Pama-Nyungan languages
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2008-07-02T10:49:46Z
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The '''Pama-Nyungan languages''' are the most widespread family of [[Indigenous Australian languages]].
The Pama-Nyungan family was identified and named by [[Kenneth Hale]], in his work on the classification of Native Australian languages. Hale realised that of the Aboriginal Australian languages, one relatively closely-interrelated family had spread and proliferated over most of the continent, while approximately a dozen other families were concentrated along the North coast. The Pama-Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages.
The name "Pama-Nyungan" was derived from the names of two widely-separated groups, the Pama languages from the Northeast, and the Nyungan languages from the Southwest. The terms ''pama'' and ''nyunga'' are expressions meaning "man" in the languages from their respective regions.
The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are occasionally referred to, by exclusion, as [[Non-Pama-Nyungan languages]], though this is not a proper taxonomic term.
Although counting languages is not, in general, a well-defined operation, there are on the order of hundreds of Pama-Nyungan languages. Most of the Pama-Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups, with thousands of speakers or fewer. Many are considered [[endangered languages]], and many have recently become extinct.
== Classification and Languages ==
According to Nicholas Evans at the Australian National University, the closest relative of Pama-Nyungan is the [[Garawa language|Garawa]] [[language isolate|isolate]], followed by the small [[tankic languages|Tankic]] family. He then proposes a more distant relationship with the [[Gunwinyguan languages]] in a macro-family he calls [[Macro-Pama-Nyungan languages|Macro-Pama-Nyungan]].
Pama-Nyungan proper includes approximately 175 languages in 14 extant and numerous extinct branches.
*'''Yuulngu or [[Yolngu Matha]]''': [[Djinang language|Djinang]], [[Dhangu language|Dhangu]], [[Dhuwal language|Dhuwal]], [[Djinba language|Djinba]], [[Ritharngu language|Ritharngu]], [[Dhay'yi language|Dhay'yi]], [[Yan-nhangu language|Yan-nhangu]]
*'''[[Paman languages|Paman]]'''
**'''Northern''': [[Gudang language|Gudang]], [[Atampaya language|Atampaya]], [[Uradhi language|Uradhi]], [[Wudhadhi language|Wudhadhi]], [[Tjungundji language|Tjungundji]], [[Mpalityanh language|Mpalityanh]], [[Yupngayth language|Yupngayth]], [[Linngithigh language|Linngithigh]], [[Ngkoth language|Ngkoth]], [[Yinwum language|Yinwum]], [[Aritinngithigh language|Aritinngithigh]], [[Awngthim language|Awngthim]], [[Mbiywom language|Mbiywom]], [[Wik-Me'anha language|Wik-Me'anha]], [[Wik Ngathan|Wik-Ngathana]], [[Wik-Ngatha language|Wik-Ngatha]], [[Wik-Mungkan]], [[Wik-Iiyanh language|Wik-Iiyanh]], [[Wik-Epa language|Wik-Epa]], [[Wik-Keyangan language|Wik-Keyangan]], [[Wik-Nantjara language|Wik-Nantjara]], [[Kugu-Muminh language|Kugu-Muminh]], [[Kugu-Ugbanh language|Kugu-Ugbanh]], [[Kugu Uwanh|Kugu-Uwanh]], [[Kugu-Mangk language|Kugu-Mangk]]
**'''Western''': [[Thaayore language|Thaayore]], [[Yir Yoront language|Yir Yoront]]
**'''North-Eastern''': [[Kantyu language|Kantyu]], [[Umpila language|Umpila]]
**'''Lamalamic''': [[Umbindhamu language|Umbindhamu]], [[Umbuygamu language|Umbuygamu]], [[Mbariman-Gudhinma language|Mbariman-Gudhinma]], [[Lama-Lama language|Lama-Lama]], [[Gugu Warra language|Gugu Warra]])
**'''Coastal''': [[Koko Pera language|Koko Pera]], [[Gog Nar language|Gog Nar]]
**'''Central''': [[Thaypan language|Thaypan]], [[Aghu-Tharnggala language|Aghu-Tharnggala]], [[Gogo Mini language|Gogo Mini]], [[Dagalag language|Dagalag]], [[Kawarrangg language|Kawarrangg]], [[Oykangand language|Oykangand]]
**'''Norman''': [[Kurtjar language|Kurtjar]], [[Kuthant language|Kuthant]], [[Walangama language|Walangama]], [[Areba language|Areba]], [[Gunggara language|Gunggara]]
**'''Flinders''': [[Gugadj language|Gugadj]]
**'''Southern''': [[Agwamin language|Agwamin]], [[Mbabaram language|Mbabaram]], [[Mbara language|Mbara]]
**'''Mayabic''': [[Mayi-Kutuna language|Mayi-Kutuna]], [[Mayi-Kulan language|Mayi-Kulan]], [[Ngawun language|Ngawun]]
*'''[[Yalanjic languages|Yalanjic]]''': [[Guugu Yimidhirr language|Guugu Yimidhirr]], [[Gugu Yalandyi language|Gugu Yalandyi]]
*'''[[Yidinyic languages|Yidinyic]]''': [[Djabugay language|Djabugay]], [[Yidiny language|Yidiny]]
*'''[[Dyirbalic languages|Dyirbalic]]''': [[Dyirbal language|Dyirbal]], [[Warrgamay language|Warrgamay]]
*'''[[Nyawaygic languages|Nyawaygic]]''': [[Nyawaygi language|Nyawaygi]], [[Wulguru language|Wulguru]]
*'''[[Maric languages|Maric]]''': [[Guwa language|Guwa]], [[Yanda language|Yanda]], [[Yirandhali language|Yirandhali]], [[Gunggari language|Gunggari]], [[Birria language|Birria]], [[Gugu Badhun language|Gugu Badhun]], [[Gudjala language|Gudjala]], [[Yilba language|Yilba]], [[Biri language|Biri]], [[Giya language|Giya]], [[Yiningay language|Yiningay]], [[Wadjalang language|Wadjalang]], [[Gayiri language|Gayiri]], [[Gangulu language|Gangulu]], [[Bidyara language|Bidyara]], [[Yiman language|Yiman]], [[Margany language|Margany]], [[Guwamu language|Guwamu]]
*'''[[Waka-Kabic languages|Waka-Kabic]]''': [[Darambal language|Darambal]], [[Bayali language|Bayali]], [[Gureng Gureng language|Gureng Gureng]], [[Gabi language|Gabi]], [[Wuliwuli language|Wuliwuli]], [[Waga language|Waga]], [[Barunggam language|Barunggam]], [[Muringam language|Muringam]]
*'''[[Durubalic languages|Durubalic]]''': [[Turrubal language|Turrubal]], [[Gowar language|Gowar]]
*'''[[Gumbaynggiric languages|Gumbaynggiric]]''': [[Gumbaynggir language|Gumbaynggir]], [[Yaygir language|Yaygir]]
*'''[[Yuin-Kuric languages|Yuin-Kuric]]''': [[Ugarapul language|Ugarapul]], [[Yugambeh language|Yugambeh]], [[Nganyaywana language|Nganyaywana]], [[Dyangadi language|Dyangadi]], [[Worimi language|Worimi]], [[Awabakal language|Awabakal]], [[Gudungura language|Gudungura]], [[Ngarigu language|Ngarigu]], [[Thawa language|Thawa]], [[Dyirringany language|Dyirringany]], [[Dhurga language|Dhurga]], [[Dharawal language|Dharawal]], [[Darkinyung language|Darkinyung]], [[Dharuk language|Dharuk]]
*'''[[Wiradhuric languages|Wiradhuric]]''': [[Gamilaraay language|Gamilaraay]], [[Ngiyambaa]], [[Wiradhuri language|Wiradhuri]]
*'''[[Baagandji languages|Baagandji]]''': [[Bandjigali language|Bandjigali]], [[Baagdandji language|Baagdandji]]
*'''[[Yotayotic languages|Yotayotic]]''': [[Yotayota language|Yotayota]], [[Yabula-Yabula language|Yabula-Yabula]]
*'''[[Kulinic languages|Kulinic]]''': [[Wemba Wemba language|Wemba Wemba]], [[Nari Nari language|Nari Nari]], [[Wathawurung language|Wathawurung]], [[Kolakngat language|Kolakngat]], [[Wuywurung language|Wuywurung]], [[Bungandidj language|Bungandidj]], [[Kuurn Kopan Noot language|Kuurn Kopan Noot]], [[Chaap Wuurong language|Chaap Wuurong]]
*'''[[Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic languages|Ngarinyeric-Yithayithic]]''': [[Ngarinyeri language|Ngarinyeri]], [[Ngayawung language|Ngayawung]], [[Yuyu language|Yuyu]], [[Keramin language|Keramin]], [[Yitha-Yitha language|Yitha-Yitha]]
*'''[[Karnic languages|Karnic]]''': [[Lhanima language|Lhanima]], [[Pitta-Pitta language|Pitta-Pitta]], [[Arabana language|Arabana]], [[Midhaga language|Midhaga]], [[Garuwali language|Garuwali]], [[Yarluyandi language|Yarluyandi]], [[Ngamini language|Ngamini]], [[Yandruwandha language|Yandruwandha]], [[Diyari language|Diyari]], [[Pirlatapa language|Pirlatapa]], [[Wangkumara language|Wangkumara]], [[Badjiri language|Badjiri]], [[Bidjara language|Bidjara]] (Note: Badjiri and Bidjara are probably not Karnic; there is not enough data to classify them with any confidence but they do not appear to share the innovations which characterise the other Karnic languages. They may be better classified as Maric.
*'''[[Yardli languages|Yardli]]''': [[Malyangaba language|Malyangaba]], [[Yardliwarra language|Yardliwarra]]
*'''[[Wagaya-Warluwaric languages|Wagaya-Warluwaric]]''': [[Wagaya language|Wagaya]], [[Yindjilandji language|Yindjilandji]], [[Warluwara language|Warluwara]]
*'''[[Kalkatungic languages|Kalkatungic]]''': [[Kalkatungu language|Kalkatungu]], [[Yalarnnga language|Yalarnnga]]
*'''[[Arandic languages|Arandic]]''': [[Kaytetye language|Kaytetye]], [[Alyawarre language|Alyawarre]], [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]], [[Lower Arrernte language|Lower Arrernte]], [[Andegerebinha language|Andegerebinha]], [[Anmatyerre language|Anmatyerre]]
*'''[[Southwest Pama-Nyungan languages|Southwest]]''': [[Walmajarri language|Walmajarri]], [[Djaru language|Djaru]], [[Gurindji language|Gurindji]], [[Mudburra language|Mudburra]], [[Ngarinman language|Ngarinman]], [[Garadyari language|Garadyari]], [[Mangarla language|Mangarla]], [[Nyangumarta language|Nyangumarta]], [[Ngarla language|Ngarla]], [[Nyamal language|Nyamal]], [[Nyiyabali language|Nyiyabali]], [[Tjurruru language|Tjurruru]], [[Kariyarra language|Kariyarra]], [[Martuthunira language|Martuthunira]], [[Nhuwala language|Nhuwala]], [[Yindjibarndi language|Yindjibarndi]], [[Binigura language|Binigura]], [[Warriyangga language|Warriyangga]], [[Jiwarli language|Jiwarli]], [[Tharrgari language|Tharrgari]], [[Thalanyji language|Thalanyji]], [[Bayungu language|Bayungu]], [[Yinggarda language|Yinggarda]], [[Maya Australian language|Maya]], [[Malgana language|Malgana]], [[Nhanda language|Nhanda]], [[Wajarri language|Wajarri]], [[Badimaya language|Badimaya]], [[Wirdimay language|Wirdimay]], [[Wirangu language|Wirangu]], [[Warnman language|Warnman]], [[Western Desert Language]], [[Warlmanpa language|Warlmanpa]], [[Warlpiri language|Warlpiri]], [[Ngardi language|Ngardi]], [[Noongar|Nyungar]], [[Ngadjunmaya language|Ngadjunmaya]], [[Adnyamathanha language|Adnyamathanha]], [[Banggarla language|Banggarla]], [[Kaurna language|Kaurna]]
*''[[Muk Thang language|Muk Thang]]''
*''[[Dhuduroa language|Dhuduroa]]''
*''[[Kala Lagaw Ya language|Kala Lagaw Ya]]'' (Mabuiag)
*''[[Muruwari language|Muruwari]]''
*''[[Warumungu language|Warumungu]]''
*''[[Flinders Island language|Flinders Island]]''
*''[[Barrow Point language|Barrow Point]]''
*''[[Bandjalang language|Bandjalang]]''
*''[[Pallangahmiddang language|Pallangahmiddang]]''
==See also==
* [[Gunwinyguan languages]]
*[[Macro-Pama-Nyungan languages]]
*[[Southwest Pama-Nyungan languages]]
*[[Proto-Pama-Nyungan language]]
==References==
{{Nofootnotes|date=February 2008}}
*McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. ''Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia.'' Melbourne: Oxford University Press
*Evans, Nicholas. (eds.) 2003. ''The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia. Comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region.'' Canberra: Pacific Linguistics
{{AusLang}}
[[Category:Pama-Nyungan languages| ]]
[[es:Lenguas pama-ñunganas]]
[[it:Lingue pama-nyunga]]
[[no:Pamanyunganske språk]]
[[nn:Pama-nyunganske språk]]
[[pt:Pama-Nyungan]]
[[ru:Языки пама-ньюнга]]
[[sv:Pama-nyunganska språk]]