Pannonia 47277 223686581 2008-07-05T07:25:42Z Ian Spackman 774227 /* See also */ Remove [[List of Roman Emperors born in Serbia (19)]] - no such page {{otheruses}} [[Image:Pannonia.svg|300px|thumb|Pannonia map]] '''Pannonia''' is an ancient province of the [[Roman Empire]] bounded north and east by the [[Danube]], coterminous westward with [[Noricum]] and upper [[Italy]], and southward with [[Dalmatia]] and upper [[Moesia]]. Pannonia was located mostly over the territory of the present-day western-half of [[Hungary]] with small parts in: [[Austria]], [[Croatia]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]], and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]. Today the term Pannonia is usually used for what is called [[Transdanubia]] (Dunántúl) in [[Hungary]], or simply the whole of Hungary. ==Name== [[Julius Pokorny]] derived the name ''Pannonia'' from [[Illyrian languages|Illyrian]], from the [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] root ''*pen-'', "swamp, water, wet" (cf. English ''fen'', "marsh"; Hindi ''pani'', "water" ). ==History== [[Image:REmpire-Pannonia.png|300px|thumb|Position of the Roman province of Pannonia]] Its original inhabitants were the ''Pannonii'' ([[Pannonians]]), a group of tribes akin to [[Illyrians]]. From the [[4th century BC]] it was invaded by various [[Celts|Celtic]] tribes. Little is heard of Pannonia until [[35 BC]], when its inhabitants, allies of the [[Dalmatia]]ns, were attacked by [[Augustus]], who conquered and occupied Siscia ([[Sisak]]). The country was not, however, definitely subdued until [[9 BC]], when it was incorporated into [[Illyricum]], the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube. In AD [[6]], the Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolted, and were overcome by [[Tiberius]] and [[Germanicus]], after a hard-fought campaign which lasted for three years. After the rebellion was crushed in 9 AD, the province of Illyricum was dissolved, and its lands were divided between the new provinces of Pannonia in the north and [[Dalmatia]] in the south. The date of the division is unknown, most certainly after AD 20 but before AD 50. The proximity of dangerous barbarian tribes ([[Quadi]], [[Marcomanni]]) necessitated the presence of a large number of troops (seven legions in later times), and numerous fortresses were built on the bank of the Danube. Some time between the years [[102]] and [[107]], between the first and second Dacian wars, [[Trajan]] divided the [[Roman province|province]] into [[Pannonia Superior]] (the western), and [[Pannonia Inferior]] (the eastern) portion. According to [[Ptolemy]], these divisions were separated by a line drawn from Arrabona ([[Győr]]) in the north to Servitium ([[Gradiška]]) in the south; later, the boundary was placed further east. The whole country was sometimes called the Pannonias (Pannoniae). Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control: Pannonia Inferior at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as garrison, after [[Marcus Aurelius]] under a consular legate, still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies Aelia Mursia ([[Osijek]]) and Aelia [[Aquincum]] ([[Óbuda]]) by Hadrian. Under [[Diocletian]] a fourfold division of the country was made: * [[Pannonia Prima]] in the northwest, with capital in [[Savaria]]/[[Sabaria]] ([[Szombathely]]), * [[Pannonia Valeria]] in the northeast, with capital in [[Sopianae]] ([[Pécs]]), * [[Pannonia Savia]] in the southwest, with capital in Siscia ([[Sisak]]), * [[Pannonia Secunda]] in the southeast, with capital in [[Sirmium]] ([[Sremska Mitrovica]]) Diocletian also moved parts of today's [[Slovenia]] out of Pannonia and included them into [[Noricum]]. In the middle of the [[5th century]] Pannonia was ceded to the [[Huns]] by [[Theodosius II]], and after the death of [[Attila]] successively passed into the hands of the [[Ostrogoths]] (456-471), [[Lombards]] (530-568), [[Eurasian Avars|Avars]] (560s - c.800), [[Slavs]] (living there since c. 480s; independent between c.800 - 900), [[Magyars]] (modern Hungarians) (since 900/901); [[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburgs]] and [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] (since 1526; the Ottoman rule ended in 1878). After the First World War, the region was divided between [[Austria]], [[Hungary]] and the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] (renamed to [[Yugoslavia]] in 1929). ==Cities== [[Image:Gorsium-Tác.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary]] [[Image:Aquincum-Óbuda-01.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Aquincum]] The native settlements consisted of pagi (cantons) containing a number of vici (villages), the majority of the large towns being of [[Roman Empire|Roman]] origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were: * [[Acumincum]] ([[Stari Slankamen]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Ad Flexum]] ([[Mosonmagyaróvár]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Ad Mures]] ([[Ács]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Ad Novas]] ([[Zmajevac]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Ad Statuas]] ([[Vaspuszta]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Ad Statuas]] ([[Várdomb]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Alisca]] ([[Szekszárd]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Alba Regia]] ([[Székesfehérvár]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Alta Ripa]] ([[Tolna, Hungary|Tolna]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Andautonia]] ([[Ščitarjevo]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Aqua Viva]] ([[Varaždin]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Aquae Balisae]] ([[Daruvar]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Aquincum]] ([[Óbuda]], Budapest, in present-day Hungary) * [[Arrabona]] ([[Győr]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Bassianae]] ([[Donji Petrovci]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Bononia]] ([[Banoštor]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Brigetio]] ([[Szőny]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Burgunac]] ([[Novi Banovci]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Caesariana]] ([[Baláca]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Campona]] ([[Nagytétény]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Carnuntum]] ([[Petronell]], [[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]], in present-day Austria) * [[Celeia]] ([[Celje]], in present-day Slovenia) * [[Certissa]] ([[Đakovo]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Cibalae]] ([[Vinkovci]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Cirpi]] ([[Dunabogdány]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Contra-Aquincum]] ([[Budapest]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Contra Constantiam]] ([[Dunakeszi]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Contra Florentiam]] or [[Lugio]] ([[Dunaszekcsõ]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Cuccium]] ([[Ilok]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Cusum]] ([[Petrovaradin]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Gerulata]] ([[Rusovce]], in present-day Slovakia) * [[Gorsium-Herculia]] ([[Tác]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Intercisa]] ([[Dunaújváros]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Iovia]] or [[Iovia Botivo]] ([[Ludbreg]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Lussonium]] ([[Dunakömlőd]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Marsonia]] ([[Slavonski Brod]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Matrica]] ([[Százhalombatta]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Morgentianae]] ([[Tüskevár]](?), in present-day Hungary) * [[Mursa]] ([[Osijek]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Mursella]] ([[Mórichida]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Neviodunum]] ([[Drnovo]], in present-day Slovenia) * [[Poetovio]] ([[Ptuj]], in present-day Slovenia) * [[Quadrata]] ([[Lébény]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Rittium]] ([[Surduk]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Sala]] ([[Zalalövő]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Saldae]] ([[Brčko]], in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) * [[Savaria]] or [[Sabaria]] ([[Szombathely]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Scarbantia]] ([[Sopron]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Serbinum]] or [[Servitium]] ([[Gradiška]], in present-day Bosnia and Herzegovina) * [[Singidunum]] ([[Beograd]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Sirmium]] ([[Sremska Mitrovica]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Siscia]] ([[Sisak]], in present-day Croatia) * [[Solva (Hungary)|Solva]] ([[Esztergom]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Sopianae]] ([[Pécs]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Taurunum]] ([[Zemun]], in present-day Serbia) * [[Ulcisia Castra]] ([[Szentendre]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Valcum]] ([[Fenékpuszta]], in present-day Hungary) * [[Vindobona]] ([[Wien]], in present-day Austria) ==Economy and country features== The country was fairly productive, especially after the great forests had been cleared by [[Probus]] and [[Galerius]]. Before that time timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were [[oat]]s and [[barley]], from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of [[beer]] named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained iron and silver mines. Its chief rivers were the [[Drava|Dravus]], [[Sava (river)|Savus]], and [[Rába|Arrabo]], in addition to the [[Danube|Danuvius]] (less correctly, Danubius), into which the first three rivers flow. ==Legacy== The ancient name Pannonia is retained in the modern term ''[[Pannonian plain]]''. ==References== *Radomir Popović, Rano hrišćanstvo u Panoniji, Vojvođanski godišnjak, sveska I, Novi Sad, 1995. *Petar Milošević, Arheologija i istorija Sirmijuma, Novi Sad, 2001. ==See also== * [[Pannonian plain]] * [[Roman provinces]] * [[Roman Empire]] * [[Hungary before the Magyars]] ==External links== * [http://www.unrv.com/provinces/pannonia.php Pannonia] * [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9374485/Pannonia Pannonia] * [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Pannonia Pannonia] * [http://www.geocities.com/alexprobus/Pictures/PanoniaAntiqua.jpg Pannonia map] * [http://www.geocities.com/alexprobus/Pictures/PannoniaNR.jpg Pannonia map] * [http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=205 Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary] * [http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=875 Aerial photography: Aquincum - Budapest - Hungary] {{Roman provinces 120 AD}} [[Category:Ancient Roman provinces]] [[Category:History of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Category:History of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina]] [[Category:History of Republika Srpska]] [[Category:History of Croatia]] [[Category:Hungary before the Magyars]] [[Category:History of Slovenia]] [[Category:History of Serbia]] [[Category:History of Vojvodina]] [[Category:History of Austria]] [[Category:History of Slovakia]] [[Category:Illyria]] [[bg:Панония]] [[ca:Pannònia]] [[cs:Panonie]] [[cy:Pannonia]] [[da:Pannonien]] [[de:Pannonien]] [[et:Pannoonia]] [[el:Παννονία]] [[es:Panonia]] [[eo:Panonio]] [[eu:Panonia]] [[fr:Pannonie]] [[fy:Pannoonje]] [[gl:Pannonia]] [[ko:판노니아]] [[hr:Panonija]] [[id:Panonia]] [[it:Pannonia]] [[he:פאנוניה]] [[la:Pannonia]] [[lt:Panonija]] [[hu:Pannonia (provincia)]] [[nl:Pannonië]] [[ja:パンノニア]] [[no:Pannonia]] [[pl:Panonia]] [[pt:Panónia]] [[ro:Panonia]] [[ru:Паннония]] [[sk:Panónia (rímska provincia)]] [[sr:Панонија]] [[fi:Pannonia]] [[sv:Pannonien]] [[uk:Паннонія]] [[zh:潘诺尼亚]]