Panaeolus 2939977 220952135 2008-06-22T11:00:37Z Ka Faraq Gatri 6892069 Category:Agaricales {{Taxobox | name = ''Panaeolus'' | image = Panaeolus.subbalteatus.3.jpg | image_width = 220px | regnum = [[Fungi]] | divisio = [[Basidiomycota]] | classis = [[Agaricomycetes]] | ordo = [[Agaricales]] | familia = [[Panaeoleae]] or [[Bolbitiaceae]] | genus = '''''Panaeolus''''' | genus_authority = ([[Elias Magnus Fries|Fries]]) [[Lucien Quélet|Quél.]] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = [[List of Panaeolus species]] | type_species = ''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus]]'' }} '''''Panaeolus''''' is a genus of small, black-spored, saprotrophic [[agarics]]. The word ''Panaeolus'' is Greek for "all [[variegated]]", alluding to the spotted gills of the mushrooms produced. == Characteristics == These fungi are mostly dung and grassland species, some of which are quite common in Europe and North America. The [[gills]] of ''Panaeolus'' do not [[wikt:deliquesce|deliquesce]] as do the members of the related [[genus]] ''[[Coprinus]]''. Members of ''Panaeolus'' can also be mistaken for ''[[Psathyrella]]'', however the later genus are usually found growing on wood. The gills of these mushrooms are black or grey and have a spotty, speckled or cloudy appearance, caused by the way that the dark spores ripen together in tiny patches on the gill surface; different patches darken at different times. Another character of the genus is that the spores are smooth. <ref>Meinhard Moser, translated by Simon Plant: ''Keys to Agarics and Boleti'' (Roger Phillips 1983) ISBN 0-9508486-0-3</ref> The closely related genus ''[[Panaeolina]]'' shares the spotted gills but they are dark brown (not black) and the spores are ornamented. This genus is sometimes treated as part of ''Panaeolus''. <ref>See [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/panaeolus_foenisecii.html Mushroom expert page on ''Panaeolus foenisecii''], which gives further references using both naming choices.</ref> == Edibility == No members of ''Panaeolus'' are used for food, though some are used as a recreational drug. Thirteen [http://www.magic-mushrooms.net/World_Wide_Distribution_of_Magic_Mushrooms.pdf] species of ''Panaeolus'' contain the hallucinogen [[psilocybin]] including ''[[Panaeolus cyanescens]]'' and ''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]''. The bluing hallucinogenic members of this genus are sometimes segregated into a separate genus, ''Copelandia''. Several members of this genus are known to contain [[psilocin]] and [[psilocybin]] and it is suspected that a number of other members of this genus contain unidentified psychoactive compounds. [http://www.svims.ca/council/Panaeo.htm] All members of this [[genus]] contain [[serotonin]], [[urea]], and [[tryptophan]]. <ref name="Stamets">{{cite book |author=Paul Stamets |year=1996 |title=Psilocybin Mushrooms of the World |publisher=Ten Speed Press |pages=245|chapter=8}}</ref> == Notable species == *''[[Panaeolus acuminatus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus africanus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus bispora]]'' *''[[Panaeolus cambodginiensis]]'' *''[[Panaeolus castaneifolius]]'' *''[[Panaeolus cyanescens]]'' *''[[Panaeolus fimicola]]'' *''Panaeolus foenisecii'' (= ''[[Panaeolina foenisecii]]'') *''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. papilionaceus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus papilionaceus var. parvisporus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus semiovatus var. phalaenarum]]'' (= ''Panaeolus antillarum'') *''[[Panaeolus semiovatus var. semiovatus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus subbalteatus]]'' *''[[Panaeolus tropicalis]]'' == External links == * [http://www.svims.ca/council/Panaeo.htm Key to Panaeolus in the Pacific Northwest] * [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/olah_panaeolus_key.pdf Panaeolus key by Ola'h that emphasizes microscopic features] * [http://www.bioimages.org.uk/HTML/T3104.HTM Panaeolus - A Genus of Toadstools] * [http://www.museocivico.rovereto.tn.it/UploadDocs/104_art09-Guzman%20&%20C.pdf A Worldwide Geographical Distribution of the Neurotropic Fungi] * [http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Panaeolus Wikispecies - Panaeolus] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Agaricales]] [[de:Düngerlinge]] [[fr:Panaeolus]] [[it:Panaeolus]] [[ja:ワライタケ]]