Papua New Guinea
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{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = Papua Niugini
|conventional_long_name = Independent State of Papua New Guinea
|common_name = Papua New Guinea
|image_flag = Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg
|image_coat =Coat_of_arms_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg
|image_map = LocationPapuaNewGuinea.svg
|national_motto =''[[Unity in diversity]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Stable Government, Investment Initiatives, and Economic Growth | work=Keynote address to the 8th Papua New Guinea Mining and Petroleum Conference (Google cache) | date=2004-12-06 | author=Sir Michael Somare | url=http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:our6ovOe0JUJ:www.pm.gov.pg/pmsoffice/PMsoffice.nsf/pages/B6475E51C894229B4A256F6900141A4B%3FOpenDocument
| accessdate= 2007-08-09}}</ref>
|official_languages =[[English language|English]], [[Tok Pisin]], [[Hiri Motu language|Hiri Motu]]
|capital =[[Port Moresby]]
|latd=9|latm=30|latNS=S|longd=147|longm=07|longEW=E
|largest_city=[[Port Moresby]]
|government_type=[[Constitutional monarchy]]
|leader_title1 = [[Monarch of Papua New Guinea|Queen]]
|leader_title2 = [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]]
|leader_title3 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name1 = [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Elizabeth II]]
|leader_name2 = Sir [[Paulias Matane]]
|leader_name3 = Sir [[Michael Somare]]
|area_rank=54th
|area_magnitude=1_E12
|area_km2=462,840
|area_sq_mi= 178,703<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|percent_water=2
|population_estimate = 6,300,000 <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1246074.stm "BBC Country profile: Papua New Guinea"], ''news.bbc.co.uk'', [[20 April]] [[2008]]. Link accessed 2008-04-20.</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2007
|population_estimate_rank = 104th
|population_census =
|population_census_year =
|population_density_km2 = 13
|population_density_sq_mi= 34<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] -->
|population_density_rank = 201st
|sovereignty_type=[[Independence]]
|sovereignty_note = From [[Australia]]
|established_event1=Self-governing
|established_event2 = [[Independence]]
|established_date1=[[December 1]] [[1973]]
|established_date2 = [[September 16]] [[1975]]
|currency=[[Papua New Guinean kina]]
|currency_code=PGK
|time_zone=[[Australian Eastern Standard Time|AEST]]
|utc_offset=+10
|time_zone_DST=''not observed (as of 2005)''
|utc_offset_DST=+10
|national_anthem=''[[O Arise, All You Sons]]''<ref>{{cite web | title=Never more to rise | work=The National (February 6, 2006) | url=http://www.thenational.com.pg/020606/w5.htm | accessdate= 2005-01-19}}</ref>
|cctld=[[.pg]]
|calling_code=675
|GDP_PPP_year=2005
|GDP_PPP= $14.363 billion<!--IMF-->
|GDP_PPP_rank=126th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita=$2,418
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=131st
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.530
|HDI_rank = 145th
|HDI_category = <font color="#FFCC00">medium</font>
|Gini = 50.9
|Gini_year = 1996
|Gini_category = <font color="red">high</font>
|demonym = Papua New Guinean
|footnotes=
}}
'''Papua New Guinea''' ({{pronEng|ˈpæpuːə njuː ˈgɪni/, /ˈpæpjuːə}}), in [[Tok Pisin]]: ''Papua Niugini'', officially the '''Independent State of Papua New Guinea''', is a country in [[Oceania]], occupying the eastern half of the island of [[New Guinea]] and numerous offshore islands (the western portion of the island is a part of [[Indonesia]]n provinces of [[Papua (Indonesian province)|Papua]] and [[West Papua (province)|West Papua]]). It is located in the southwestern [[Pacific Ocean]], in a region defined since the early 19th century as [[Melanesia]]. Its capital, and one of its few major cities, is [[Port Moresby]]. It is one of the most diverse countries on Earth, with over 850 indigenous languages and at least as many traditional societies, out of a population of just under 6 million. It is also one of the most rural, with only 18 per cent of its people living in [[urbanization|urban]] centres.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=World Bank |year=2005 |title=World Bank data on urbanisation |work=World Development Indicators |url=http://devdata.worldbank.org/wdi2005/Table3_10.htm |accessdate= 2005-07-15}}</ref> The country is also one of the world's least explored, culturally and geographically, and many undiscovered species of plants and animals are thought to exist in the interior of Papua New Guinea.
The majority of the population live in traditional societies and practise [[List of subsistence techniques|subsistence-based]] [[agriculture]]. These societies and clans have some explicit acknowledgement within the nation's constitutional framework. The PNG Constitution (Preamble 5(4)) expresses the wish for ''traditional villages and communities to remain as viable units of Papua New Guinean society'',<ref>{{cite web | title=Constitution of Independent State of Papua New Guinea (consol. to amendment #22) | work=Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute
| url=http://www.paclii.org/pg/legis/consol_act/cotisopng534/ | accessdate= 2005-07-16}}</ref> and for active steps to be taken in their preservation. The PNG legislature has enacted various laws in which a type of tenure called "[[customary land title]]" is recognised, meaning that the traditional lands of the [[indigenous peoples]] have some legal basis to inalienable tenure. This customary land notionally covers most of the usable land in the country (some 97% of total land area);<ref>{{cite web | title=Customary Land Tenure in Papua New Guinea: Status and Prospects | author=Lynne Armitage |publisher=Queensland University of Technology | url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/archive/00001043/00/armitage.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate= 2005-07-15}}</ref> alienated land is either held privately under State Lease or is government land. Freehold Title (also known as [[fee simple]]) can only be held by Papua New Guinea citizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mj.gov.tl/dntp/rel/DATA/LLP%20I/ARD%20Reports%20and%20studies/Compartive%20Study/Comparative%20study%20by%20HBW%20Inc.pdf|title=Facilitating Foreign Investment through Property Lease Options|format=PDF|author=HBW International Inc.|accessdate=2007-08-28|pages=9|date=[[September 10]] [[2003]]}} See footnote 30 which explains that the precise reference in legislation was not found.</ref>
The country's geography is similarly diverse and, in places, extremely rugged. A spine of mountains runs the length of the island of New Guinea, forming a populous [[highland (geography)|highlands]] region. Dense [[rainforest]]s can be found in the lowland and coastal areas. This terrain has made it difficult for the country to develop transportation infrastructure. In some areas, planes are the only mode of transport. After being ruled by three external powers since 1884, Papua New Guinea gained its [[independence]] from [[Australia]] in 1975.
==History==
{{main|History of Papua New Guinea}}
Human remains have been found which have been dated to about 50,000 years ago. These ancient inhabitants probably had their origins in [[Southeast Asia]]. Agriculture was independently developed in the New Guinea highlands around 9,000 years ago, making it one of the few areas of original plant domestication in the world. A major migration of [[Austronesian language|Austronesian]] speaking peoples came to coastal regions roughly 2,500 years ago, and this is correlated with the introduction of pottery, pigs, and certain fishing techniques. More recently, some 300 years ago, the [[sweet potato]] entered New Guinea having been introduced to the Moluccas from South America by the then-locally dominant colonial power, [[Portugal]].<ref>Swaddling (1996) p. 282</ref> The far higher crop yields from sweet potato gardens radically transformed traditional agriculture; sweet potato largely supplanted the previous staple, [[taro]], and gave rise to a significant increase in population in the highlands.
Little was known in the West about the island until the nineteenth century, although traders from Southeast Asia had been visiting New Guinea as long as 5,000 years ago collecting [[bird of paradise]] plumes,<ref>Swaddling (1996) "Such trade links and the nominal claim of the Sultan of Ceram over New Guinea constituted the legal basis for the Netherlands' claim over West New Guinea and ultimately that of Indonesia over what is new West Papua"</ref> and Spanish and Portuguese explorers had encountered it as early as the sixteenth century (1526 and 1527 Don [[Jorge de Meneses]]). The country's dual name results from its complex administrative history prior to Independence. The word ''papua'' is derived from a [[Malay language|Malay]] word describing the frizzy Melanesian hair, and "New Guinea" (''Nueva Guinea'') was the name [[neologism|coined]] by the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] explorer [[Yñigo Ortiz de Retez]], who in 1545 noted the resemblance of the people to those he had earlier seen along the [[Guinea]] coast of [[Africa]].
The northern half of the country came into German hands in 1884 as [[German New Guinea]]. During [[World War I]], it was occupied by [[Australia]], which had begun administering British New Guinea, the southern part, as the re-named Papua in 1904 once Britain was assured by the federation of the Australian colonies that [[Queensland]], with its equivocal history of race relations, would not have a direct hand in the administration of the territory. After World War I, Australia was given a [[League of Nations Mandate|mandate]] to administer the former German New Guinea by the [[League of Nations]]. Papua, by contrast, was deemed to be an External Territory of the Australian Commonwealth, though as a matter of law it remained a British possession, an issue which had significance for the country's post-Independence legal system after 1975. This difference in legal status meant that Papua and New Guinea had entirely separate administrations, both controlled by Australia.
The two territories were combined into the [[Territory of Papua and New Guinea]] after World War II, which later was simply referred to as "Papua New Guinea". The Administration of Papua was now also open to United Nations oversight. However, certain statutes<ref>For example, the ''Creditors Remedies Act (Papua),'' Ch 47 of the ''Revised Laws of Papua New Guinea''.</ref> continued (and continue) to have application only in one of the two territories, a matter considerably complicated today by the adjustment of the former boundary among contiguous provinces with respect to road access and language groups, so that such statutes apply on one side only of a boundary which no longer exists.
Peaceful independence from Australia, the de facto metropolitan power occurred on [[September 16]], [[1975]], and close ties remain (Australia remains the largest bilateral aid donor to Papua New Guinea).
A secessionist revolt in 1975-76 on the island of [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] resulted in an eleventh-hour modification of the draft Constitution of Papua New Guinea to allow for Bougainville and the other eighteen districts of pre-Independence Papua New Guinea to have quasi-federal status as provinces. The revolt recurred and claimed 20,000 lives from 1988 until it was resolved in 1997. Autonomous Bougainville recently elected [[Joseph Kabui]] as president but his death from a heart attack has meant deputy [[John Tabinaman]] has now its leader.
[[Image:Girl of wagifa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A girl with a dog at Island of Wagifa]]
==Law==
{{main|Law of Papua New Guinea}}
The unicameral Parliament enacts legislation in the same manner as in other jurisdictions having "cabinet," "responsible government," or "parliamentary democracy": it is introduced by the executive government to the legislature, debated and, if passed, becomes law when it receives royal assent by the Governor-General. Most legislation is actually regulation implemented by the bureaucracy under enabling legislation previously passed by Parliament.
All ordinary statutes enacted by Parliament must be consistent with the Constitution and the courts have jurisdiction to rule on the constitutionality of statutes, both in disputes before them and on a reference where there is no dispute but only an abstract question of law. Unusual among developing countries, the judicial branch of government in Papua New Guinea has remained remarkably independent and successive executive governments have continued to respect its authority.
The "underlying law" — that is, the common law of Papua New Guinea — consists of English common law as it stood on [[September 16]] [[1975]] (the date of Independence), and thereafter the decisions of PNG’s own courts. The courts are directed by the Constitution and, latterly, the ''Underlying Law Act'', to take note of the "custom" of traditional communities, with a view to determining which customs are common to the whole country and may be declared also to be part of the underlying law. In practice, this has proved extremely difficult and has been largely neglected. Statutes are largely adopted from overseas jurisdictions, primarily Australia and England. Advocacy in the courts follows the adversarial pattern of other common law countries.
==Politics==
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{{main|Politics of Papua New Guinea}}
Papua New Guinea is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]] is the head of state. It had been expected by the constitutional convention, which prepared the draft constitution, and by Australia, the outgoing metropolitan power, that Papua New Guinea would choose not to retain its link with the British monarchy. The founders, however, considered that imperial honours had a cachet that the newly independent state would not be able to confer with a purely indigenous honours system — the Monarchy was thus maintained.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Britain's Queen |year=1997 |publisher=Riverhead Books |isbn=1-57322-600-9}}</ref> The Queen is represented in Papua New Guinea by the [[Governor-General of Papua New Guinea|Governor-General]], currently [[Paulias Matane|Sir Paulias Matane]]. Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands are unusual among [[Commonwealth realm]]s in that their Governors-General are effectively selected by the legislature rather than by the executive, as in some parliamentary democracies within or formerly within the Commonwealth whose non-executive ceremonial president is similarly chosen and as would have been the case had the link with the monarchy been severed at independence such that the governor-general was an autochthonous head of state.
Actual executive power lies with the [[List of Prime Ministers of Papua New Guinea|Prime Minister]], who heads the [[Cabinet of Papua New Guinea|cabinet]]. The [[unicameralism|unicameral]] [[National Parliament of Papua New Guinea|National Parliament]] has 109 seats, of which 20 are occupied by the [[governor]]s of the 19 [[province]]s and the [[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|NCD]]. Candidates for [[Member of Parliament|members of parliament]] are voted upon when the prime minister calls a national election, a maximum of five years after the previous national election. In the early years of independence, the instability of the party system led to frequent votes of no-confidence in Parliament with resulting falls of the government of the day and the need for national elections, in accordance with the conventions of parliamentary democracy. In recent years, successive governments have passed legislation preventing such votes sooner than 18 months after a national election. This has arguably resulted in greater stability though, perhaps, at a cost of reducing the accountability of the executive branch of government.
Elections in PNG attract large numbers of candidates. After independence in 1975, members were elected by the [[first past the post]] system, with winners frequently gaining less than 15% of the vote. Electoral reforms in 2001 introduced the Limited Preferential Vote system (LPV), a version of the [[instant-runoff voting|Alternative Vote]]. The [[Papua New Guinean general election, 2007|2007 general election]] was the first to be conducted using LPV.
==Regions, provinces and districts==
{{main|Regions of Papua New Guinea|Provinces of Papua New Guinea|Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea}}
Papua New Guinea is divided into four [[Regions of Papua New Guinea|regions]], which are not the primary administrative divisions, but are quite significant in many aspects of government, commercial, sporting and other activities.
The nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen [[Provinces of Papua New Guinea|provinces]], the autonomous province of [[Bougainville Province|North Solomons (Bougainville)]] and the [[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|National Capital District]]. Each province is divided into one or more [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|districts]], which in turn are divided into one or more [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|Local Level Government areas]].
Provinces<ref>The Constitution of Papua New Guinea sets out the names of the 19 provinces at the time of Independence. Several provinces have changed their names; such changes are not strictly speaking official without a formal constitutional amendment, though "Oro," for example, is universally used in reference to that province.</ref> are the primary administrative divisions of the country. Provincial governments are branches of the national government — Papua New Guinea is not a [[federation]] of provinces. The province-level divisions are as follows:
{|
|
# [[Central Province (Papua New Guinea)|Central]]
# Chimbu ([[Simbu Province|Simbu]])
# [[Eastern Highlands (Papua New Guinea)|Eastern Highlands]]
# [[East New Britain]]
# [[East Sepik]]
# [[Enga Province|Enga]]
# [[Gulf Province|Gulf]]
# [[Madang Province|Madang]]
# [[Manus Province|Manus]]
# [[Milne Bay Province|Milne Bay]]
|
<ol start=11>
<li>[[Morobe Province|Morobe]]
<li>[[New Ireland Province|New Ireland]]
<li>Northern ([[Oro Province]])
<li>[[Bougainville Province|Bougainville (North Solomons)]]
<li>[[Southern Highlands (Papua New Guinea)|Southern Highlands]]
<li>[[Western Province, Papua New Guinea|Western Province]] (Fly)
<li>[[Western Highlands (Papua New Guinea)|Western Highlands]]
<li>[[West New Britain]]
<li>[[West Sepik]] (Sandaun)
<li>[[National Capital District (Papua New Guinea)|National Capital District]]
</ol>
|width="315" style="vertical-align: middle;"|
[[Image:Papua new guinea provinces (numbers).png|right|300px|Provinces of Papua New Guinea]]
|}
==Geography==
[[Image:Papua New Guinea map.png|right|frame|Map of Papua New Guinea]]
{{main|Geography of Papua New Guinea}}
At {{convert|462840|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}, Papua New Guinea is the world's fifty-fourth largest country (after [[Cameroon]]). It is comparable in size to [[Sweden]], and somewhat larger than the US state of [[California]].
Papua New Guinea is mostly [[mountain]]ous (highest peak: [[Mount Wilhelm]] at 4,509 m; 14,793 ft) and mostly covered with [[tropical rainforest]], as well as very large [[wetland]] areas surrounding the [[Sepik]] and [[Fly River|Fly]] rivers.
Papua New Guinea is surrounded by coral reefs which are under close watch to preserve them.
The country is situated on the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]], at the point of collision of several tectonic plates. There are a number of active [[volcano]]es and eruptions are frequent. [[Earthquake]]s are relatively common, sometimes accompanied by [[tsunami]]s.
The mainland of the country is the eastern half of [[New Guinea]] island, where the largest towns are also located, including the capital [[Port Moresby]] and [[Lae]]; other major islands within Papua New Guinea include [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[New Britain]], [[Manus Island|Manus]] and [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]].
Papua New Guinea is one of the few regions close to the [[equator]] that experience [[snowfall]], which occurs in the most elevated parts of the mainland.
==Ecology==
Papua New Guinea is part of the [[Australasia ecozone]], which also includes [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], eastern [[Indonesia]], and several Pacific island groups, including the [[Solomon Islands]] and [[Vanuatu]].
Geologically, the island of New Guinea is a northern extension of the [[Indo-Australian Plate|Indo-Australian tectonic plate]], forming part of a single landmass [[Australia-New Guinea]] (also called ''Sahul'' or ''Meganesia''). It is connected to the Australian segment by a shallow [[continental shelf]] across the [[Torres Strait]], which in former ages had lain exposed as a [[land bridge]] — particularly during [[ice age]]s when [[sea level]]s were lower than at present.
[[Image:PNG-climate.png|thumb|left|270px|The green [[jungle]] of Papua New Guinea bears a stark contrast to the nearby desert of [[Australia]]]]
Consequently, many species of birds and mammals found on New Guinea have close genetic links with corresponding species found in Australia. One notable feature in common for the two landmasses is the existence of several species of [[marsupial]] [[mammal]]s, including some [[kangaroo]]s and [[possum]]s, which are not found elsewhere.
Many of the other islands within PNG territory, including [[New Britain]], [[New Ireland (island)|New Ireland]], [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]], the [[Admiralty Islands]], the [[Trobriand Islands]], and the [[Louisiade Archipelago]], were never linked to New Guinea by land bridges, and they lack many of the land mammals and flightless birds that are common to New Guinea and Australia.
Australia and New Guinea are portions of the ancient supercontinent of [[Gondwana]], which started to break into smaller continents in the [[Cretaceous]] era, 130–65 million years ago. Australia finally broke free from [[Antarctica]] about 45 million years ago. All the Australasian lands are home to the [[Antarctic flora]], descended from the flora of southern Gondwana, including the [[conifer]]ous [[podocarpaceae|podocarps]] and ''[[Araucaria]]'' pines, and the broadleafed [[southern beech]] (''Nothofagus''). These plant families are still present in Papua New Guinea.
As the Indo-Australian Plate (which includes landmasses of India, Australia, and the [[Indian Ocean]] floor in-between) drifts north, it collides with the [[Eurasian Plate]], and the collision of the two plates pushed up the [[Himalayas]], the Indonesian islands, and New Guinea's Central Range. The Central Range is much younger and higher than the mountains of Australia, so high that it is home to rare equatorial [[glacier]]s. New Guinea is part of the humid tropics, and many [[Indomalaya]]n rainforest plants spread across the narrow straits from Asia, mixing together with the old Australian and Antarctic floras.
[[Image:Ekut.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Densely forested mountains in the Ekuti range of Central Papua]]
PNG includes a number of [[terrestrial ecoregions]]:
*[[Admiralty Islands]] lowland rain forests
*Central Range montane rain forests
*Huon Peninsula montane rain forests
*[[Louisiade Archipelago]] rain forests
*New Britain-New Ireland lowland rain forests
*New Britain-New Ireland montane rain forests
*[[New Guinea mangroves]]
*[[Northern New Guinea lowland rain and freshwater swamp forests]]
*Northern New Guinea montane rain forests
*[[Solomon Islands rain forests]] (includes [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] and Buka)
*Southeastern Papuan rain forests
*Southern New Guinea freshwater swamp forests
*Southern New Guinea lowland rain forests
*[[Trobriand Islands]] rain forests
*Trans Fly savanna and grasslands
*Central Range sub-alpine grasslands
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Papua New Guinea}}
[[Image:Port Moresby Town.JPG|thumb|Port Moresby]]
Papua New Guinea is richly endowed with natural resources, but exploitation has been hampered by rugged terrain, the high cost of developing infrastructure, serious law and order problems and the system of land title, which makes identifying the owners of land for the purpose of negotiating appropriate agreements problematic. Agriculture provides a subsistence livelihood for 85% of the population. [[Mineral]] deposits, including [[Petroleum|oil]], [[copper]], and [[gold]], account for 72% of export earnings. Former Prime Minister [[Mekere Morauta|Sir Mekere Morauta]] tried to restore integrity to state institutions, stabilize the [[Papua New Guinea Kina|kina]], restore stability to the national budget, privatize public enterprises where appropriate, and ensure ongoing peace on [[Bougainville Island|Bougainville]] following the 1997 agreement which ended Bougainville's secessionist unrest. The Morauta government had considerable success in attracting international support, specifically gaining the backing of the [[IMF]] and the [[World Bank]] in securing development assistance loans. Significant challenges face the current Prime Minister [[Michael Somare|Sir Michael Somare]], including gaining further investor confidence, continuing efforts to privatize government assets, and maintaining the support of members of Parliament. The third quarter (September, 2004) Reserve Bank Report by the Governor of Bank of PNG showed positive economic stance by the Government, with inflation at zero. However, in March 2006 the United Nations Committee for Development Policy called for Papua New Guinea's designation of developing country to be downgraded to least-developed country because of protracted economic and social stagnation.
==Land tenure==
Only some 3% of the land of Papua New Guinea is in private hands; it is privately held under 99 year State Lease, or it is held by the State. There is virtually no freehold title; the few existing freeholds are automatically converted to State Lease when they are transferred between vendor and purchaser. Unalienated land is owned under customary title by traditional landowners. The precise nature of the [[seisin]] varies from one culture to another. Many writers portray land as in the communal ownership of traditional clans; however, closer studies usually show that the smallest portions of land whose ownership cannot be further divided are held by the individual heads of extended families and their descendants, or their descendants alone if they have recently died. This is a matter of vital importance because a problem of economic development is identifying who the membership of customary landowning groups is, and thus who the owners are. Disputes between mining and forestry companies and landowner groups often devolve on the issue of whether the companies entered into contractual relations for the use of land with the true owners. Customary property — usually land — cannot be devised by will; it can only be inherited according to the custom of the deceased's people.
==Demographics==
[[Image:Huli wigman.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Huli people|Huli]] Wigman from the [[Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea|Southern Highlands]]]]
{{main|Demographics of Papua New Guinea}}
Papua New Guinea is one of, if not the most [[heterogeneous]] nations in the world. There are hundreds of ethnic groups indigenous to Papua New Guinea, the majority being from the group known as [[Papuans]], whose ancestors arrived in the New Guinea region tens of thousands of years ago. The others are [[Austronesian people|Austronesian]]s, their ancestors having arrived in the region less than four thousand years ago. There are also numerous people from other parts of the world now resident, including [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]], Europeans, Australians, Filipinos, Polynesians and Micronesians.
Papua New Guinea has more languages than any other country, with over 820 indigenous languages, representing twelve percent of the world's total. Indigenous languages are classified into two large groups: [[Austronesian languages]] and non-Austronesian (or [[Papuan languages]]). There are three official languages for Papua New Guinea. [[English language|English]] is an official language, and is the language of government and the education system, but it is not widely spoken. The primary [[lingua franca]] of the country is [[Tok Pisin]], in which much of the debate in Parliament is conducted, many information campaigns and advertisements are presented, and until recently a national newspaper, ''Wantok'', was published. The only area where Tok Pisin is not prevalent is the southern region of [[Papua region|Papua]], where people often use the third official language, [[Hiri Motu]]. Although it lies in the Papua region, Port Moresby has a highly diverse population which primarily uses Tok Pisin, and to a lesser extent English, with Motu spoken as the indigenous language in outlying villages. With an average of only 7,000 speakers per language, Papua New Guinea has a greater density of languages than any other nation on earth except [[Vanuatu]].
PNG has the highest incidence of HIV and AIDS in the Pacific region and is the fourth country in the Asia Pacific region to fit the criteria for a generalised HIV/AIDS epidemic.<ref>{{cite web | title=HIV/AIDS in Papua New Guinea | work= Australia's Aid Program (AusAID) | url=http://www.ausaid.gov.au/country/png/hivaids.cfm | accessdate= 2005-12-16}}</ref> Lack of HIV/AIDS awareness is a major problem, especially in rural areas.
==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Papua New Guinea}}
[[Image:Papua New Guinean.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Resident of Bago-bago, an island in the southeast of Papua New Guinea]]
The culture of Papua New Guinea is multi-faceted and complex. It is estimated that more than a thousand different cultural groups exist in PNG. Because of this diversity, many different styles of cultural expression have emerged; each group has created its own expressive forms in [[art]], [[dance]], [[weapon]]ry, [[costume]]s, [[singing]], [[music]], [[architecture]] and much more.
Most of these different cultural groups have their own language. People typically live in [[village]]s that rely on [[subsistence agriculture|subsistence farming]]. In some areas people hunt and collect wild plants (such as [[Yam (vegetable)|yam root]]s) to supplement their diets. Those who become skilled at hunting, farming and fishing earn a great deal of respect.
On the [[Sepik]] river, there is a famous tradition of [[wood carving]], often in the form of plants or animals, representing [[ancestor]] spirits.
[[Sea shell]]s are no longer the [[currency]] of Papua New Guinea, as they were in some regions — sea shells were abolished as currency in 1933. However, this [[Tradition|heritage]] is still present in local [[convention (norm)|custom]]s; in some cultures, to get a bride, a groom must bring a certain number of [[golden-edged clam]] shells<ref>{{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea — culture |work=Datec Pty Ltd |url=http://web.archive.org/web/19990210114159/www.datec.com.au/png/culture.htm |accessdate=2005-12-16}} (Web archive)</ref> as a [[bride price]]. In other regions, bride price is paid in lengths of [[shell money]], [[pigs]], [[cassowaries]] or [[cash]]; elsewhere, bride price is unknown and it is brides who must pay [[dowry]].
People of the highlands engage in colourful local rituals that are called "sing sings". They paint themselves, and dress up with [[feather]]s, [[pearl]]s and animal skins to represent birds, trees or mountain spirits. Sometimes an important event, such as a legendary [[battle]], is enacted at such a musical festival. (See also [[Music of Papua New Guinea]].)
==Education==
The [[University of Papua New Guinea]] based in the [[National Capital District]] offers various degrees to national and international students. Teaching language is English.[http://www.upng.ac.pg/index.html]
==Sport==
{{main|Sport in Papua New Guinea}}
{{seealso|Rugby league in Papua New Guinea}}
Sport is an important part of PNG culture. The national sport, although not official, is considered to be [[rugby league]].<ref>PNG National Sport[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3654/is_200703/ai_n19430984]</ref> In a nation where communities are far apart and many people live at a minimal subsistence level, rugby league has been described as a replacement for tribal warfare as a way of explaining the local enthusiasm for the game (a matter of life and death). Many Papua New Guineans have become instant celebrities by representing their country or playing in an overseas professional league. Even Australian rugby league players who have played in the annual (Australian) [[Rugby League State of Origin|State of Origin]] clash, which is celebrated feverishly every year in PNG, are among the most well known identities throughout the nation. The [[Papua New Guinea national rugby league team]] usually play against the [[Australian national rugby league team]] each year in [[Port Moresby]]. It is such a popular fixture that thousands of people can't get into the ground once it's full, causing people to climb onto the stadium roof or up trees outside the ground in order to see the match. The limited capacity of the stadium for this fixture often sparks riots. Spectators clashed with riot police during this fixture in 2006.{{Fact|date=March 2008}}
Australian Rules football has experienced considerable growth over the past decade, now being Papua New Guinea's second most popular sport. They also boast the second highest number of players in the world. The [[Papua New Guinea national Australian rules football team]] competed at both the 2002 and 2005 International Cups and were runners-up both times (to Ireland and New Zealand respectively). [[AFL-PNG]] is the governing body of the sport in Papua New Guinea. [[Mal Michael]] is a famous Papua New Guinean footballer in the AFL, and his popularity has helped increase awareness of the game in his homeland.
Other major sports which have a part in the PNG sporting landscape are [[soccer]], [[rugby union]] and, in eastern Papua, [[cricket]]. The [[Papua New Guinea national rugby union team|national rugby union team]] have in the past attempted to qualify for the [[Rugby World Cup]], but have yet to debut.
==Religion==
[[Image:People of wagifa.jpg|thumb|right|100px|A woman and a baby at the island of Wagifa]]
{{main|Religion in Papua New Guinea}}
The courts and government practice uphold the constitutional right to freedom of speech, thought, and belief, and no legislation to curb those rights has been adopted, though Sir Arnold Amet, the immediately previous Chief Justice of Papua New Guinea and an outspoken proponent of Pentecostal Christianity, frequently urged legislative and other curbs on the activities of [[Islam in Papua New Guinea|Muslims]] in the country.
The 2000 census showed 96 percent of citizens were members of a Christian church; however, many citizens combine their Christian faith with some pre-Christian traditional indigenous practices. The census percentages were as follows:
* [[Roman Catholic Church]] (27.0%)
* [[Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea]] (19.5%)
* [[United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands|United Church]] (11.5%)
* [[Seventh-day Adventist Church]] (10.0%)
* [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] (8.6%)
* [[evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Alliance (5.2%)
* [[Anglican Church of Papua New Guinea]] (3.2%)
* [[Baptist]] (2.5%)
* [[Church of Christ]] (0.4%)
* [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (0.3%)
* [[Salvation Army]] (0.2%)
* Other Christian (8.0%)
Minority religions include the [[Bahá'í Faith]] (15,000 or 0.3%), while [[Islam in Papua New Guinea]] accounts for approximately 1,000 to 2,000 or about 0.04%, (largely foreign residents of African and Southeast Asian origin, but with some Papua New Guinean converts in the towns). Non-traditional Christian churches and non-Christian religious groups are active throughout the country. The [[Papua New Guinea Council of Churches]] has stated that both [[Islam in Papua New Guinea|Muslim]] and Confucian missionaries are active, and foreign missionary activity in general is high.
Traditional religions were often [[animist]] and some also tended to have elements of [[ancestor worship]] though generalisation is suspect given the extreme heterogeneity of Melanesian societies. For a discussion of one (West Papuan) society's traditional religion by way of example, see the article on the [[Korowai#Religious life|Korowai]] of [[Papua (Indonesian province)|West Papua]].
==Transport==
{{main|Transport in Papua New Guinea}}
Transport in Papua New Guinea is heavily limited by the country's mountainous terrain. [[Port Moresby]], is not linked by road to any of the other major towns and many remote villages can only be reached by light aircraft or on foot. As a result, air travel is the single most important form of transport. Papua New Guinea has 578 airstrips, with 557 of them being unpaved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pp.html |title=Papua New Guinea |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |accessdate=2007-12-13}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Awards system of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Biodiversity protection efforts in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Communications in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Education in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Foreign relations of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Papua New Guinea]]
* [[List of Papua New Guineans]]
* Lists of [[List of cities in Papua New Guinea|cities]] & [[List of towns in Papua New Guinea|towns]] in Papua New Guinea [[List of towns and cities in Papua New Guinea by population|by population]]
* [[List of Districts and LLGs of Papua New Guinea|List of Districts and Local Level Governments of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Military of Papua New Guinea]]
* [[Tourism of Papua New Guinea]]
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
*{{Cite book |last=Swaddling |first=Pamela |title=Plumes from Paradise |year=1996 |publisher=Papua New Guinea National Museum |isbn=9980-85-103-1}}
==External links==
{{portal|Papua New Guinea|Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg}}
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Wikisourcepar|Constitution of the Independent State of Papua New Guinea}}
* [http://www.pngonline.gov.pg/ Government of Papua New Guinea]
* [http://www.pm.gov.pg/ Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea]
* {{wikiatlas|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{dmoz|Regional/Oceania/Papua_New_Guinea}}
* {{wikia|world:Papua New Guinea|Papua New Guinea}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.wikipng.com Papua New Guinea focused wiki]
* [http://www.pngbd.com/ Papua New Guinea Business Directory]
{{Countries and territories of Oceania}}
{{Islands of Papua New Guinea}}
{{Austronesian-speaking}}
{{Commonwealth Realms}}
{{Countries of the Malay Archipelago}}
[[Category:Papua New Guinea| ]]
[[Category:Amalgamated placenames]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Melanesia]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Members of the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[ar:بابوا غينيا الجديدة]]
[[an:Papua e Nueba Guinea]]
[[frp:Papoasie-Novèla-Guinê]]
[[ast:Papúa Nueva Guinea]]
[[az:Papua Yeni Qvineya]]
[[zh-min-nan:Papua Sin Guinea]]
[[be-x-old:Папуа-Новая Ґвінэя]]
[[bi:Papua New Guinea]]
[[bs:Papua Nova Gvineja]]
[[br:Papoua Ginea-Nevez]]
[[bg:Папуа - Нова Гвинея]]
[[ca:Papua Nova Guinea]]
[[ceb:Papua New Guinea]]
[[cs:Papua-Nová Guinea]]
[[cy:Papua Guinea Newydd]]
[[da:Papua Ny Guinea]]
[[de:Papua-Neuguinea]]
[[dv:ޕަޕުއާ ނިއު ގިނީ]]
[[et:Paapua Uus-Guinea]]
[[el:Παπούα Νέα Γουινέα]]
[[es:Papúa Nueva Guinea]]
[[eo:Papuo-Nov-Gvineo]]
[[eu:Papua Ginea Berria]]
[[fa:پاپوآ گینه نو]]
[[fo:Papua Ný Guinea]]
[[fr:Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée]]
[[ga:Nua-Ghuine Phapua]]
[[gv:Yn Noa Ghuinea-Phapua]]
[[gd:Papua Gini-Nuadh]]
[[gl:Papúa Nova Guinea]]
[[hak:Pâ-pu-â Néu-kí-nui-â]]
[[ko:파푸아 뉴기니]]
[[hi:पापुआ न्यू गिनी]]
[[hr:Papua Nova Gvineja]]
[[io:Papua Nov-Guinea]]
[[ilo:Papua Baro a Guinea]]
[[bpy:পাপুয়া নিউগিনি]]
[[id:Papua Nugini]]
[[ia:Papua Nove Guinea]]
[[os:Папуа — Ног Гвиней]]
[[is:Papúa Nýja-Gínea]]
[[it:Papua Nuova Guinea]]
[[he:פפואה גינאה החדשה]]
[[jv:Papua Nugini]]
[[pam:Papua New Guinea]]
[[kn:ಪಾಪುಅ ನ್ಯೂ ಗಿನಿ]]
[[ka:პაპუა-ახალი გვინეა]]
[[ks:पपुवा न्यू गिनी]]
[[kk:Папуа-Ниугини]]
[[sw:Papua Guinea Mpya]]
[[ht:Papwazi-Nouvèl-Gine]]
[[ku:Papûa Gîneya Nû]]
[[la:Papua Nova Guinea]]
[[lv:Papua-Jaungvineja]]
[[lt:Papua Naujoji Gvinėja]]
[[lij:Papua Neuva Guinea]]
[[li:Papoea-Nui-Guinea]]
[[hu:Pápua Új-Guinea]]
[[mk:Папуа Нова Гвинеја]]
[[mi:Papua Nūkini]]
[[ms:Papua New Guinea]]
[[nah:Papua Yancuīc Guinea]]
[[nl:Papoea-Nieuw-Guinea]]
[[ja:パプアニューギニア]]
[[no:Papua Ny-Guinea]]
[[nn:Papua Ny-Guinea]]
[[oc:Papoa-Nòva Guinèa]]
[[uz:Papua Yangi Gvineya]]
[[ps:پاپا نيوګوېينا]]
[[pms:Papua Neuva Guinea]]
[[nds:Papua-Niegguinea]]
[[pl:Papua-Nowa Gwinea]]
[[pt:Papua-Nova Guiné]]
[[crh:Papua Yañı Gvineya]]
[[ro:Papua Noua Guinee]]
[[qu:Papwa Ñukini]]
[[ru:Папуа — Новая Гвинея]]
[[se:Papua-Ođđa-Guinea]]
[[sm:Papua]]
[[sa:पपुवा न्यू गिनी]]
[[sco:Papua New Guinea]]
[[sq:Papua Guinea e Re]]
[[simple:Papua New Guinea]]
[[sk:Papua-Nová Guinea]]
[[sl:Papua Nova Gvineja]]
[[sr:Папуа Нова Гвинеја]]
[[sh:Papua Nova Gvineja]]
[[fi:Papua-Uusi-Guinea]]
[[sv:Papua Nya Guinea]]
[[tl:Papua New Guinea]]
[[ta:பப்புவா நியூ கினி]]
[[th:ประเทศปาปัวนิวกินี]]
[[vi:Papua New Guinea]]
[[tpi:Papua Niugini]]
[[tr:Papua Yeni Gine]]
[[uk:Папуа-Нова Гвінея]]
[[ur:پاپوا نیو گنی]]
[[vo:Papuveän Nula-Gineyän]]
[[wo:Papuwasi-Ginne-Gu-Bees]]
[[diq:Papua Ginea Newiye]]
[[bat-smg:Papua Naujuojė Gvinėjė]]
[[zh:巴布亚新几内亚]]