Palestinian people
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2008-07-17T01:04:51Z
The Evil Spartan
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[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision by LamaLoLeshLa ; undue weight issues - from said article, "After the modern State of Israel was born, nearly all native Palestinian Jews became citizens of Israel"
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{{Two other uses||the term "Palestinian" as applied to Jews|Palestinian Jew||Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian}}
{{Infobox Ethnic group
|image = [[Image:Ramallah-Family-1905.jpg|250px]]
|caption = Palestinian "Ayoub" family of [[Ghassanid]] ancestry from Ramallah ca 1905
|group = Palestinians
|poptime = 10,574,521 (estimated)
|popplace = {{flag|Palestinian territories}}: 3,760,000<ref name="JpostFigs">[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1202246355071 'Palestinians grow by a million in decade'], [[Jerusalem Post]], Feb 9, 2008<br>"208,000 Palestinians were counted in east Jerusalem ... 2.345 million in the West Bank and [[East Jerusalem]], and 1.416 million in Gaza"</ref>
|region1 = {{flag|Jordan}}
|pop1 = 2,700,000<ref name=Cordesman>Cordesman, 2005, p. 54. The figure is based on an estimate for 2005, extrapolating from a population 2.3 million in 2001.</ref>
|region2 = {{flag|Israel}}
|pop2 = 1,318,000
|region3 = {{flag|Syria}}
|pop3 = 434,896
|region4 = {{flag|Lebanon}}
|pop4 = 405,425
|region5 = {{flag|Chile}}
|pop5 = 400,000
|region6 = {{flag|USA}}
|pop6 = 200,000
|region7 = {{flag|Egypt}}
|pop7 = 70,245
|region8 = {{flag|Honduras}}
|pop8 = 54,000<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=107785]</ref>
|region9 = {{flag|Kuwait}}
|pop9 = 50,000
|region10 = {{flag|Brazil}}
|pop10 = 50,000<ref>[http://www.memorialdoimigrante.sp.gov.br/historico/e4.htm Governo do Estado de São Paulo - Memorial do Imigrante<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|region11 = {{flag|Yemen}}
|pop11 = 24,000<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=107785]</ref>
|region12 = {{flag|Canada}}
|pop12 = 23,975 (2006 Census)<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=92333&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=801&Temporal=2006&Theme=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF&GID=837928]</ref>
|region13 = {{flag|Australia}}
|pop13 = 15,000
|region14 = {{flag|Colombia}}
|pop14 = 12,000<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=107785]</ref>
|region15 = {{flag|Guatemala}}
|pop15 = 1,400<ref>[http://www.joshuaproject.net/peoples.php?rop3=107785]</ref>
|langs = [[Palestinian Arabic|Arabic, English]]
|rels = [[Sunni Islam]], [[Christianity]], others
||related-c = Other [[Arab]]s; and other [[Semitic]] peoples
}}
[[Image:Palestine frontier 1922.png|thumbnail|100px|right|Palestine frontier 1922]]
'''Palestinian people''' ({{lang-ar|'''الشعب الفلسطيني'''}}, ''ash-sha`b al-filasTīni''), '''Palestinians''' ({{lang-ar|'''الفلسطينيون'''}}, ''al-filasTīnīyyūn''), or '''Palestinian Arabs''' ({{lang-ar|'''العرب الفلسطينيون'''}}, ''al-`arab al-filasTīnīyyūn'') are terms used to refer to an [[Arabic]]-speaking [[people]] with family origins in [[Palestine]], or those who migrated into the area after 1917.
The total Palestinian population worldwide is estimated to be between 10 and 11 million people, over half of whom are [[Statelessness|stateless]], lacking [[citizenship]] in any country.<ref name=Shiblak>{{cite journal|title=Reflections on the Palestinian Diaspora in Europe|author=Abbas Shiblak|journal=The Palestinian Diaspora in Europe: Challenges of Dual Identity and Adaptation|publisher=Institute of Jerusalem Studies|isbn=9950315042|date=2005|url=http://www.rsc.ox.ac.uk/PDFs/Shiblak.pdf}}</ref> Palestinians are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s, though there is a significant [[Palestinian Christian|Christian minority]] as well as smaller religious communities.
The first widespread use of "[[Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian|Palestinian]]" as an [[endonym]] to refer to the [[nationalism|nationalist]] concept of a Palestinian people by the [[Arab]]s of Palestine began prior to the outbreak of [[World War I]],<ref name=palestineeb>{{cite web|title=Palestine|date=2007|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=2007-08-29|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45075}}</ref> and the first demand for [[national independence]] was issued by the [[Syria]]n-Palestinian Congress on [[21 September]], [[1921]].<ref name=Porath117>Porath, 1974, p. 117.</ref> After the [[1948 Palestinian exodus|exodus of 1948]], and even more so after the [[1967 Palestinian exodus|exodus of 1967]], the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|Palestinian nation-state]].<ref name=palestineeb/>
Roughly half of all Palestinians continue to live in [[Israel]], the [[West Bank]], the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[East Jerusalem]].<ref><sup>[i]</sup><small>Some three million Palestinians also live in modern day [[Jordan]]. From 1918-22 this region was part of the British Mandate of Palestine, before being separated to form a new, Arab (i.e. non-Jewish) monarchy in [[Transjordan]]. Unless otherwise specified this article uses "British Mandate" and related terms to refer to the remaining 20% of the post-1922 mandate, west of the Jordan river.</small></ref> The other half, many of whom are [[Palestinian refugee|refugee]]s, live elsewhere in different places throughout the world. (See [[Palestinian diaspora]])
The Palestinian people as a whole are represented before the international community by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO).<ref name=IMEU>{{cite web|title=Who Represents the Palestinians Officially Before the World Community?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|date=2006–2007|accessdate=2007-07-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0046.shtml}}</ref> The [[Palestinian National Authority]], officially established as a result of the [[Oslo Accords]], is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centers in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
== Origins ==
===Etymology===
{{seealso|Palestine}}
[[Image:Medieval Arab Palestine.jpg|thumb|200px|right|A map of Palestine as described by the medieval Arab geographers, with the [[Jund Filastin]][http://www.mideastweb.org/caliph2m.gif] highlighted in grey]]
The [[Greek language|Greek]] toponym ''Palaistinê'' (Παλαιστίνη), with which the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Filastin'' (فلسطين) is cognate, first occurs in the work of the [[Ionia]]n historian [[Herodotus]], active in the middle of the 5th century BCE, where it denotes generally<ref name=Exception>With the exception of Bks. 1, 105; 3.91.1, and 4.39, 2. </ref> the coastal land from [[Phoenicia]] down to [[Egypt]].<ref name=Herodotusdescription>[[Herodotus]] describes its scope in the Fifth Satrapy of the Perthians as follows: "From the town of Posidium, [...] on the border between [[Cilicia]] and Syria, as far as [[Egypt]] - omitting Arabian territory, which was free of tax, came 350 talents. This province contains the whole of Phoenicia and that part of Syria which is called Palestine, and Cyprus. This is the fifth Satrapy." (from Herodotus Book 3, 8th logos).[http://classics.mit.edu/Herodotus/history.mb.txt]</ref>
Herodotus also employs the term as an [[ethnonym]], as when he speaks of the 'Syrians of Palestine' or 'Palestinian-Syrians',<ref name=Herodotus>Herodotus, ''The Histories'', Bks. 2, 104: 3.5.</ref> an ethnically amorphous group he distinguishes from the [[Phoenicians]].<ref name=Kasher>Kasher, 1990, p. 15.</ref> The word bears comparison to a congeries of ethnonyms in [[Semitic languages]], [[Ancient Egypt]]ian ''Prst'', [[Assyrian language|Assyrian]] ''Palastu'', and the [[Old Hebrew|Hebraic]] ''Plishtim'', the latter term used in the Bible to signify the [[Philistines]].<ref name=Pleseth>''Plesheth'', (from the root ''palash'' or ''falash'') was a general Semitic-language term meaning "rolling and spreading" or "migratory". It referred to the Philistines' invasion and conquest of the coast from the sea (see [[Sea Peoples]]).</ref>
The Romans popularised the term ''Palestina'' after their destruction of the 2nd Jewish Temple in Jerusalem when they uprooted and exiled the majority of Jews from the land, then known as Judea. This was an attempt to revoke the Jewish connection with the land of Israel in both name and substance.<ref name="Lehmann">{{cite web |url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm#135-337 |title=Palestine: History: 135–337: Syria Palaestina and the Tetrarchy |accessdate=2006-07-19 |last=Lehmann |first=Clayton Miles |year=1998 |month=May-September |work=The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces |publisher=University of South Dakota }}</ref>
The Arabic word ''Filastin'' has been used to refer to the region since the earliest [[medieval]] Arab [[geographers]] adopted the [[Greek language|Greek]] name. ''Filastini'' (فلسطيني), also derived from the [[Latin]]ized [[Greek language|Greek]] term ''Palaestina'' (Παλαιστίνη), appears to have been used as an [[Arabic language|Arabic]] [[Arabic grammar#Nisba|adjectival noun]] in the region since as early as the 7th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the burial of martyrs|author=Michael Lecker|publisher=Tokyo University|url=http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/HP-e2/eventreports/Lecker.html}}:"For example, 'Abdallah b. Muhayriz al-Jumahi al-Filastini was the name of an [[ascetic]] who lived in [[Jerusalem]] and died in the early 700s." See also: [http://www.mideastweb.org/palcaliph1.htm Palestine Under the Arab Caliphs].</ref>
[[Image:Nablus 1898.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Nablus city in 19th century]]
During the [[British Mandate of Palestine]], the term "Palestinian" was used to refer to all people residing there, regardless of religion or [[ethnicity]], and those granted [[citizenship]] by the Mandatory authorities were granted "Palestinian citizenship".<ref>{{cite paper | author = [[Her Majesty's Government|Government of the United Kingdom]] | title = REPORT by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of PALESTINE AND TRANS-JORDAN FOR THE YEAR 1930 | publisher = [[League of Nations]] | date = [[December 31]], [[1930]] | url = http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/a47250072a3dd7950525672400783bde/c2feff7b90a24815052565e6004e5630!OpenDocument | accessdate = 2007-05-29}}
</ref>
Following the 1948 [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel|establishment]] of the [[State of Israel]] as the national homeland of the [[Jewish people]], the use and application of the terms "Palestine" and "Palestinian" by and to [[Palestinian Jews]] largely dropped from use. The English-language newspaper ''[[The Palestine Post]]'' for example — which, since 1932, primarily served the [[Yishuv|Jewish community]] in the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] — changed its name in 1950 to ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]''. Jews in [[Israel]] and the [[West Bank]] today generally identify as [[Israelis]]. [[Arab citizens of Israel]] identify themselves as Israeli and/or Palestinian and/or Arab.<ref name=Kershner>{{cite web|title=Noted Arab citizens call on Israel to shed Jewish identity|author=Isabel Kershner|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/08/africa/web.0208israel.php|publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]|date=[[8 February]] [[2007]]|accessdate=2007-01-08}}</ref>
[[Image:Coat of arms of Palestine.svg|thumb|100px|left|Saladin's Falcon:Coat of Arms and Embelm
of Palestine and the [[Palestinian Authority]]]]
The [[Palestinian National Charter]], as amended by the PLO's [[Palestine National Council]] in July 1968, defined "Palestinians" as: "those Arab nationals who, until 1947, normally resided in Palestine regardless of whether they were evicted from it or stayed there. Anyone born, after that date, of a Palestinian father — whether in Palestine or outside it — is also a Palestinian."<ref name="charter">{{cite web|title=The Palestinian National Charter|publisher=Permanent Observer Mission of Palestine to the United Nations|url=http://www.un.int/palestine/PLO/PNAcharter.html}}</ref> This definition also extends to, "The Jews who had normally resided in Palestine until the beginning of the [[Zionist]] invasion." The Charter also states that "Palestine with the [[Border|boundaries]] it had during the British Mandate, is an indivisible territorial unit."<ref name="NoteonDraftConstitution">{{cite web|title=Constitution of the State of Palestine|author=Constitution Committee of the Palestine National Council|publisher=Jerusalem Media and Communication Center|date=Third Draft, 7 March 2003, revised in March 25, 2003|accessdate=2007-08-21|url=http://www.jmcc.org/documents/palestineconstitution-eng.pdf}} The most recent draft of the Palestinian constitution would amend that definition such that, "Palestinian nationality shall be regulated by law, without prejudice to the rights of those who legally acquired it prior to May 10, 1948 or the rights of the Palestinians residing in Palestine prior to this date, and who were forced into exile or departed there from and denied return thereto. This right passes on from fathers or mothers to their progenitor. It neither disappears nor elapses unless voluntarily relinquished."</ref><ref name="charter"/>
===History===
{{seealso|Palestine}}
{{seealso|History of Palestine}}
[[Image:Peasant Family of Ramallah 1900-1910.jpg|right|thumb|200px|a Palestinian family portrait ca 1900]]
'''Mixed ancestry'''
Palestinians, like most other Arabic-speakers, combine ancestries from those who have come to settle the region throughout history, a matter on which [[genetics|genetic]] evidence (see below) has begun to shed some light.<ref name=Nebel2000>{{cite journal|title=High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews|author=Nebel et al.|publisher=''Human Genetics''|date=2000|volume=107|pages=630–641}}"According to historical records part, or perhaps the majority, of the Muslim Arabs in this country descended from local inhabitants, mainly Christians and Jews, who had converted after the Islamic conquest in the seventh century AD (Shaban 1971; Mc Graw Donner 1981). These local inhabitants, in turn, were descendants of the core population that had lived in the area for several centuries, some even since prehistorical times (Gil 1992)... Thus, our findings are in good agreement with the historical record..."</ref> American Jewish historian [[Bernard Lewis]] writes: <blockquote>"Clearly, in Palestine as elsewhere in the Middle East, the modern inhabitants include among their ancestors those who lived in the country in antiquity. Equally obviously, the demographic mix was greatly modified over the centuries by migration, deportation, immigration, and settlement. This was particularly true in Palestine..."<ref name=Lewis49>Lewis, 1999, p. 49.</ref></blockquote> Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian anthropologist explains:<blockquote>"Throughout history a great diversity of peoples has moved into the region and made Palestine their homeland: Jebusites, Canaanites, Philistines from [[Crete]], [[Anatolian]] and [[Lydian]] Greeks, Hebrews, [[Amorites]], [[Edomites]], [[Nabateans]], [[Arameans]], [[Roman empire|Romans]], Arabs, and European [[Crusades|crusaders]], to name a few. Each of them appropriated different regions that overlapped in time and competed for sovereignty and land. Others, such as [[Ancient Egyptians]], [[Hittites]], [[Persians]], [[Babylonians]], and [[Mongols]], were historical 'events' whose successive occupations were as ravaging as the effects of major earthquakes ... Like shooting stars, the various cultures shine for a brief moment before they fade out of official historical and cultural records of Palestine. The people, however, survive. In their customs and manners, fossils of these ancient civilizations survived until modernity—albeit modernity camouflaged under the veneer of Islam and [[Arabic culture]]."<ref name=Qleibo/></blockquote>
[[Kermit Zarley]] writes that, "The early ancestors of some of today's Palestinians are no doubt the Canaanites, Philistines, [[Phoenicians]], Egyptians, [[Idumaeans]], Nabateans and Samaritans. In later periods, their intermarriage with conquering peoples, such as Greeks, Romans, Arabians and Turks, merely added to the genetic mix in Palestine."<ref name=Zarley>Zarley, 1990, p. 96.</ref> Much of the local Palestinian population in [[Nablus]], for example, is believed to be descended from Samaritans who converted to Islam.<ref name=Ireton>{{cite web|title=The Samaritans - A Jewish Sect in Israel: Strategies for Survival of an Ethno-religious Minority in the Twenty First Century|author=Sean Ireton|publisher=Anthrobase|date=2003|accessdate=2007-11-29|url=http://www.anthrobase.com/Txt/I/Ireton_S_01.htm}}</ref> Even today, certain Nabulsi family names including Muslimani, Yaish, and Shakshir among others, are associated with Samaritan ancestry.<ref name=Ireton/>
'''Disputes over ancient Canaanite ancestry'''
Some modern Palestinians claim ancestral and cultural connections to the ancient populations that dwelled in Palestine, particularly the Canaanites, an issue of contention within the context of the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].
Noting "the rewriting of the past is usually undertaken to achieve specific political aims" Bernard Lewis explains that, "in bypassing the biblical Israelites and claiming kinship with the Canaanites, the pre-Israelite inhabitants of Palestine, it is possible to assert a historical claim antedating the biblical promise and possession put forward by the Jews."<ref name=Lewis49/>
Some Palestinian scholars, like Zakariyya Muhammad, have criticized the search for Canaanite roots, what he calls "Canaanite ideology", as an "intellectual fad, divorced from the concerns of ordinary people."<ref name=Tamari/> Assigning its pursuit to the desire to predate Jewish national claims, he describes "Canaanism" as a "losing ideology when used to manage our conflict with the Zionist movement," since it, "concedes a priori the central thesis of Zionism. Namely that we have been engaged in a perennial conflict with Zionism—and hence with the Jewish presence in Palestine—since the Kingdom of [[Solomon]] and before ... thus in one stroke Canaanism cancels the assumption that Zionism is a European movement, propelled by modern European contingencies..."<ref name=Tamari/>
Salim Tamari notes the paradoxes produced by the search for "nativist" roots among Zionist figures and the so-called [[Canaanites (movement)|Canaanite]] ([[anti-Zionist]]) followers of [[Yonatan Ratosh]].<ref name=Tamari/> For example, [[Ber Borochov]] claimed that the lack of a crystallized national consciousness among Palestinian Arabs would result in their likely assimilation into the new Hebrew nationalism, basing this on the belief that: "the fellahin are considered in this context as the descendants of the ancient Hebrew and Canaanite residents 'together with a small admixture of Arab blood'".<ref name=Tamari/> [[Ahad Ha'am]] also shared the belief that: "the Moslems [of Palestine] are the ancient residents of the land ... who became Christians on the rise of Christianity and became Moslems on the arrival of Islam."<ref name=Tamari/> Even [[David Ben-Gurion]] and [[Yitzhak Ben Zvi]] tried to establish in a 1918 paper written in [[Yiddish]] that Palestinian peasants and their mode of life were living historical testimonies to [[Israelite]] practices in the biblical period.<ref name=Tamari/> Tamari notes that "the ideological implications of this claim became very problematic and were soon withdrawn from circulation."<ref name=Tamari/>
'''Arab origins of the indigenous Bedouin'''
{{History of the Levant}}
The [[Bedouin]]s of Palestine are said to be more securely known to be [[Arab]] ancestrally as well as by culture; their distinctively conservative [[Varieties of Arabic|dialects]] and pronunciation of ''qaaf'' as ''gaaf'' group them with other [[Bedouin]] across the Arab world and confirm their separate history.{{Fact|date=August 2007}} [[Arabic language|Arabic]] onomastic elements began to appear in [[Edomite language|Edomite]] inscriptions starting in the 6th century BC, and are nearly universal in the inscriptions of the [[Nabataean]]s, who arrived in today’s Jordan in the 4th-3rd centuries BC.<ref>Healey, 2001, pp. 26-28.</ref> It has thus been suggested that the present day Bedouins of the region may have their origins as early as this period. A few Bedouin are found as far north as [[Galilee]]; however, these seem to be much later arrivals, rather than descendants of the Arabs that [[Sargon II]] settled in [[Samaria]] in 720 BC. The term “Arab,” as well as the presence of Arabs in the Syrian desert and the Fertile Crescent, is first seen in the Assyrian sources from the 9th century bce (Eph'al 1984).<ref>Eph`al I (1984) The Ancient Arabs. The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem</ref>
Following the [[Muslim conquest of Syria]], the local languages of [[Aramaic language|Aramaic]] and [[Greek language|Greek]] were replaced by [[Arabic language|Arabic]] as the area's dominant language.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Griffith|first=Sidney H.|title=From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods|work=Dumbarton Oaks Papers|volume=51|date=1997|pages=13}}</ref> Among the cultural survivals from pre-Islamic times are the significant Palestinian Christian community, and smaller Jewish and [[Samaritan]] ones, as well as an Aramaic and possibly Hebrew [[sub-stratum]] in the local [[Palestinian Arabic|Palestinian Arabic dialect]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Arabic Language|author=Kees Versteegh|publisher=Edinburgh University|year=2001|isbn=0748614362|url=http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OHfse3YY6NAC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=v53WIDmzb2&sig=gEPR0Ooud3oHAT1TN8T8xoZXDUo}}</ref>
'''European and Orientalist views'''
The British Mandate referred to native Palestinians and European Jewish settlers alike as "Palestinians," consistent with an [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] view of all Jews as Eastern people. Thus figures such as Emmanuel Kant could refer to European Jews as "Palestinians living among us."<ref>[[Immanuel Kant|Kant, Immanuel]] (1974): ''Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View.'' Translated by Mary J. Gregor. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, cited in Chad Alan Goldberg, ''[http://www.ssc.wisc.edu/~cgoldber/Web%20Class/Goldberg2005a.pdf Politicide Revisited]''. University of Wisconsin-Madison</ref>
===Palestinian nationalism===
[[Image:Palestine girl with flag-284x358.png|thumb|200px|left|Palestinian girl with the flag]]
{{Main|History of Palestinian nationality}}
{{main|Palestinian nationalism}}
The timing and causes behind the emergence of a distinctively Palestinian national consciousness among the [[Arabs]] of Palestine are matters of scholarly disagreement.
{{Arabs}}
In his 1997 book, ''Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness,'' historian [[Rashid Khalidi]] notes that the archaeological strata that denote the history of [[Palestine]] — encompassing the [[Biblical]], [[Ancient Rome|Roman]], [[Byzantine]], [[Umayyad]], [[Fatimid]], [[Crusade]]r, [[Ayyubid]], [[Mamluk]] and [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] periods — form part of the identity of the modern-day Palestinian people, as they have come to understand it over the last century.<ref name=Khalidip18>Khalidi, 1997, p. 18.</ref> Khalidi stresses that Palestinian identity has never been an exclusive one, with "Arabism, religion, and local loyalties" continuing to play an important role.<ref name=Khalidip19>Khalidi, 1997, p. 19–21.</ref>
Echoing this view, [[Walid Khalidi]] writes that Palestinians in [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] times were "[a]cutely aware of the distinctiveness of Palestinian history ..." and that "[a]lthough proud of their Arab heritage and ancestry, the Palestinians considered themselves to be descended not only from Arab conquerors of the seventh century but also from [[indigenous peoples]] who had lived in the country since time immemorial, including the ancient [[Hebrews]] and the [[Canaanites]] before them."<ref name=WKhalidi32>Khalidi, W., 1984, p. 32.</ref>
[[Baruch Kimmerling]] and Joel S. Migdal consider the 1834 revolt of the Arabs in Palestine as constituting the first formative event of the Palestinian people. Under the Ottomans, Palestine's Arab population mostly saw themselves as Ottoman subjects. In the 1830s however, Palestine was occupied by the Egyptian vassal of the Ottomans, [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt| Muhammad Ali]] and his son [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt| Ibrahim Pasha]]. The revolt was precipitated by popular resistance against heavy demands for conscripts, as peasants were well aware that conscription was little more than a death sentence. Starting in May 1834 the rebels took many cities, among them [[Jerusalem]], [[Hebron]] and [[Nablus]]. In response, Ibrahim Pasha sent in an army, finally defeating the last rebels on [[4 August]] in Hebron.<ref name=Kimmerling6>Kimmerling and Migdal, 2003, p. 6-11</ref> Nevertheless, [[Benny Morris]] argues that the Arabs in Palestine remained part of a larger Pan-Islamist or [[Pan-Arab]] national movement.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', pp.40-42 in the French edition.</ref>
[[Rashid Khalidi]] argues that the modern national identity of Palestinians has its roots in [[nationalism|nationalist]] discourses that emerged among the peoples of the [[Ottoman empire]] in the late 19th century, and which sharpened following the demarcation of modern nation-state boundaries in the [[Middle East]] after [[World War I]].<ref name=Khalidip19/> Khalidi also states that although the challenge posed by [[Zionism]] played a role in shaping this identity, that "it is a serious mistake to suggest that Palestinian identity emerged mainly as a response to Zionism."<ref name=Khalidip19/>
{{Palestinians}}
Historian [[James L. Gelvin]] argues that [[Palestinian nationalism]] was a direct reaction to Zionism. In his book ''The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War'' he states that "Palestinian nationalism emerged during the interwar period in response to [[Zionism|Zionist]] immigration and settlement."<ref name = "Gelvin 92">Gelvin, 2005, p. 92-93.</ref> Gelvin argues that this fact does not make the Palestinian identity any less legitimate:
<blockquote>''"The fact that Palestinian nationalism developed later than Zionism and indeed in response to it does not in any way diminish the legitimacy of Palestinian nationalism or make it less valid than Zionism. All nationalisms arise in opposition to some "other." Why else would there be the need to specify who you are? And all nationalisms are defined by what they oppose."''<ref name = "Gelvin 92" /></blockquote>
[[Bernard Lewis]] argues it was not as a Palestinian nation that the Arabs of Ottoman Palestine objected to Zionists, since the very concept of such a nation was unknown to the Arabs of the area at the time and did not come into being until very much later. Even the concept of Arab nationalism in the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire, "had not reached significant proportions before the outbreak of World War I."<ref name=Lewis>{{cite book|title=''Semites and Anti-Semites, An Inquiry into Conflict and Prejudice''|author=Bernard Lewis| publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |year=1999|pages=169|isbn=0-393-31839-7}}</ref>
Tamir Sorek, a [[sociologist]], submits that, "Although a distinct Palestinian identity can be traced back at least to the middle of the nineteenth century (Kimmerling and Migdal 1993; Khalidi 1997b), or even to the seventeenth century (Gerber 1998), it was not until after World War I that a broad range of optional ''political'' affiliations became relevant for the Arabs of Palestine."<ref name=Sorek>{{cite journal|title=The Orange and the Cross in the Cresent|journal=Nations and Nationalism|url=http://66.102.9.104/search?q=cache:8ONU1wCDmV8J:plaza.ufl.edu/tsorek/articles/orange.pdf|author=Tamir Sorek|volume=10 (3)|date=2004|pages=pp. 269–291}}</ref>
Whatever the differing viewpoints over the timing, causal mechanisms, and orientation of Palestinian nationalism, by the early 20th century strong opposition to Zionism and evidence of a burgeoning nationalistic Palestinian identity is found in the content of Arabic-language newspapers in Palestine, such as ''Al-Karmil'' (est. 1908) and ''Filasteen'' (est. 1911).<ref name=Khalidip124>Khalidi, 1997, p. 124–127.</ref> ''Filasteen'', published in [[Jaffa]] by Issa and Yusef al-Issa, addressed its readers as "Palestinians",<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestine Facts|publisher=PASSIA: Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs|url=http://www.passia.org/palestine_facts/chronology/14001962.htm}}</ref> first focusing its critique of Zionism around the failure of the Ottoman administration to control Jewish immigration and the large influx of foreigners, later exploring the impact of Zionist land-purchases on Palestinian peasants ({{lang-ar|فلحين}}, ''[[fellahin]]''), expressing growing concern over land dispossession and its implications for the society at large.<ref name=Khalidip124/>
The first Palestinian nationalist organisations emerged at the end of the [[World War I]].<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', p.48 in the French edition.</ref> Two political factions emerged. ''Al-Muntada al-Adabi'', dominated by the [[Nashashibi]] family, militated for the promotion of the Arabic language and culture, for the defense of Islamic values and for an independent Syria and Palestine. In [[Damascus]], ''al-Nadi al-Arabi'' , dominated by the [[Husayni]] family, defended the same values.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', p.49 in the French edition.</ref>
The historical record continued to reveal an interplay between "Arab" and "Palestinian" identities and nationalisms. The idea of a unique Palestinian state separated out from its Arab neighbors was at first rejected by some Palestinian representatives. The First Congress of Muslim-Christian Associations (in [[Jerusalem]], February 1919), which met for the purpose of selecting a Palestinian Arab representative for the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], adopted the following resolution: "We consider Palestine as part of Arab Syria, as it has never been separated from it at any time. We are connected with it by national, religious, [[linguistic]], natural, economic and geographical bonds."<ref>{{cite book|title=Palestinian Arab National Movement: From Riots to Rebellion: 1929-1939, vol. 2|author=[[Yehoshua Porath]]|publisher=Frank Cass and Co., Ltd.|date=1977|page=81-82}}</ref>
After the [[Nabi Musa]] [[1920 Palestine riots|riots]], the [[San Remo conference]] and the failure of [[Faisal I of Iraq|Faisal]] to establish the [[Great Syria|Kingdom of Greater Syria]], a distinctive form of Palestinian Arab nationalism took root between April and July 1920.<ref>[[Benny Morris]], ''Righteous Victims'', pp.49-50 in the French edition.</ref><ref>[[Tom Segev]], ''One Palestine, Complete'', p.139n.</ref> With the fall of the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the French conquest of [[Syria]], the formerly pan-Syrianist [[mayor of Jerusalem]], [[Musa Qasim Pasha al-Husayni]], said "Now, after the recent events in [[Damascus]], we have to effect a complete change in our plans here. Southern Syria no longer exists. We must defend Palestine".{{Fact|date=August 2007}}
Conflict between Palestinian nationalists and various types of [[Pan-Arabism|pan-Arabists]] continued during the British Mandate, but the latter became increasingly marginalized. Two prominent leaders of the Palestinian nationalists were [[Mohammad Amin al-Husayni]], Grand Mufti of Jerusalem,appointed by the British, and [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]].<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts>{{cite web|title=The History of Palestinian Revolts|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 December 2003|accessdate=2007-08-17|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20051215061527/http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/9A489B74-6477-4E67-9C22-0F53A3CC9ADF.htm }}</ref>
===Struggle for self-determination===
Palestinians have never exercised full [[sovereignty]] over the land in which they have lived. Palestine was administered by the Ottoman Empire until World War I, and then by the British Mandatory authorities. Israel was established in parts of Palestine in 1948, and in the wake of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]], the West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied by Jordan, and the Gaza Strip by Egypt, with both countries continuing to administer these areas until Israel occupied them during the [[Six-day war|1967 war]]. [[Avi Shlaim]] explains that the argument that "you never had sovereignty over this land, and therefore you have no rights," has been used by Israelis to deny Palestinian rights and attachment to the land.<ref name=Attapatu>{{cite web|date[[June 16]] [[2004]]|title=Interview With Middle East Scholar Avi Shlaim: America, Israel and the Middle East|author=Don Atapattu|url=http://www.thenation.com/doc/20040628/attapatu|publisher=[[The Nation]]|accessdate=2008-03-09}}</ref>
Today, the right of the Palestinian people to [[self-determination]] is generally recognized, having been affirmed by the [[Security Council]], the [[General Assembly]], the [[International Court of Justice]] and even by [[Israel]] itself.<ref>[http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/07fc0614021668418525736b005c8a82!OpenDocument John Dugard's "Situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967"]</ref> About 100 nations recognize [[Palestinian state|Palestine]] as a state,<ref name=IMEU2>{{cite web|title=How many countries recognize Palestine as a state?|publisher=Institute for Middle East Understanding|date=2006-2007|accessdate=2008-02-27|url=http://imeu.net/news/article0065.shtml}}</ref> with [[Costa Rica]] being the most recent country to do so, in February of 2008.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/958208.html The Associated Press],'Israeli diplomat postpones meeting after Costa Rica recognizes Palestinian state,' Haaretz 26/02/2008]</ref> However, Palestinian sovereignty over the areas claimed as part of the Palestinian state remains limited, and the boundaries of the state remain a point of contestation between Palestinians and Israelis.
====British Mandate 1917-1948====
[[Image:Image-Jerusalem riots april 1920 police controle of arabs civilians.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|British Indian Soldiers search Arab sheikhs in the streets of Jerusalem during the [[1920 Palestine riots]]]]
[[Image:Abdel Kader al-Husseini flip.jpg|thumbnail|150px|left|[[Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni]] leader of the Palestinian Army in 1948]]
After the British general, Louis Bols, declared the enforcement of the [[Balfour Declaration]] in February [[1920]], some 1,500 Palestinians demonstrated in the streets of Jerusalem.<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/> A month later, during the [[1920 Palestine riots]], the protests against British rule and Zionist immigration became violent and Bols banned all demonstrations. In May [[1921]] however, further anti-Zionist riots broke out in [[Jaffa riots|Jaffa]] and dozens of Arabs and Jews were killed in the confrontations.<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/>
In [[1922]], the British authorities over [[Mandate Palestine]] proposed a draft constitution that would have granted the Palestinian Arabs representation in a Legislative Council. The Palestine Arab delegation rejected the proposal as "wholly unsatisfactory," noting that "the People of Palestine" could not accept the inclusion of the Balfour Declaration in the constitution's preamble as the basis for discussions. They further took issue with the designation of Palestine as a British "colony of the lowest order."<ref>{{cite web|title=Correspondence with the Palestine Arab Delegation and the Zionist Organization|publisher=United Nations (original from ''His Majesty's Stationery Office'')|date=21 February 1922|accessdate=2007-08-01|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0145a8233e14d2b585256cbf005af141/48a7e5584ee1403485256cd8006c3fbe!OpenDocument]}}</ref> The Arabs tried to get the British to offer an Arab legal establishment again roughly ten years later, but to no avail.<ref name="Continuum">"Palestine Arabs." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. [[Avraham Sela]]. New York: Continuum, 2002.</ref>
After the killing of Sheikh [[Izz ad-Din al-Qassam]] by the British in [[1935]], his followers initiated the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]], which began with a [[general strike]] in [[Jaffa]] and attacks on Jewish and British installations in [[Nablus]].<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/> The [[Arab High Committee]] called for a nationwide general strike, non-payment of taxes, and the closure of municipal governments, and demanded an end to Jewish immigration and a ban of the sale of land to Jews. By the end of [[1936]], the movement had become a national revolt, and resistance grew during [[1937]] and [[1938]]. In response, the British declared [[martial law]], dissolved the Arab High Committee and arrested officials from the Supreme Muslim Council who were behind the revolt. By [[1939]], 5,000 Palestinians had been killed in British attempts to quash the revolt; more than 15,000 were wounded.<ref name=HistoryOfPalestinianRevolts/>
====The "lost years" (1948 - 1967)====
After the [[1948 Arab-Israeli war]] and the accompanying [[1948 Palestinian exodus|Palestinian exodus]], known to Palestinians as [[Nakba Day|Al Nakba]] (the "catastrophe"), there was a hiatus in Palestinian political activity which Khalidi partially attributes to "the fact that Palestinian society had been devastated between November 1947 and mid-May 1948 as a result of a series of overwhelming military defeats of the disorganized Palestinians by the armed forces of the Zionist movement."<ref name=Khalidi178>Khalidi, 1997, p. 178.</ref> Those parts of British Mandate Palestine which did not become part of the newly declared Israeli state were occupied by [[Egypt]] and [[Jordan]]. During what Khalidi terms the "lost years" that followed, Palestinians lacked a center of gravity, divided as they were between these countries and others such as [[Syria]], [[Lebanon]], and elsewhere.<ref name=Khalidi179>Khalidi, 1997, p. 179.</ref>
In the 1950s, a new generation of Palestinian nationalist groups and movements began to organize clandestinely, stepping out onto the public stage in the 1960s.<ref name=Khalidi180>Khalidi, 1997, p. 180.</ref> The traditional Palestinian elite who had dominated negotiations with the British and the Zionists in the Mandate, and who were largely held responsible for the loss of Palestine, were replaced by these new movements whose recruits generally came from poor to middle class backgrounds and were often students or recent graduates of universities in [[Cairo]], [[Beirut]] and Damascus.<ref name=Khalidi180/> The potency of the [[pan-Arabism|pan-Arabist]] ideology put forward by [[Gamel Abdel Nasser]]—popular among Palestinian for whom Arabism was already an important component of their identity<ref name=Khalidi182>Khalidi, 1997, p. 182.</ref>—tended to obscure the identities of the separate Arab nation-states it subsumed.<ref name=Khalidi181>Khalidi, 1997, p. 181.</ref>
==== Developments (1967 - present) ====
Since 1967, pan-Arabism has diminished as an aspect of Palestinian identity. The Israeli capture of the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[West Bank]] in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] prompted fractured Palestinian political and militant groups to give up any remaining hope they had placed in pan-Arabism. Instead, they rallied around the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), founded in 1964, and its nationalistic orientation.<ref name=plo1974>{{cite web|title=The PNC program of 1974|publisher=Mideastweb.org|date=8 June 1974|accessdate=2007-08-17|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/plo1974.htm}}The PNC adopted the goal of establishing a national state in 1974.</ref> Mainstream [[secular]] Palestinian nationalism was grouped together under the umbrella of the PLO whose constituent organizations include [[Fatah]] and the [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine]], among others.<ref name=Khalidi149>Khalidi, 1997, p. 149.</ref> These groups gave voice to a tradition that emerged in 1960s that argues Palestinian nationalism has deep historical roots, with extreme advocates reading a Palestinian nationalist consciousness and identity back into the history of Palestine over the past few centuries, and even millennia, when such a consciousness is in fact relatively modern.<ref name=Khalidip149n>Khalidi, 1997, p. 149. Khalidi writes : 'As with other national movements, extreme advocates of this view go further than this, and anachronistically read back into the history of Palestine over the past few centuries, and even millennia, a nationalist consciousness and identity that are in fact relatively modern.'</ref>
The [[Karameh|Battle of Karameh]] and the events of [[Black September in Jordan]] contributed to growing Palestinian support for these groups, particularly among Palestinians in exile. Concurrently, among Palestinians in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]], a new ideological theme, known as ''[[sumud]]'', represented the Palestinian political strategy popularly adopted from 1967 onward. As a concept closely related to the land, [[agriculture]] and [[indigenous]]ness, the ideal image of the Palestinian put forward at this time was that of the peasant (in Arabic, ''[[fellah]]'') who stayed put on his land, refusing to leave. A strategy more passive than that adopted by the [[Palestinian fedayeen]], ''sumud'' provided an important subtext to the narrative of the fighters, "in symbolising continuity and connections with the land, with peasantry and a [[rural]] way of life."<ref name=Schulzp105>Schulz and Hammer, 2003, p. 105.</ref>
In 1974, the PLO was recognized as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people by the Arab states and was granted observer status as a [[national liberation movement]] by the United Nations that same year.<ref name=IMEU/><ref>{{cite web|title=Security Council|publisher=WorldMUN2007 - [[United Nations Security Council]]|date=26 March–30 March 2007|accessdate=2007-07-31|url=http://www.worldmun.org/MUNBase2007/files/downloads/guides/SCGuideA.pdf }}</ref> Israel rejected the resolution, calling it "shameful".<ref name=IsraeliMFA>{{cite web|title= 48 Statement in the Knesset by Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister Allon- 26 November 1974|publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|date=26 November 1974|accessdate=2007-07-31|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign%20Relations/Israels%20Foreign%20Relations%20since%201947/1974-1977/48%20Statement%20in%20the%20Knesset%20by%20Deputy%20Premier%20and }}</ref> In a speech to the [[Knesset]], Deputy Premier and Foreign Minister [[Yigal Allon]] outlined the government's view that: 'No one can expect us to recognize the terrorist organization called the PLO as representing the Palestinians—because it does not. No one can expect us to negotiate with the heads of terror-gangs, who through their ideology and actions, endeavour to liquidate the State of Israel.'<ref name=IsraeliMFA/>
The British historian [[Eric Hobsbawn]] allows that an element of justness can be discerned in skeptical outsider views that dismiss the propriety of using the term 'nation' to peoples like the Palestinians: such language arises often as the rhetoric of an evolved minority out of touch with the larger community that lacks this modern sense of national belonging. But at the same time, he argues, this outsider perspective has tended to "overlook the rise of mass national identification when it did occur, as Zionist and Israeli Jews notably did in the case of the Palestinian Arabs."<ref name=Hobsbawm152>Hobsbawm, 1990, p. 152.</ref></blockquote>
From 1948 through until the 1980’s, according to Eli Podeh, professor at [[Hebrew University]], the textbooks used in Israeli schools tried to disavow a unique Palestinian identity, referring to 'the Arabs of the land of Israel' instead of 'Palestinians.' [[Israeli textbooks]] now widely use the term 'Palestinians.' Podeh believes that [[Palestinian textbooks]] of today resemble those from the early years of the Israeli state.<ref name=Miller>{{cite web|title=Author Q & A|author=Jennifer Miller|publisher=Random House: Academic Resources|accessdate=2007-07-15|url=http://www.randomhouse.com/acmart/catalog/display.pperl?isbn=9780345469250&view=qa }}</ref>
The [[First Intifada]] (1987-1993) was the first popular uprising against the Israeli occupation of 1967. Followed by the PLO's 1988 proclamation of a [[State of Palestine]], these developments served to further reinforce the Palestinian national identity. After the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]] failed to bring about a Palestinian state, a [[Second Intifada]] (2000-) began, more deadly than the first.
Today, most Palestinian organizations conceive of their struggle as either Palestinian-nationalist or Islamic in nature, and these themes predominate even more today. Within Israel itself, there are political movements, such as [[Abnaa el-Balad]] that assert their Palestinian identity, to the exclusion of their Israeli one.
[[Image:Qalqiliya-pflpmartyrmonument.JPG|thumb|right|150px|[[Qalqiliya]] Martyrs square]]
Palestinian [[ethnic]] identity is based primarily on two elements: the village of origin and family networks. The village of origin holds a privileged place in Palestinian memory because of its historically important role as a center for religious and political power throughout Palestine's administration by various empires. The village of origin also represents "the very expression of their Arabic Palestinian culture and identity," and is a site central to [[kinship]] and familial ties. The progressive deterritorialization experienced by Palestinians has rendered the village of origin a symbol of lost territory, and it forms a central part of a diasporic consciousness among Palestinians.<ref name=AlAli>Al-Ali and Koser, 2002, p. 92.</ref>
==Demographics==
In the absence of a comprehensive census including all Palestinian diaspora populations, and those that have remained within what was [[British Mandate Palestine]], exact population figures are difficult to determine.
The [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] (PCBS) announced on [[October 20]], [[2004]] that the number of Palestinians worldwide at the end of 2003 was 9.6 million, an increase of 800,000 since 2001.<ref>[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/abstract_e.pdf Statistical Abstract of Palestine No. 5].</ref>
[[Image:Palestinian outside palestine.png|thumb|right|Palestinians living outside the West Bank and Gaza Strip]]
{| class="wikitable" align="left" width="33%"
! Country or region
! Population
|-
| [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] || align="right" | 3,760,000<ref>[http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j02BwWVj1-2uXHk0lLUlVWh0s7wgD8UN0QQ80] 2008 Census done by the Palestinian Authority. Includes Gaza, West Bank and East Jerusalem.</ref>
|-
| [[Jordan]] || align="right" | 2,700,000<ref name=Cordesman/>
|-
| [[Israel]] || align="right" | 1,318,000<ref name ="drummond"/>
|-
| [[Syria]] || align="right" | 434,896<ref name = "UNRWA">{{cite web|title=Table 1.0: Total Registered Refugees per Country per Area|publisher=UNRWA|url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lebanon]] || align="right" | 405,425<ref name = "UNRWA"/>
|-
| [[Chile]] || align="right" | 300,000<ref name= "boylesheen">Boyle & Sheen, 1997, p. 111.</ref>
|-
| [[Saudi Arabia]] || align="right" | 327,000<ref name ="drummond">Drummond, 2004, p. 50.</ref>
|-
| The [[Americas]] || align="right" | 225,000<ref name= "cambridgesurvey">Cohen, 1995, p. 415.</ref>
|-
| [[Egypt]] || align="right" | 44,200<ref name= "cambridgesurvey"/>
|-
| [[Kuwait]] || align="right" |(approx) 40,000<ref name ="drummond"/>
|-
| Other [[Gulf states]] || align="right" | 159,000<ref name ="drummond"/>
|-
| Other [[Arab]] states || align="right" | 153,000<ref name ="drummond"/>
|-
| Other countries || align="right" | 308,000<ref name ="drummond"/>
|-
| '''TOTAL''' || align="right" | 10,574,521
|}
In 2005, a critical review of the PCBS figures and methodology was conducted by the American-Israel Demographic Research Group.<ref>[http://www.pademographics.com/ American-Israel Demographic
Research Group (AIDRG)], is led by Bennett Zimmerman, Yoram Ettinger, Roberta Seid, and Michael L. Wise</ref> In their report,<ref>{{cite web|title=The Million Person Gap: The Arab Population in the West Bank and Gaza|author=Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid & Michael L. Wise|publisher=Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies|url=http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/MSPS65.pdf}}</ref> they claimed that several errors in the PCBS methodology and assumptions artificially inflated the numbers by a total of 1.3 million. The PCBS numbers were cross-checked against a variety of other sources (e.g., asserted [[birth rates]] based on [[fertility]] rate assumptions for a given year were checked against Palestinian Ministry of Health figures as well as Ministry of Education school enrollment figures six years later; immigration numbers were checked against numbers collected at border crossings, etc.). The errors claimed in their analysis included: [[birth rate]] errors (308,000), immigration & emigration errors (310,000), failure to account for migration to Israel (105,000), double-counting [[Jerusalem]] Arabs (210,000), counting former residents now living abroad (325,000) and other discrepancies (82,000). The results of their research was also presented before the [[United States House of Representatives]] on [[March 8]], [[2006]].<ref>Bennett Zimmerman, Roberta Seid, and Michael L. Wise, [http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=308 ''Voodoo Demographics''], [[Azure (journal)|Azure]], Summer 5766/2006, No. 25</ref>
The study was criticised by Sergio DellaPergola, a demographer at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].<ref name="dellapergola">Sergio DellaPergola, Letter to the editor, ''Azure'', 2007, No. 27, [http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=356]</ref> DellaPergola accused the authors of misunderstanding basic principles of demography on account of their lack of expertise in the subject. He also accused them of selective use of data and multiple systematic errors in their analysis. For example, DellaPergola claimed that the authors assumed the Palestinian Electoral registry to be complete even though registration is voluntary and good evidence exists of incomplete registration, and similarly that they used an unrealistically low Total Fertility Ratio (a statistical abstraction of births per woman) incorrectly derived from data and then used to reanalyse that data in a "typical circular mistake".
DellaPergola himself estimated the Palestinian population of the West Bank and Gaza at the end of 2005 as 3.33 million, or 3.57 million if East Jerusalem is included. These figures are only slightly lower than the official Palestinian figures.<ref name="dellapergola"/>
[[Image:Palestinian Kids in Nazareth by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|150px|Palestinian kids in [[Nazareth]]]]
In [[Jordan]] today, there is no official census data that outlines how many of the inhabitants of Jordan are Palestinians, but estimates by the [[Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics]] cite a population range of 50% to 55%.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinians in Diaspora and in Historic Palestine End Year 2005|author=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics|publisher=The Palestinian Nongovernmental Organization Network (PNGO)|url= http://www.palestinemonitor.org/nueva_web/infos_materials/reports/palestinians_in_diaspora.htm|date= January 1, 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jordan - Atlapedia Online:|author=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd.|publisher=Latimer Clarke Corporation Pty Ltd.|url=http://www.atlapedia.com/online/countries/jordan.htm}}</ref>
Many Arab Palestinians have settled in the [[United States]], particularly in the Chicago area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chicago's Arab American Community: An Introduction|author=Ray Hanania|url=http://www.hanania.com/profiles/aaintro.htm}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinians|publisher=Encyclopedia of Chicago|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/946.html}}</ref>
In total, an estimated 600,000 Palestinians are thought to reside in the Americas. Arab Palestinian [[emigration]] to South America began for economic reasons that pre-dated the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]], but continued to grow thereafter.<ref>Farsoun, 2004, p. 84.</ref> Many emigrants were from the [[Bethlehem]] area. Those emigrating to Latin America were mainly Christian. Half of those of Palestinian origin in Latin America live in [[Palestinians in Chile|Chile]]. [[El Salvador]]<ref>{{cite web|title=El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?|author=Matthew Ziegler|publisher=The Daily Star|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=4&article_id=2854}}</ref> and [[Honduras]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Honduras: Palestinian Success Story|author=Larry Lexner|publisher=Lexner News Inc.|url= http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=639 }}</ref> also have substantial Arab Palestinian populations. These two countries have had presidents of Palestinian [[ancestry]] (in El Salvador [[Antonio Saca]], currently serving; in [[Honduras]] [[Carlos Roberto Flores Facusse]]). [[Belize]], which has a smaller Palestinian population, has a Palestinian [[Minister (government)|minister]] — [[Said Musa]].<ref>Guzmán, 2000, p. 85.</ref> [[Schafik Jorge Handal]], [[El Salvador|Salvadoran]] politician and former [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] leader, was the son of [[Palestinian]] immigrants.<ref name=Mendez>{{cite web|title=Obituary; Shafik Handal; leader of El Salvador's leftist party; 75|author=Diego Mendez|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=[[January 30]] [[2006]]|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20060130/news_1m30handal.html|accessdate=2008-02-10}}</ref>
=== Refugees===
{{main|Palestinian refugees}}
[[Image:Palestinian refugees.jpg|150px|thumb|left|Palestinian refugees in 1948]]
[[Image:Sumayya and her cat in front of her demolished home 2002, 2nd Intifada.jpg|150px|thumb|right|[[Balata]] [[refugee camp]] girl in 2002 , of [[Internally Displaced Palestinians]]]]
There are 4,255,120 Palestinians registered as [[Palestinian refugees|refugees]] with the [[United Nations Relief and Works Agency]] (UNRWA). This number includes the [[Kinship|descendants]] of refugees from the 1948 war, but excludes those who have emigrated to areas outside of UNRWA's remit.<ref name = "UNRWA">{{cite web|title=Table 1.0: Total Registered Refugees per Country per Area|publisher=UNRWA|url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/rr_countryandarea.pdf}}</ref> Based on these figures, almost half of all Palestinians are registered refugees. The 993,818 Palestinian refugees in the Gaza Strip and 705,207 Palestinian refugees in the West Bank who hail from towns and villages that now located in Israel are included in these UNRWA figures.<ref>{{cite web|title=Publications and Statistics|publisher=[[UNRWA]]|date=31 March 2006|accessdate=2007-05-30|url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/index.html}}</ref> UNRWA figures do not include some 274,000 people, or 1 in 4 of all [[Arab citizens of Israel]], who are [[Internally Displaced Palestinians|internally displaced Palestinian]] refugees.<ref name="Badil">[http://www.badil.org/Publications/Monographs/Palestinian.IDPs.pdf Badil Resource Centre for Palestinian Refugee and Residency Rights]</ref><ref name="IDMC">[http://www.internal-displacement.org/idmc/website/countries.nsf/(httpEnvelopes)/F11200E8ECD83F71802570B8005A7276?OpenDocument Internal Displacement Monitoring Center]</ref>
Virtually every Palestinian refugee camp in [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Jordan]], and the [[West Bank]] is organized according to a refugee family's village or place of origin. Among the first things that children born in the camps learn is the name of their village of origin. David McDowall writes that, "[...] a yearning for Palestine permeates the whole refugee community and is most ardently espoused by the younger refugees, for whom home exists only in the imagination."<ref name=McDowall90>McDowall, 1989, p. 90.</ref>
===Religion===
====Background====
[[Image:Merian Jerusalem.jpg|thumbnail|200px|right|A medieval drawing by a German traveller of Jerusalem in the fifteenth century showing the Al-Aqsa Mosque in the middle of the "City of Minarets"]]
Until the end of the nineteenth century, most villages in the countryside did not have local [[mosque]]s. Cross-cultural syncretism between [[Biblical]] and [[Islamic]] symbols and figures in religious practice was common.<ref name=Qleibo/> For example, popular feast days, like [[Thursday of the Dead]], were celebrated by both Muslims and Christians and shared prophets and saints include [[Jonah]], who is worshipped in [[Halhul]] as both a Biblical and Islamic prophet, and [[St. George]], who is known in Arabic as el Khader. Villagers would pay tribute to local patron saints at a [[maqam]] — a domed single room often placed in the shadow of an ancient carob or oak tree.<ref name=Qleibo>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Cave Dwellers and Holy Shrines: The Passing of Traditional Society|author=Dr. Ali Qleibo|publisher=This Week in Palestine|date=28 July 2007|accessdate=2007-08-17|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2208&ed=144&edid=144These}}</ref> Saints, taboo by the standards of orthodox Islam, mediated between man and [[Allah]], and shrines to saints and holy men dotted the Palestinian landscape.<ref name=Qleibo/> Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian [[anthropologist]], states that this built evidence constitutes "an architectural testimony to Christian/Moslem Palestinian religious sensibility and its roots in ancient [[Semitic]] religions."<ref name=Qleibo/>
[[Image:Jerusalem Ugglan 5.jpg|thumbnail|200px|left|[[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]], a portrait from the 17th century]]
Religion as constitutive of individual identity was accorded a minor role within Palestinian tribal social structure until the latter half of the 19th century.<ref name=Qleibo/> Jean Moretain, a priest writing in 1848, wrote that a Christian in Palestine was "distinguished only by the fact that he belonged to a particular clan. If a certain tribe was Christian, then an individual would be Christian, but without knowledge of what distinguished his faith from that of a Muslim."<ref name=Qleibo/>
The concessions granted to [[France]] and other Western powers by the Ottoman Sultanate in the aftermath of the [[Crimean War]] had a significant impact on contemporary Palestinian religious cultural identity.<ref name=Qleibo/> Religion was transformed into an element "constituting the individual/collective identity in conformity with orthodox precepts", and formed a major building block in the political development of Palestinian nationalism.<ref name=Qleibo/>
The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] census of 1922 registered 752,048 inhabitants in [[Palestine]], consisting of 589,177 Palestinian [[Muslim]]s, 83,790 Palestinian [[Jew]]s, 71,464 [[Palestinian Christian]]s (including Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and others) and 7,617 persons belonging to other groups. The corresponding percentage breakdown is 78% Muslim, 11% Jewish, and 9% Christian. Palestinian [[Bedouin]] were not counted in the census, but a 1930 British study estimated their number at 70,860.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Demographic War for Palestine|author=Janet Abu-Lughod|publisher=Americans for Middle East Understanding|url=http://www.ameu.org/printer.asp?iid=163&aid=207}}</ref>
====Today====
[[Image:Dome of the Rock west.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Palestinians attending prayers at the Dome of the Rock in [[Jerusalem]] old city]]
Currently, no comprehensive data on religious affiliation among the worldwide Palestinian population is available. Bernard Sabella of [[Bethlehem University]] estimates that 6% of the Palestinian population is Christian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Christians: Challenges and Hopes|author=Bernard Sabella|publisher=Bethlehem University|url=http://www.al-bushra.org/holyland/sabella.htm}}</ref> According to the [[Palestinian Academic Society for the Study of International Affairs]], the Palestinian population of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] is 97% [[Muslim]] and 3% Christian.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity|author=Dana Rosenblatt|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=October 14, 2002|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/10/08/samaritans/}}</ref>
All of the [[Druze]] living in what was then [[British Mandate Palestine]] became Israeli citizens, though some individuals identify themselves as "Palestinian Druze".<ref>{{cite web|title=Balad's MK-to-be: 'Anti-Israelization' Conscientious Objector|author=Yoav Stern & Jack Khoury|publisher=[[Haaretz]]|date=2 May 2007|accessdate=2007-07-29|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/854636.html}}For example, Said Nafa, a self-identified "Palestinian Druze" serves as the head of the [[Balad]] party's national council and founded the "Pact of Free Druze" in 2001, an organization that aims ";to stop the conscription of the Druze and claims the community is an inalienable part of the Arabs in Israel and the Palestinian nation at large."</ref> According to Salih al-Shaykh, most Druze do not consider themselves to be Palestinian: "their Arab identity emanates in the main from the common language and their socio-cultural background, but is detached from any national political conception. It is not directed at Arab countries or Arab nationality or the Palestinian people, and does not express sharing any fate with them. From this point of view, their identity is Israel, and this identity is stronger than their Arab identity".<ref>Nissim Dana, ''The Druze in the Middle East: Their Faith, Leadership, Identity and Status'', Sussex Academic Press, 2003, p. 201.</ref>
There are also about 350 [[Samaritan]]s who carry Palestinian identity cards and live in the West Bank while a roughly equal number live in [[Holon]] and carry [[Israeli]] citizenship.<ref name=Rosenblatt>{{cite web|title=Amid conflict, Samaritans keep unique identity|author=Dana Rosenblatt|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=October 14, 2002|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/10/08/samaritans/}}</ref> Those who live in the West Bank also are represented in the legislature for the [[Palestinian National Authority]].<ref name=Rosenblatt/> They are commonly referred to among Palestinians as the "Jews of Palestine."<ref name=Rosenblatt/>
Jews who identify as Palestinian Jews are few, but include Israeli Jews who are part of the [[Neturei Karta]] group,<ref>{{cite journal|title=Jews against Zion: Israeli Jewish Anti-Zionism|author=Charles Glass|publisher=Journal of Palestine Studies|volume=5 No. 1/2|date=Autumn 1975–Winter 1976|pages=56–81|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0377-919X(197523%2F197624)5%3A1%2F2%3C56%3AJAZIJA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D}}</ref> and [[Uri Davis]], an Israeli citizen and self-described Palestinian Jew who serves as an observer member in the [[Palestine National Council]].<ref>{{cite web|title=APARTHEID ISRAEL: A Critical Reading of the Draft Permanent Agreement, known as the "Geneva Accords"|author=[[Uri Davis]]|publisher=The Association for One Democratic State in Palestine-Israel|date=December 2003|accessdate=2007-07-29|url=http://www.one-democratic-state.org/articles/davis'.html}}</ref>
==Language==
{{main|Palestinian Arabic}}
[[Image:Detail felsendom.jpg|thumb|250px|Arabic Calligraphy detailing circa 7th century and 11th century]]
[[Palestinian Arabic]] is a spoken Arabic dialect that is specific to Palestinians and is a subgroup of the broader [[Levantine Arabic]] dialect. It has three primary sub-variations with the pronunciation of the ''qāf'' serving as a [[shibboleth]] to distinguish between the three main Palestinian sub-dialects:{{Fact|date=February 2008}} In most cities, it is a [[glottal stop]]; in smaller villages and the countryside, it is a [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] ''k'' (a characteristic unique to Palestinian Arabic); and in the far south, it is a ''g'', as among [[Bedouin]] speakers. In a number of villages in the [[Galilee]] (e.g. [[Mghar|Maghār]]), and particularly, though not exclusively among the [[Druze]], the ''qāf'' is actually pronounced ''qāf'' as in [[Classical Arabic]].
Barbara McKean Parmenter has noted that the Arabs of [[Palestine]] have been credited with the preservation of the indigenous [[Semitic]] place names for many sites mentioned in the Bible which were documented by the [[United States of America|American]] archaeologist [[Edward Robinson]] in the early 20th century.<ref name=Parmenter11>Parmenter, 1994, p. 11.</ref>
==Culture==
Ali Qleibo, a Palestinian [[anthropologist]], has critiqued Muslim historiography for assigning the beginning of Palestinian cultural identity to the advent of [[Islam]] in the seventh century. In describing the effect of such a historiography, he writes: "[[Pagan]] origins are disavowed. As such the peoples that populated Palestine throughout history have discursively rescinded their own history and religion as they adopted the religion, language, and culture of Islam".<ref name=Qleibo>{{cite web|title=Palestinian Cave Dwellers and Holy Shrines: The Passing of Traditional Society|author=Dr. Ali Qleibo|publisher=This Week in Palestine|date=28 July 2007|accessdate=2007-08-17|url=http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=2208&ed=144&edid=144These}}</ref> That the peasant culture of the large [[fellahin]] class embodied strong elements of both pre-Arabic and pre-Israelitic traditions was a conclusion arrived at by the many Western scholars and explorers who mapped and surveyed Palestine in great detail throughout the latter half of the 19th century,<ref>Parkes, 1970, pp. 209-210.</ref> and this assumption was to influence later debates on Palestinian identity by local ethnographers.
The contributions of the 'nativist' [[Ethnography|ethnographies]] produced by [[Tawfiq Canaan]] and other Palestinian writers and published in ''The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society'' (1920-1948) were driven by the concern that the "native culture of Palestine", and in particular peasant society, was being undermined by the forces of [[modernity]].<ref name=Tamari>{{cite journal|title=Lepers, Lunatics and Saints: The Nativist Ethnography of Tawfiq Canaan and his Jerusalem Circle|author=Salim Tamari|publisher=Jerusalem Quarterly|volume=Issue 20|date=Winter 2004|accessdate=2007-08-18|url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/final/en/journals/content.php?aid=6109&jid=4&iid=20&vid=7&vol=192}}</ref> Salim Tamari writes that: <blockquote>"Implicit in their scholarship (and made explicit by Canaan himself) was another theme, namely that the peasants of Palestine represent—through their folk norms ... the living heritage of all the accumulated ancient cultures that had appeared in Palestine (principally the Canaanite, Philistine, [[Hebraic]], [[Nabatean]], Syrio-Aramaic and Arab)."<ref name=Tamari/></blockquote>
Palestinian culture is most closely related to those of the nearby [[Levant]]ine countries such as [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], and [[Jordan]], and those of the [[Arab World]]. Cultural contributions to the fields of [[art]], [[literature]], [[music]], [[costume]] and [[cuisine]] express the distinctiveness of the Palestinian experience, and survive and flourish, despite the geographical separation between those in the [[Palestinian territories]], [[Israel]] and the Diaspora.<ref name=Elmokadem>{{cite web|title=Book records Palestinian art history|author=Ismail Elmokadem|date=[[10 December]] [[2005]]|accessdate=2008-04-18|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/English/archive/archive?ArchiveId=17014}}</ref><ref name=Moran>{{cite web|title=Manchester Festival of Palestinian Literature|publisher=Manchester Festival of Palestinian literature|url=http://www.fabrikation.co.uk/mlpf/about.html|author=Danny Moran|accessdate=2008-04-18}}</ref><ref>Regev Motti (1993), ''Oud and Guitar: The Musical Culture of the Arabs in Israel'' (Institute for Israeli Arab Studies, Beit Berl), ISBN 965-454-002-9, p. 4.</ref>
===Art===
{{main|Palestinian art}}
[[Image:Arabischer Mosaizist um 735 001.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Arabisque Mosaic plate in a villa circa 735 AD at [[Hisham's Palace|Khirbat Al-Mafjar]] near Hebron]]
Similar to the structure of Palestinian society, the Palestinian art field extends over four main geographic centers: 1) the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] 2) [[Israel]] 3) the Palestinian diaspora in the [[Arab world]], and 4) the Palestinian diaspora in [[Europe]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=Zvi>{{cite web|title=''Hagar: Contemporary Palestinian Art''|author=Tal Ben Zvi|publisher=Hagar Association|year=2006|accessdate=2007-06-05|url=http://www.hagar-gallery.com/Catalogues/docs/PArt_eng_final.pdf}}</ref>
Contemporary Palestinian art finds its roots in [[folk art]] and traditional [[Christian]] and [[Islamic]] painting popular in Palestine over the ages. After the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], nationalistic themes have predominated as Palestinian artists use diverse media to express and explore their connection to identity and land.<ref name=Ankori>Ankori, 1996.</ref>
===Cuisine===
{{main|Palestinian cuisine}}
[[Image:Village oven.JPG|thumb|left|150px|Village oven, ''taboon'', near Jerusalem, Palestine in 1898]]
Palestine's history of rule by many different empires is reflected in Palestininan cuisine, which has benefited from various cultural contributions and exchanges. Generally-speaking, modern Syrian-Palestinian dishes have been influenced by the rule of three major Islamic groups: the Arabs, the [[Persian cuisine|Persian]]-influenced Arabs and the [[Turkey|Turk]]s.<ref name="CDN">[http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1729&ed=115&edid=115 Revisiting our table…] Nasser, Christiane Dabdoub, ''This week in Palestine'', Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. June 2006, Accessed on [[2008-01-08]].</ref> The Arabs that conquered Syria and Palestine had simple culinary traditions primarily based on the use of rice, lamb and yogurt, as well as dates.<ref name="ArabNet">[http://www.arab.net/cuisine/ ABC of Arabic Cuisine] ArabNet. Accessed on [[2007-12-25]].</ref> The already simple cuisine did not advance for centuries due to [[Islam]]'s strict rules of parsimony and restraint, until the rise of the [[Abbasid]]s, who established [[Baghdad]] as their capital. Baghdad was historically located on Persian soil and henceforth, Persian culture was integrated into Arab culture during the 800-1000s and spread throughout central areas of the empire.<ref name="CDN"/>
The cuisine of the [[Ottoman Empire]] — which incorporated Palestine as one of its provinces in 1512-14 — was partially made up of what had become, by then a "rich" Arab cuisine. After the [[Crimean War]], in 1855, many other communities including [[Bosnian cuisine|Bosnians]], [[Greek cuisine|Greek]]s, [[French cuisine|French]] and [[Italian cuisine|Italians]] began settling in the area especially in urban centers such as [[Jerusalem]], [[Jaffa]] and [[Bethlehem]]. The cuisine of these communities, particularly those of the [[Balkans]], contributed to the character of Palestinian cuisine.<ref name="TWP2">[http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=492&ed=43&edid=43 An Introduction to Palestinian Cuisine: Typical Palestinian Dishes] ''This Week in Palestine'', Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. July 2001, Accessed on [[2007-01-07]].</ref><ref name="CDN"/> Nonetheless, until around the 1950s-60s, the staple diet for many rural Palestinian families revolved around [[olive oil]], [[oregano]] (''[[za'atar]]'') and bread, baked in a simple oven called a [[Taboon bread|taboon]].<ref>[http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1984&ed=134&edid=134 Modernity and Authenticity: The Evolution of the Palestinian Kitchen] Qleibo, Ali, ''This week in Palestine'', Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. December 2006, Accessed on [[2008-01-09]].</ref>
[[Image:Lch (20).JPEG|thumb|right|150px|[[Musakhan]] is the national dish of Palestine]]
Palestinian cuisine is divided into three regional groups: the [[Galilee]], the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza]] area. Cuisine in the Galilee region shares much in common with Lebanese cuisine, due to extensive communication between the two regions before the establishment of Israel. Galilee inhabitants specialize in producing a number of meals based on the combination of [[bulgur]], spices and meat, known as ''kibbee'' by Arabs. ''Kibbee'' has several variations including it being served raw, fried or baked.<ref name="TWP2"/><ref name="IMEU2"/> ''[[Musakhan]]'' is a common main dish that originated in the [[Jenin]] and [[Tulkarm]] area in the northern West Bank. It consists of a roasted chicken over a [[Taboon Bread|taboon bread]] that has been topped with pieces of fried sweet onions, [[sumac]], [[allspice]] and [[pine nut]]s.<ref name="IMEU2"/> Other meals common to the area are ''[[maqluba]]'' and ''[[mansaf]]'', the latter originating from the [[Bedouin]] population of [[Jordan]].
The cuisine of the [[Gaza Strip]] is influenced both by neighboring [[Egypt]] and its location on the Mediterranean coast. The staple food for the majority of the inhabitants in the area is fish. Gaza has a major fishing industry and fish is often served either grilled or fried after being stuffed with [[cilantro]], garlic, red peppers and cumin and marinated in a mix of [[coriander]], red peppers, cumin, and chopped lemons.<ref name="Haddad">[http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/details.php?id=1726&ed=115&edid=115 The Foods of Gaza] [[Laila el-Haddad|al-Haddad, Laila]], ''This week in Palestine. Turbo Computers & Software Co. Ltd. June 2006, Accessed on [[2008-01-07]].</ref><ref name="IMEU1">[http://imeu.net/news/article001840.shtml The rich flavors of Palestine] Farsakh, Mai M. Institute for Middle East Understanding (IMEU), (Originally published by [http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/ This Week in Palestine]) [[2006-06-21]] Accessed on [[2007-12-18]]</ref> The Egyptian culinary influence is also seen by the frequent use of hot peppers, garlic and [[chard]] to flavor many of Gaza's meals.<ref name="IMEU2"/> A dish native to the Gaza area is ''[[Sumaghiyyeh]]'', which consists of water-soaked ground [[sumac]] mixed with [[Tahini|tahina]] and then, added to sliced chard and pieces of stewed beef and garbanzo beans.<ref name="Haddad"/>
[[Image:Kinafa.jpg|thumb|150px|left|[[Kanafeh]] in a pan]]
There are several foods native to Palestine that are well-known in the [[Arab world]], such as, ''[[kanafeh|kinafe Nabulsi]]'', [[Nabulsi cheese]] (cheese of [[Nablus]]), [[Ackawi cheese]] (cheese of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]) and ''musakhan''. ''Kinafe'' originated in the city of [[Nablus]], as well as the sweetened ''Nabulsi'' cheese that's used to fill it. [[Baklava|Baqlawa]], a pastry introduced at the time of the Ottoman Sultan [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], is also an integral part of Palestinian cuisine.<ref>[http://electronicintifada.net/v2/article4449.shtml Joseph Massad, ‘Munich, or Making Baklava,’ ''The Electronic Intifada'', 3 February 2006]</ref>
Chick-pea based [[falafel]], which subsistuted the [[fava beans]] used in the original Egyptian recipe and added Indian peppers introduced after the [[Mongol]] invasions opened new trade routes, are a favorite staple in Palestinian cuisine, since adopted as part of [[Israeli cuisine]].<ref>[http://www.e-cookbooks.net/articles/chickpea.htm Jodi Kantor, 'A History of the Mideast in the Humble Chickpea.’] </ref>
[[Mezze]] describes an assortment of dishes laid out on the table for a meal that takes place over several hours, a characteristic common to [[Mediterranean]] cultures. Some common mezze dishes are ''[[hummus]]'', ''[[tabouleh]]'', ''[[baba ghanoush]]'', ''[[labaneh]]'', and ''zate 'u [[zaatar]]'', which is the pita bread dipping of olive oil and ground [[thyme]] and [[sesame seeds]].
[[Entrée]]s that are eaten throughout Palestine, include ''[[dolma|waraq al-'inib]]'' — boiled [[grape leaves]] wrapped around cooked [[rice]] and ground [[domestic sheep|lamb]]. ''Mahashi'' is an assortment of stuffed vegetables such as, zucchinis, potatoes, cabbage and in Gaza, chard.
===Film===
{{main|Palestinian cinema}}
Palestinian cinema is relatively young compared to [[Arab cinema]] overall and many Palestinian movies are made with European and Israeli support.[http://film.guardian.co.uk/features/featurepages/0,,1752076,00.html] Palestinian films are not exclusively produced in [[Arabic]]; some are made in English, French or Hebrew.[http://www.palestinefilm.org/default.asp] More than 800 films have been produced about Palestinians, the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]], and other related topics.
===Handicrafts===
{{main|Palestinian handicrafts}}
A wide variety of handicrafts, many of which have been produced by Arabs in Palestine for hundreds of years, continue to be produced today. Palestinian handicrafts include [[Palestinian costumes#Embroidery|embroidery]] and weaving, [[Palestinian pottery|pottery]]-making, [[Nabulsi soap|soap]]-making, [[Hebron glass|glass-making]], and [[olive]]-wood and [[Mother-of-Pearl carving in Bethlehem|Mother of Pearl carvings]], among others.<ref name=Jacobs>Jacobs et al., 1998, p. 72.</ref><ref name=Karmi>Karmi,2005, p. 18.</ref>
===Intellectuals===
[[Image:Living room 1880 palest.jpg|right|thumb|150px|19th century living room, village style in Palestine, showing the famous hanging breakfast table, storage cupboard Namliyah, and terpentine floor ('Adasa)]]
In the late 19th century and early 20th century, Palestinian intellectuals were integral parts of wider Arab intellectual circles, as represented by individuals such as [[May Ziade]] and [[Khalil Beidas]]. Educational levels among Palestinians have traditionally been high. In the 1960s the West Bank had a higher percentage of its adolescent population enrolled in high school education than did Israel.<ref> West Bank 44.6% versus 22.8% in Israel. See Elias H.Tuma, Haim Darin-Drabkin, ''The Economic case for Palestine,'' Croom Helm, London, 1978 p.48.</ref> [[Claude Cheysson]], France’s Minister for Foreign Affairs under the first [[François Mitterrand|Mitterand]] Presidency, held in the mid eighties that, ‘even thirty years ago, (Palestinians) probably already had the largest educated elite of all the Arab peoples.’<ref> Interview with Elias Sanbar. Claude Cheysson, ‘The Right to Self-Determiniation,’ [[Journal of Palestine Studies]] Vol.16, no.1 (Autumn 1986) pp.3-12 p.3</ref>
Diaspora figures like [[Edward Said]] and [[Ghada Karmi]], Arab citizens of Israel like [[Emile Habibi]], refugee camp residents like [[Ibrahim Nasrallah]] have made contributions to a number of fields, exemplifying the diversity of experience and thought among Palestinians.
===Literature===
{{main|Palestinian literature}}
The long history of the Arabic language and its rich written and oral tradition form part of the Palestinian literary tradition as it has developed over the course of the 20th and 21st centuries.
===Poetry===
Poetry, using classical pre-Islamic forms, remains an extremely popular art form, often attracting Palestinian audiences in the thousands. Until 20 years ago, local folk bards reciting traditional verses were a feature of every Palestinian town.<ref name=Shahin41>Shahin, 2005, p. 41.</ref>
After the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], poetry was transformed into a vehicle for political activism. From among those Palestinians who became [[Arab citizens of Israel]] after the passage of the Citizenship Law in 1952, a school of resistance poetry was born that included poets like [[Mahmoud Darwish]], [[Samih al-Qasim]], and [[Tawfiq Zayyad]].<ref name=Shahin41/>
The work of these poets was largely unknown to the wider Arab world for years because of the lack of diplomatic relations between Israel and Arab governments. The situation changed after [[Ghassan Kanafani]], another Palestinian writer in exile in Lebanon, published an anthology of their work in 1966.<ref name=Shahin41/>
Palestinian poets often write about the common theme of a strong affection and sense of loss and longing for a lost homeland.<ref name=Shahin41/>
==Folklore==
Palestinian folklore is the body of expressive culture, including tales, [[music]], [[dance]], [[legends]], [[oral history]], [[proverbs]], jokes, popular beliefs, [[customs]], and comprising the traditions (including oral traditions) of Palestinian culture.
The folklorist revival among Palestinian intellectuals such as Nimr Sirhan, Musa Allush, Salim Mubayyid, and the Palestinian [[Folklore]] Society of the 1970s, emphasized [[pre-Islamic]] (and pre-Hebraic) cultural roots, re-constructing Palestinian identity with a focus on Canaanite and [[Jebusite]] cultures.<ref name=Tamari>{{cite journal|title=Lepers, Lunatics and Saints: The Nativist Ethnography of Tawfiq Canaan and his Jerusalem Circle|author=Salim Tamari|publisher=Jerusalem Quarterly|volume=Issue 20|date=Winter 2004|accessdate=2007-08-18|url=http://www.palestine-studies.org/final/en/journals/content.php?aid=6109&jid=4&iid=20&vid=7&vol=192}}</ref> Such efforts seem to have borne fruit as evidenced in the organization of celebrations like the [[Qabatiya]] Canaanite festival and the annual Music Festival of [[Jebus|Yabus]] by the Palestinian Ministry of Culture.<ref name=Tamari/>
===Costumes===
[[Image:Bethlehengirlsintraditionaldresspre1918.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Girls in Bethlehem costume pre-1885, [[Félix Bonfils|Bonfils]] Portrait]]
[[Image:Ramallah chat 1890.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Two Ramallans indulging in a chat, Ramallah Palestine 1890]]
{{main|Palestinian costumes}}
Foreign travelers to [[Palestine]] in late 19th and early 20th centuries often commented on the rich variety of costumes among the Palestinian people, and particularly among the [[fellaheen]] or village women.
Until the 1940s, a woman's economic status, whether married or single, and the town or area they were from could be deciphered by most Palestinian women by the type of cloth, colors, cut, and [[embroidery]] motifs, or lack thereof, used for the dress.<ref name=Aramco>{{cite web|title=Woven Legacy, Woven Language|author=Jane Waldron Grutz|publisher=Saudi Aramco World|date=January-February 1991|accessdate=2007-06-04|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199101/woven.legacy.woven.language.htm}}</ref>
Though such local and regional variations largely disappeared after the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], Palestinian embroidery and costume continue to be produced in new forms and worn alongside Islamic and Western fashions.
===Dance===
[[Image:Debka.jpg|thumb|200px|Dabke, Palestinian folk dance, performed by men]]
Villagers have danced the [[Dabke]] since Phoenician times celebrating feast days.{{Fact|date=February 2008}} The Dabke dance is marked by synchronized jumping, stamping, and movement, similar to tap dancing. One version is performed by men, another by women.
===Folk tales===
Traditional storytelling among Palestinians is prefaced with an invitation to the listeners to give blessings to God and the Prophet Mohammed or the Virgin Mary as the case may be, and includes the traditional opening: "There was, or there was not, in the oldness of time ..."<ref name=Shahin41/><ref name=Muhawi>Muhawi, 1989.</ref>
Formulaic elements of the stories share much in common with the wider Arab world, though the rhyming scheme is distinct. There are a cast of supernatural characters: [[jinns|djinns]] who can cross the Seven Seas in an instant, giants, and ghouls with eyes of ember and teeth of brass. Stories invariably have a happy ending, and the storyteller will usually finish off with a rhyme like: "The bird has taken flight, God bless you tonight," or "Tutu, tutu, finished is my ''haduttu'' (story)."<ref name=Shahin41/>
===Music===
{{main|Palestinian music}}
[[Image:LOVEr-HAREM-IN-PALESTINE harim.jpg|left|thumb|150px|music in a Living room, city style in Palestine, 19th century]]
[[Palestinian music]] is well-known and respected throughout the [[Arab world]].<ref name=Poche>{{cite web|title=Palestininan music|publisher=Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians|author=Christian Poche|url=http://phonoarchive.org/grove/Entries/S47332.htm|accessdate=2008-03-10}}</ref> A new wave of performers emerged with distinctively Palestinian themes following the [[1948 Palestinian exodus]], relating to the dreams of statehood and the burgeoning nationalist sentiments. In addition to ''[[zajal]]'' and ''ataba'', traditional Palestinian songs include: ''Bein Al-dawai'', ''Al-Rozana'', ''Zarif - Al-Toul'', and ''Al-Maijana'', ''Dal'ona'', ''Sahja/Saamir'', ''Zaghareet'' (See section on "External links").
The ''Ataaba'' is a form of folk singing that spread outwards from Palestine. It consists of 4 verses, following a specific form and meter. The main aspect of the ataaba is that the first three verses must end with the same word meaning three different things, and the fourth verse comes as a conclusion to the whole thing. It is usually followed by a ''[[dalouna]]''.
== Genetic relations ==
Results of a [[DNA]] study by geneticist Ariella Oppenheim matched historical accounts that "some [[Muslim]] [[Arab]]s are descended from [[Christians]] and [[Jews]] who lived in the southern [[Levant]], a region that includes [[Israel]] and the [[Sinai]]. They were descendants of a core population that lived in the area since [[prehistoric]] times."<ref>{{cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Ann|title=Jews and Arabs Share Recent Ancestry|work=ScienceNOW|publisher=American Academy for the Advancement of Science|date=October 30, 2000|url=http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/2000/1030/1}}</ref>
In [[genetic genealogy]] studies, Palestinians and [[Negev Bedouins]] have the highest rates of [[Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA)]] among all populations tested (62.5%).<ref>See J1 Haplogroup frequencies in last page: [http://www.healthanddna.com/JreportY.pdf]</ref> Arab and other [[Semitic]] populations usually possess an excess of J1 Y chromosomes compared to other populations harboring Y-haplogroup J.<ref>The International Society of Genetic Genealogy see Haplogroup definition in DNA-NEWBIE GLOSSARY [http://www.isogg.org][http://www.isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_Glossary07.html]</ref><ref name=EuroJour>{{cite journal|title=Paleolithic Y-haplogroup heritage predominates in a Cretan highland plateau|author=Martinez et al.|publisher=''European Journal of Human Genetics''|date=31 January 2007|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v15/n4/abs/5201769a.html | journal = European Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 15 | pages = 485 | doi = 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201769 <!--Retrieved from URL by DOI bot-->}}</ref><ref name=Semino/><ref name=Humangenetics>{{cite journal|title=Y-chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry|author=Rita Gonçalves et al.|publisher=Annals of Human Genetics|volume=69, Issue 4|date=July 2005|url=www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x|pages=443|doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.2005.00161.x|pages=443|doi_brokendate=2008-06-25}}</ref><ref name=Coffman>{{cite journal|title=A Mosaic of People|author=E. Levy- Coffman|publisher=''Journal of Genetic Genealogy''|year=2005|url=http://www.jogg.info/11/coffman.htm|pages=12–33}} "J1 is the only haplogroup that researchers consider “Semitic” in origin"</ref><ref name=Cinnioglu>{{cite journal|title=Haplogroup J1-M267 typifies East Africans and Arabian populations|author=Cinnioglu et al.|publisher=Human Genetics|date=29 October 2003|volume=114|url=http://evolutsioon.ut.ee/publications/Cinnioglu2004.pdf|pages=127–148}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rootsweb.com/~wellsfam/dnaproje/haplogroupJ.html DNA Haplogroup Definitions - J<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
The haplogroup J1, associated with marker M267, originates south of the [[Levant]] and was first disseminated from there into [[Ethiopia]] and [[Europe]] in [[Neolithic]] times; a second diffusion of the marker took place in the seventh century CE when [[Arab]]s brought it from the [[Arabia]] to [[North Africa]].<ref name=Semino>{{cite journal|title=''Origin, Diffusion and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J''|author=Semino et al.|publisher=American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=74|year=2004|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/AJHG_2004_v74_p1023-1034.pdf|pages=1023–1034}}</ref> J1 is most common in the southern [[Levant]], as well as [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Algeria]], and [[Arabia]], and drops sharply at the border of non-Arab areas like [[Turkey]] and [[Iran]]. While it is also found in Jewish populations (<15%), [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|haplogroup J2 (M172)]] (of eight sub-Haplogroups), is almost twice as common as J1 among Jews (<29%).
[[Image:Jerusalem cafe du rue 1858.jpg||thumb|right|220px|Palestinian coffee house in Jerusalem, ca 1858]]
Haplogroup J1 (Y-DNA) includes the [[modal haplotype]] of the Galilee Arabs (Nebel et al. 2000) and of Moroccan Arabs (Bosch et al. 2001) and the sister Modal Haplotype of the [[Cohanim]], the "Cohan Modale Haplotype", representing the descendents of the priestly caste [[Aaron]].<ref> The Y-Haplogroup J DNA Project- see Results page: [http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-DNA_J/ ]</ref><ref>Nebel et al. 2001, Fig 3-Simplified netword of CMH and sisters Galilee MH and Bedoin MH [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1274378&rendertype=figure&id=FG3]</ref>
J2 is known to be related to the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] movements and is found mainly in [[Europe]] and the central Mediterranean ( Italy, the Balkans, Greece).
According to a 2002 study by Nebel et al., on ''Genetic evidence for the expansion of Arabian tribes'', the highest frequency of Eu10 (i.e. J1) (30%–62.5%) has been observed so far in various Muslim Arab populations in the [[Middle East]]. (Semino et al. 2000; Nebel et al. 2001).<ref name=Nebel2002>Almut Nebel et Al., Genetic Evidence for the Expansion of Arabian Tribes into the Southern Levant and North Africa, Am J Hum Genet. 2002 June; 70(6): 1594–1596[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=379148]</ref>
The most frequent Eu10 microsatellite haplotype in Northwest [[Africa]]ns is identical to a modal haplotype of Muslim Arabs who live in a small area in the north of Israel, the Galilee. (Nebel et al. 2000) termed the modal haplotype of the Galilee (MH Galilee). The term “Arab,” as well as the presence of Arabs in the Syrian desert and the Fertile Crescent, is first seen in the Assyrian sources from the 9th century B.C.E. (Eph'al 1984).<ref>Eph`al I (1984) The Ancient Arabs. The Magnes Press, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem</ref>
In recent years, many genetic surveys have suggested that, at least paternally, most of the various [[Jewish ethnic divisions]] and the Palestinians — and in some cases other [[Levant]]ines — are genetically closer to each other than the Palestinians or [[Europe]]an [[Jews]] to non-Jewish Europeans (a Europpean sample from the Welsh.<ref>Almut Nebel, Ariella Oppenheim, "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews." Human Genetics 107(6) (December 2000): 630-641</ref>
However, Nebel et al. (2001) report that Jews were found to be more closely related to north of the Fertile Crescent (Kurds, Turks, and Armenians) than to their Arab neighbors.<ref>Nebel et al. 2001, The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East, Ann Hum Genet. 2001 Mar;70(2):195-206.[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11573163]</ref><ref>[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?apage=1&cid=1202742130771&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull Genetics and the Jewish identity]</ref>The study proposes that <blockquote>...the Y chromosomes in Palestinian Arabs and Bedouin represent, to a large extent, early lineages derived from the Neolithic inhabitants of the area and additional lineages from more-recent population movements. The early lineages are part of the common chromosome pool shared with Jews. According to our working model, the more-recent migrations were mostly from the Arabian Peninsula, as is seen in the Arab-specific Eu 10 chromosomes that include the modal haplotypes observed in Palestinians and Bedouin... The study demonstrates that the Y chromosome pool of Jews is an integral part of the genetic landscape of the region and, in particular, that Jews exhibit a high degree of genetic affinity to populations living in the north of the Fertile Crescent.<ref>[http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11573163 Journal Article:] Almut Nebel, Dvora Filon, Bernd Brinkmann, Partha P. Majumder, Marina Faerman, Ariella Oppenheim. 2001. "The Y Chromosome Pool of Jews as Part of the Genetic Landscape of the Middle East". ''American Journal of Human Genetics'' 69(5): 1095–1112.</ref>
</blockquote>
==See also==
* [[List of famous Palestinians|List of Palestinians]]
* [[Arab diaspora]]
* [[History of the Palestinian people]]
==External links==
*[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/8B6EB4AA-E7C3-49AC-9F3E-A70603635511.htm al-Jazeera: Palestine, the People and the Land]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2001/israel_and_the_palestinians/default.stm BBC: Israel and the Palestinians]
*[http://www.guardian.co.uk/israel/0,,377264,00.html Guardian Special Report: Israel and the Middle East]
*[http://universes-in-universe.org/eng/islamic_world/countries/middle_east/pse Palestine: Contemporary Art] - online magazine articles
*[http://www.palintefada.com/english/cusongs.html Sounds of Folksongs]
*[http://www.barghouti.com/folklore/voice/ Voice of Palestinian Folklore]
*[http://www.arab2.com/arab-traditional-dress/palestine.html Traditional Palestinian Clothes]
*[http://arabicsoftware.org/embroidery.htm The Art of Palestinian Embroidery]
*[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/PLO_Covenant.html The Palestine National Charter]
*[http://www.archive.org/details/sands_of_sorrow Sands of Sorrow - Film on refugees]
*[http://www.hanini.org/Al-Nakbagallery.html Refugee Photos Gallery]
*[http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/eyetoeye/index.html Save the Children: life in a refugee camp]
*[http://www.papp.undp.org/ United Nations Programme of Assistance to the Palestinian People]
*[http://zinzin.us/index.html?q=nakba&cmd=Yt Nakba search engine]
*[http://www.familytreedna.com/public/Y-DNA_J/ The Y-Haplogroup J DNA Project]
*[http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/992618.html Daily hate crimes]
==References==
<references />
{{reflist|2}}
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{{Refend}}
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