Pan-Islamism
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'''Pan-Islamism''' ('''اتّحاد الاسلام''') is a [[political]] movement advocating the unity of [[Muslim]]s under one [[Islamic state]] or a [[Caliphate]].<ref>Ottomanism, Pan-Islamism,
and the Caliphate; Discourse at the Turn of the 20th Century, American University in Cairo,
The Middle East Studies Program [http://www.aucegypt.edu/academic/mesc/PDF/Barqiyya%20feb.04.pdf]</ref> While [[Pan-Arabism]] advocates the unity and independence of Arabs regardless of religion, pan-Islamism advocates the unity and independence of Muslims regardless of ethnicity.
==History==
The model of pan-Islamism aims to follow what can be described as the [[Muslim history|early years of Islam]] - the reign of [[Muslim history#Muhammad|Muhammad]] and [[Muslim history#Early Caliphate|the early caliphate]] - when the Muslim world was united and strong as one state.
In the modern era, [[Jamal al-Din al-Afghani]] promoted unity among Muslims to resist colonial occupation of Muslim lands. Al-Afghani's policies were highly [[Social progress|progressive]] according to grad student Danielle Costa:
<blockquote>Afghani believed that to live in the modern world demanded changes in Muslim ways of organizing society, and that it must try to make those changes while remaining true to itself. Islam, Afghani believed, was not only compatible with reason, progress and social solidarity, the bases of modern civilization, but if properly interpreted it positively enjoined them.<ref> Afghani's Vision of a Pan-Islamic Civilization, by Danielle Costa , [[TUFTS]] University[http://www.indyflicks.com/danielle/papers/paper13.htm]</ref></blockquote>
While Afghani's interest in [[Islam]]ic [[sharia|law]] and [[theology]] was scant,<ref>''Faith and Power'' by Edward Mortimer Vintage; Vintage Books, 1982)</ref> later Pan-Islamism in the post-colonial world was strongly associated with [[Islamism]]. Leading Islamists such as [[Sayyid Qutb]], [[Abul Ala Maududi]], and Ayatollah [[Khomeini]] all stressed their belief that a return to traditional [[Sharia]] law would make Islam united and strong again.
In the period of decolonialism following World War II, nationalism overshadowed [[Islamism]]. In the Arab world secular pan-Arab parties - [[Baath]] and [[Nasserism|Nasserist]] parties - had offshoots in almost every Arab country, and took power in Egypt, Libya, Iraq and Syria. Islamists suffered severe repression; it's major thinker [[Syed Qutb]], was imprisoned, underwent torture and was later executed.
Following the stunning defeat of Arab armies in the [[Six-Day War]], Islamism and Pan-Islam began to reverse their releative position of popularity with nationalism and pan-Arabism. In 1979 the [[Iranian Revolution]] ousted [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] from power, and ten years later the Afghan Muslim [[Mujahideen#Afghan mujahideen|mujahideen]] successfully [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|forced the Soviet Union from Afghanistan]]. These events galvanised Islamists the world over and heightened their popularity with the Muslim public. Throughout the Middle-East, and in particular [[Egypt]], the various branches of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] have significantly challenged the secular nationalist or monarchical Muslim governments. In [[Pakistan]] the [[Jamaat-e-Islami]] enjoyed popular support especially since the formation of the [[Muttahida Majlis-e-Amal|MMA]], and in Algeria the [[FIS]] was expected to win the cancelled elections in 1992. Since the collapse of the [[Soviet Union]], [[Hizb-ut-Tahrir]] has emerged as a Pan-Islamist force in [[Central Asia]] and in the last five years has developed some support the [[Arab world]].<ref name=ARABLEGAL>[http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2370234 Hizb-ut-Tahrir's Growing Appeal in the Arab World] Jamestown Foundation</ref>
==See also==
*[[Caliphate]]
*[[Khilafat movement]]
*[[Ummah]]
*[[Historical Shi'a-Sunni relations]]
*[[Muslim Unity]]
*[[Muslim Brotherhood]]
*[[Hizb ut-Tahrir]]
==Further reading==
*Azmi Özcan. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9004106324&id=s04pus5jBNwC&dq=pan-islamism Pan-Islamism: Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924)]'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1997, [[ISBN 9-004-10180-2]].
*Nazir Ahmad Khan Chaudri. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC00698646&id=sm4LAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22pan-islamism%22&q=%22pan-islamism%22&pgis=1 Commonwealth of Muslim States: a plea for Pan-Islamism]'', al-Ahibba (Friends of the Muslim World Muhibban-e-Alam-e-Islami), 1972.
*M. Naeem Qureshi. ''[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN9004113711&id=czKYZPyoyx0C&dq=%22pan-islamism%22 Pan-Islam in British Indian Politics: A Study of the Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924]'', Brill Academic Publishers, 1999, [[ISBN 9-004-10214-0]].
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
*[http://www.indyflicks.com/danielle/papers/paper13.htm al-Afghani's Vision of a Pan-Islamic Civilization]
*[http://www.cis-ca.org/voices/a/afghni.htm al-Afghani Bibliography]
[[Category:Islamic politics and Islamic world studies]]
[[Category:Pan-Islamism| ]]
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