). Rainfall can occur throughout the year, averaging a total of 150 [[inch]]es (3,800 mm). The average humidity over the course of the year is 82%, and although rain falls more frequently between July and October, there is still much sunshine. [[Tropical cyclone|Typhoons]] are rare, as Palau is outside the main typhoon zone.
===Environment===
While much of Palau's natural environment remains free of environmental degradation, there are several areas of concern, including illegal fishing with the use of dynamite, inadequate facilities for disposal of solid waste in [[Koror]], and extensive sand and coral dredging in the Palau lagoon. Like the other Pacific island nations, a potential major environmental threat is global warming and the related rising of sea level. Water coverage of low-lying areas is a threat to coastal vegetation, agriculture, and the purity of the nation's water supply. Palau also has a problem with inadequate water supply and limited agricultural areas to support the size of the population. The nation is also vulnerable to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and tropical storms. Sewage treatment is a problem, along with the handling of toxic waste from fertilizers and biocides.
On [[November 5]] [[2005]], President of Palau Tommy E. Remengesau, Jr. took the lead on a regional environmental initiative called the [[Micronesia challenge]], which would conserve 30 percent of near shore coastal waters and 20 percent of forest land by [[2020]]. In addition to Palau, the initiative was joined by the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] and [[Marshall Islands]], and the U.S. territories of [[Guam]] and [[Northern Mariana Islands]]. Together, this combined region represents nearly 5 percent of the marine area of the Pacific Ocean and 7 percent of its coastlines.
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Palau}}
The economy consists primarily of [[tourism]], [[subsistence agriculture]], and [[fishing]]. Tourist activity focuses on scuba diving and snorkeling in the islands' rich marine environment, including the Floating Garden Islands to the west of Koror and the Rock Islands to the south. The government is the major employer of the work force, relying heavily on financial assistance from the US. Business and tourist arrivals numbered 50,000 in the financial year 2000/2001. The population enjoys a per capita income twice that of the Philippines and much of [[Micronesia]]. Long-term prospects for the key tourist sector have been greatly bolstered by the expansion of air travel in the Pacific, the rising prosperity of leading East Asian countries, and the willingness of foreigners to finance infrastructure development.
In July 2004, [[Palau Micronesia Air]] was launched with service from Palau to [[Yap]], [[Guam]], [[Micronesia]], [[Saipan]], [[Australia]], and the [[Philippines]]. It was thought of giving [[Continental Micronesia]] a run for its money due to the low fares which it offered to its passengers, however it has ceased operations in December of the same year, mainly because the airline began operating at a time where fuel prices were skyrocketing and also because the cost of operation had been much more than anticipated. [[Palau Micronesia Air]] has not restarted operations since but has made a [[codeshare]] alliance with [[Asian Spirit]], a carrier that operates flights between Palau and the [[Philippines]] ([[Davao]], [[Cebu]], and [[Manila]]) and is much more affordable than [[Continental Micronesia]]. There are two flights weekly Manila via Cebu to Palau and one flight weekly from Davao. The flight costs $230 from Davao and $280 from Manila with one week advance booking. (Stand May 4. 2007)
[[Tax|Taxes]] are moderate, the [[income tax]] has 3 brackets with medium rates (9.3%, 15% and 19.6%), [[corporate tax]] is 14% and general [[sales tax]] is 7.5%. There are no [[property taxes]].
==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Palau}}
The population of Palau is approximately 21,000, of whom 70% are native Palauans, who are of mixed [[Melanesia]]n, [[Micronesia]]n, and [[Malay]]an descent. [[Filipino people|Filipinos]] form the second largest ethnic group. Other [[Asians]] and [[European ethnic groups|European]]s account for the minority groups.
Three quarters of the population are [[Christian]]s (mainly [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] and [[Protestants]]), while [[Modekngei]] (a combination of Christianity, traditional Palauan religion and fortune telling) and the ancient Palauan religion are commonly observed. According to the 2005 census<ref>Office of Planning and Statistics, Republic of Palau: [http://www.spc.int/prism/country/pw/stats/PalauStats/Publication/publications.htm 2005 Census of Population and Housing], Table 59, retrieved on March 1, 2007</ref> 49.4% of the population are Roman Catholics, 21.3% Protestants, 8.7% Modekngei and 5.3% Seventh-day Adventists.
The official languages of Palau are [[Palauan language|Palauan]] and [[English language|English]], except for two states (Sonsorol and Hatohobei) where the local language, along with Palauan, is official. [[Japanese language|Japanese]] is also spoken widely amongst older Palauans, and, indeed, retains official status in the State of [[Angaur]]. (It is to be noted that [[Kuniwo Nakamura]], [[President of Palau]] [[1993]]-[[2001]], is himself of [[Japanese people|Japanese]] extraction). [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] is not official in Palau, but it is the 4th largest spoken language.
==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Palau|Music of Palau}}
{{seealso|Palauan language}}
===Libraries and museums===
There is a small public library in Koror, with a collection comprising about 17,000 books. The Belau National Museum, established in 1973, is also located in Koror.
==Transport==
[[Palau International Airport]] provides scheduled direct flights to [[Guam]], [[Taipei]] and [[Manila]]. In addition, the states of [[Angaur]] and [[Peleliu]] have regularly served airports.
Freight and cruise ships call at Malakal Harbor, on [[Malakal Island]] outside [[Koror]].
The country has no railways, and almost half of the roads are unpaved (of the {{convert|61|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} of highways, only {{convert|36|km|mi|0|abbr=on|disp=/}} are paved). Driving is on the right and the speed limit is 40 km/h (25 mph). Taxis are available in Koror. They are not metered and fares are negotiable. Only Koror maintains a bus service. Transportation between islands mostly relies on private boats.
==In the media==
The [[1968]] World War II movie [[Hell in the Pacific]] starring [[Lee Marvin]] and [[Toshirō Mifune]] was filmed on Palau's Rock Islands. [[Image:Survivor.palau.logo.png|left centre|thumb|200px|Logo for the tenth season of "Survivor." The national media exposure helped to boost tourism in Palau.]]
The nation was the site of the [[United States|American]] [[reality television]] program ''[[Survivor: Palau]]'', airing February 17 to May 15, 2005, as the ''[[Survivor (US TV series)|Survivor]]'' franchise's 10th edition. It is also the location of ''[[Survivor: Micronesia]]'', airing in the spring of [[2008]].
==See also==
* [[Foreign relations of Palau]]
* [[List of Palauans]]
* [[List of radio stations in Palau]]
* [[List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_by_country#Palau|List of wettest known tropical cyclones in Palau]]
* [[Military of Palau]]
* [[Palau at the Olympics]]
* [[Public holidays in Palau]]
* [[Scouting in Palau]]
* [[BentProp Project]]
* [[Micronesia challenge]]
* [[Palau Community College]]
* [[Communications in Palau]]
* [[Transportation in Palau]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.palaugov.net Official Site of the Republic of Palau]
* [http://senate.palauoek.net Palau National Congress - Olbiil Era Kelulau, Senate]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Palau|Palau}}
* {{wikia|world:Palau|Palau}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{wikiatlas|Palau}}
{{Countries and territories of Oceania}}
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
{{Former German colonies}}
{{Anglophone states}}
{{English official language clickable map}}
<!--Categories-->
[[Category:Palau| ]]
[[Category:Freely associated states]]
[[Category:Micronesia]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Microstates]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:1994 establishments]]
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