Paris
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{{otheruses1|the capital of France}}
{{French commune
|native_name = Ville de Paris
|common_name = Paris
|image = [[Image:Panorama Paris December 2007.jpg|280px]]
|caption = The [[Eiffel Tower]] (foreground) and the skyscrapers of Paris' suburban [[La Défense]] business district (background).
|image_flag = Flag of Paris.svg
|image_flag_size = 85px
|image_coat_of_arms = Paris coa.png
|image_coat_of_arms_size = 120px
|flag_legend = City flag
|Coat_of_arms_legend = City coat of arms
|city_motto = ''[[Fluctuat nec mergitur]]''<br /><small>
([[Latin]]: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")</small><br />
[[Nickname]]: ''La Ville lumière'' ("The City of Light"<ref>{{cite web|title=English version|publisher=''Official website of Paris''|url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/english/Portal.lut?page_id=8118}}</ref>) <!-- The City of Eternal Love dubious, any reference for that? -->
|image_map = France_jms.png
|x = 141
|y = 73
|time zone = CET <small>(UTC +1)</small>
|lat_long = {{coor dms|48|52|0|N|2|19|59|E|type:city(2144700)_region:FR}}
|region = [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]
|departement = Paris (75)
|mayor = [[Bertrand Delanoë]]
|party = [[Socialist Party (France)|PS]]
|mandat = 2008-2014
|subdivisions_entry = [[Administrative division|Subdivisions]]
|subdivisions = [[Arrondissements of Paris|20 arrondissements]]
|area = <!-- later use 105.397<br /> -->86.9<ref name="area"> Excluding [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]]</ref>
|date-population =Jan. 2006 estimate
|population = 2,167,994
|population-ranking=[[List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants (1999 census)|1st in France]]
|date-density = 2006<ref name="area" />
|density = 24,948
|UU-area = 2 723
|UU-area-date = 1999
|UU-pop = 9,644,507
|UU-pop-date =1999
|AU-area = 14,518.3
|AU-area-date = 1999
|AU-pop = 12,067,000
|AU-pop-date =2007
}}
'''Paris''' ({{pronEng|ˈpærɨs}} in English; {{Audio-IPA|Paris1.ogg|[paʁi]}} in French) is the [[capital|capital]] of [[France]] and the country's largest city.
It is situated on the [[Seine|River Seine]], in northern France, at the heart of the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] [[Regions of France|region]] (also known as the "Paris Region"; {{lang-fr|Région parisienne}}). The city of Paris within its administrative limits (largely unchanged since 1860) has an estimated population of 2,167,994 (January 2006)<ref name="paris_pop_2006">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/ElpDep_5trages90-06.xls| title=" Estimation de population par département, sexe et grande classe d’âge – Années 1990 à 2006"| author=[[INSEE|Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques]]| accessdate=2008-02-16}}</ref>. The Paris ''[[unité urbaine]]'' (or [[urban area]]) extends well beyond the administrative city limits and has an estimated population of 9.93 million (in 2005).<ref name="UU_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMPTEF01103&tab_id=18| title="Population des villes et unités urbaines de plus de 1 million d'habitants de l'Union Européenne"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> The [[Paris aire urbaine|Paris ''aire urbaine'']] (or [[metropolitan area]]) has a population of nearly 12 million<ref name="paris_AU99_pop">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=POP1&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire Urbaine '99 – pop totale par sexe et âge"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref>, and is one of the [[Largest European cities and metropolitan areas|most populated metropolitan areas]] in [[Europe]].<ref name="metropolitan_areas">{{cite web| url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&men=gcis&lng=en&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=aohdq&va=&pt=a| title="World Metropolitan Areas"| author=Stefan Helders, World Gazetteer| accessdate=2007-01-18}}</ref>
An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris is today one of the world's leading [[business]] and [[cultural]] centres, and its influence in [[politics]], [[education]], [[entertainment]], [[Mass media|media]], [[fashion]], [[science]] and the [[arts]] all contribute to its status as one of the world's major [[Global city|global cities]].<ref name="GaWC">{{cite web| url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html| title="Inventory of World Cities"| author=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]]| accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> The Paris Region ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]) is Europe's biggest city economy, and is fifth in the World's [[list of cities by GDP]]. With €500.8 billion (US$628.9 billion), it produced more than a quarter of the [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) of France in 2006.<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title=Produits Intérieurs Bruts Régionaux (PIBR) en valeur en millions d'euros|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques|format=XLS|accessdate=2007-09-01}}</ref> The Paris Region hosts 36 of the [[Fortune Global 500]] companies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2007/countries/France.html| title=Global Fortune 500 by countries: France|author=[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]|accessdate=2007-11-03}}</ref> in several business districts, notably [[La Défense]], the largest purpose-built business district in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.logistics-in-europe.com/pidf-gb/index.html| title="Paris Ile-de-France, a head start in Europe"|author=Logistics-in-Europe.com, Vertical Mail |accessdate=2007-10-04}}</ref> Paris also hosts many international organizations such as [[UNESCO]], the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]], the [[International Chamber of Commerce|ICC]] and the informal [[Paris Club]].
Paris is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the world, with over 30 million foreign visitors per year.<ref name=tourism>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/bilan2004tour.pdf| title=Le tourisme se porte mieux en 2004 | author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=PDF| accessdate=2007-01-16}}</ref> There are numerous iconic landmarks among its many attractions, along with world famous institutions and popular parks.
{{TOClimit|limit=2}}
==Etymology==
{{main|Name of Paris and its inhabitants}}
The name ''Paris'' {{pronounced|ˈpaɹɪs}} in [[English language|English]] and {{Audio-IPA|Paris1.ogg|[paʁi]}} in [[French language|French]], derives from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the [[Gaul]]ish tribe known as the ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]''. The city was called ''[[Lutetia]]'' ({{IPA|/lutetja/}}) (more fully, ''Lutetia Parisiorum'', "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the first- to sixth-century Roman occupation, but, during the reign of [[Julian the Apostate]] (361–363), the city was renamed as Paris.<ref>[http://en.parisinfo.com/museums-monuments-paris/special-reports-1/paris-through-the-ages/guide/paris-through-the-ages_the-city-of-antiquity The City of Antiquity], official history of Paris by The Paris Convention and Visitors Bureau</ref>
Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "The City of Light" (''La Ville-lumière''), a name it owes both to its fame as a centre of education and ideas and its early adoption of [[street light]]ing. <!-- The following should go to less generalistic article -->Paris since the early 20th century has also been known in Parisian [[slang]] as ''Paname'' ({{IPA|[panam]}}; {{Audio|Fr-moi-jsuis-dPaname.ogg|''Moi j'suis d'Paname''}}, i.e. "I'm from Paname").
Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" ({{IPA|[pʰəˈɹɪzɪənz]}} or {{IPA|[pʰəˈɹiːʒn̩z]}}) and in [[French language|French]] as ''Parisiens'' ({{Audio-IPA|Parisien2.ogg|[paʁizjɛ̃]}}). Parisians are often pejoratively called ''Parigots'' ({{Audio-IPA|Parigot.ogg|[paʁigo]}}) by those living outside the Paris region, but the term may be considered endearing by Parisians themselves.
:''See [[wikt:Paris#Translations|Wiktionary]] for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.''
==History==
{{main|History of Paris}}
===Beginnings===
[[Image:Romanbathparis.jpg|thumb|left|Roman bath beneath Paris]]
The earliest archaeological signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 [[Before Christ|BC]].<ref name="roman_chronology"> {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/ow_chrono.htm| author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - Chronology| accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The ''[[Parisii (France)|Parisii]]'', a sub-tribe of the [[Celt]]ic [[Senones]], known as boatsmen and traders{{Fact|date=November 2007}}, inhabited the area near the river [[Seine]] from around 250 BC{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The [[Roman Empire|Romans]] conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,<ref name="roman_chronology" /> with a permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]] [[Montagne Sainte-Geneviève|Sainte Geneviève Hill]] and the [[Île de la Cité]] island. The [[Gallo-Roman]] town was originally called [[Lutetia]], but later Gallicised to ''Lutèce''. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre.<ref name="roman_city"> {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.culture.fr/en/| author=Mairie de Paris|title=Paris, Roman City - The City| accessdate=2006-07-16}}</ref> The collapse of the Roman empire and the third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By 400 AD ''Lutèce'', by then largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into the hastily fortified central island.<ref name="roman_chronology" /> The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman occupation.
===Middle ages===
[[Image:Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry octobre.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Louvre]] castle from the 15th century [[Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry]]]]
Around [[Anno Domini|AD]] 500, Paris was the seat of [[Franks|Frankish]] [[Frankish king|king]] [[Clovis I]], who commissioned the first [[Saint-Étienne-du-Mont|cathedral]] and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later [[patron saint]] of the city, [[Genevieve|Sainte Geneviève]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. By the time of the [[Carolingian]] dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of [[West Francia|Francia occidentalis]]. [[Odo, Count of Paris]] was elected king in place of the incumbent [[Charles the Fat]], namely for the fame he gained in his defense of Paris during the [[Viking]] siege ([[Siege of Paris (885-886)]]). Although the [[Île de la Cité|Cité island]] had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]] city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the [[Rive Droite|Right Bank]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. In 987 AD, [[Hugh Capet]], Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the [[Capetian dynasty]] which would raise Paris to become France's capital{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
From 1190, King [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the [[Louvre]] as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the [[University of Paris]] which brought visitors from across [[Europe]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and [[college]]s, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central [[Les Halles]] marketplace{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-allied [[Burgundy|Burgundians]] during the [[Hundred Years' War]], but regained its title when [[Charles VII of France|Charles VII]] reclaimed the city in 1437. Although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its [[Loire Valley]] castles{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. During the [[French Wars of Religion]], Paris was a stronghold of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic party]], culminating in the [[St. Bartholomew's Day massacre]] (1572). King [[Henry IV of France|Henry IV]] re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he converted to Roman Catholicism (with this historic sentence: ''Paris is well worth a Mass''). During the [[Fronde]], Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] then moved the royal court permanently to [[Versailles]] in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the [[French Revolution]], with the [[Storming of the Bastille]] in 1789 and the [[10th of August (French Revolution)|overthrow]] of the monarchy in 1792{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
===Nineteenth century===
[[Image:Gare du Nord night Paris FRA 001.JPG|right|300px|thumb|[[Gare du Nord]], a symbol of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. - Train stations have often been called the cathedrals of the 19th century.]]
The [[Industrial Revolution]], the [[French Second Empire]], and the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]] and his ''[[préfet]]'' [[Baron Haussmann|Haussmann]], who [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|levelled entire districts]] of narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris. This programme of "Haussmannization" <!--I'm a Brit, and have read the BrEng/AmEng debate about this page, but you spell this particular neologism with a 'z'--> was designed to make the city both more beautiful and more sanitary for its inhabitants, although it did have the added benefit that in case of future revolts or revolutions, cavalry charges and rifle fire could be used to deal with the insurrection while the rebel tactic of barricading so often used during the Revolution would become obsolete.<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 318–319.</ref>
[[Cholera]] epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris—the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000.<ref name="cholera">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.amicale-genealogie.org/Histoires_temps-passe/Epidemies/chol01.htm| title="Le Cholera"| author=Amicale Genealogie, La Petite Gazette Généalogique| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> Paris also suffered greatly from the [[Siege of Paris|siege]] which ended the [[Franco-Prussian War]] (1870–1871): in the chaos caused by the fall of Napoleon III's government, the [[Commune of Paris]] (1871) sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames while 20,000 Parisians were killed by fighting between Commune and Government forces in what became known as the ''semaine sanglante'' (Bloody Week)<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 324–325.</ref>.
Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous [[Expo (exhibition)|Universal Exposition]]s of the late nineteenth century.<ref name=Jones334>Jones, Colin (2005) ''Paris: The Biography of a City'' (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), p. 334.</ref> The [[Eiffel Tower]] was built for the French Revolution centennial [[Exposition Universelle (1889)|1889 Universal Exposition]], as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark, while the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|1900 Universal Exposition]] saw the opening of the first [[Paris Métro]] line. Paris's World's Fairs also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.<ref name=Jones334/>
===Twentieth century===
[[Image:CBX.JPG|right|thumb|250px|The [[skyscraper]] business district of [[La Défense]].]]
During [[World War I]], Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the [[First Battle of the Marne]] in 1914. In 1918-1919, it was the scene of [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] victory parades and peace negotiations. In the [[Interwar period|inter-war period]] Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer [[Igor Stravinsky|Stravinsky]] and Spanish painters [[Pablo Picasso|Picasso]] and [[Salvador Dalí|Dalí]] to American writer [[Ernest Hemingway|Hemingway]].<ref>Jones, Colin (2005) Paris: The Biography of a City (New York, NY: Penguin Viking), pp. 388–391</ref> In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the [[Battle of France]], Paris fell to German occupation forces who remained there until [[Liberation of Paris|the city was liberated]] in August 1944, two months after the Normandy invasion.<ref name="overy">{{cite book| author=Richard Overy| title=Why the Allies Won| pages=pp. 215–216| publisher=[[Random House Publishing#Random House.2C UK|Pimlico]]| year=2006| isbn=1845950658}}</ref>
Central Paris endured [[World War II]] practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in central Paris are [[terminal station]]s; major factories were located in the suburbs), and also because of its cultural significance. German [[General von Choltitz]] did not destroy all Parisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by [[Adolf Hitler]], who had visited the city in 1940.<ref name="historynet">{{cite web| url=http://www.historynet.com/magazines/world_war_2/3031316.html| title=Dietrich von Choltitz: Saved of Paris From Destruction During World War II| accessdate=2007-11-17| author=Kelly Bell| publisher=www.TheHistoryNet.com}}</ref>
In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the ''[[Belle Époque]]'' in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as ''cités'' and the beginning of the business district [[La Défense]]. A comprehensive express subway network, the [[RER]], was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' expressway circling around the city{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the north and eastern ones) have experienced [[deindustrialization]], and the once-thriving ''cités'' have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. At the same time, the city of Paris (within its ''Périphérique'' ring) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the [[2005 civil unrest in France|2005 riots]] which largely concentrated in the northeastern suburbs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/4417096.stm| title=Special Report: Riots in France| accessdate=2007-11-17| author=[[BBC News]]| publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>
===Twenty-first century===
In order to address social tensions in the inner suburbs and revitalise the metropolitan [[economy of Paris]], several plans are currently under way. The office of [[Secretary of State#France|Secretary of State]] for the Development of the Capital Region was created in March 2008 within the [[French government]]. Its office holder, [[Christian Blanc]], is in charge of overseeing President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s plans for the creation of an integrated ''Grand Paris'' ("Greater Paris") metropolitan authority (see Administration section below), as well as the extension of the subway network to cope with the renewed growth of population in Paris and its suburbs, and various economic development projects to boost the metropolitan economy such as the creation of a world-class technology and scientific cluster and university campus on the [[Saclay]] [[plateau]] in the southern suburbs.
In parallel, President Sarkozy also launched in 2008 an international urban and architectural competition for the future development of metropolitan Paris. Ten teams gathering architects, urban planners, geographers, landscape architects will offer their vision for building a Paris metropolis of the 21st century in the [[Kyoto Protocol|post-Kyoto]] era and make a prospective diagnosis for Paris and its suburbs that will define future developments in Greater Paris for the next 40 years. The goal is not only to build an environmentally sustainable metropolis but also to integrate the inner suburbs with the central City of Paris through large scale urban planning operations and iconic architectural projects.
Meanwhile, in an effort to boost the image of metropolitan Paris in the global competition, several supertall skyscrapers (300 m / 1,000 ft and higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of [[La Défense]], to the west of the city proper, and are scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. The City of Paris authorities also made public they are planning to authorize the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first time since the construction of the [[Tour Montparnasse]] in the early 1970s.
[[Image:Paris pan 1.jpg|thumb|500px|Panorama of Paris from the Eiffel Tower]]
==Geography==
{{Main|Topography of Paris}}
[[Image:Aftnn The Seine from the Eiffel Tower.jpg|thumb|View of Paris from the [[Eiffel Tower]]]]
[[Image:GD-FR-Paris-Grand Palais.jpg|thumbnail|View of the [[Grand Palais]]]]
Paris is located in the north-bending arc of the [[Seine|river Seine]] and includes two islands, the [[Île Saint-Louis]] and the larger [[Île de la Cité]], which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest elevation is 35 metres (114 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is [[Montmartre]] at 130 m (426 ft).{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
Paris, excluding the outlying parks of [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]], covers an oval measuring 86.928 square kilometres (33.56 square miles) in area.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form, but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling [[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissements]] (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km² (30.1 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to {{convert|86.9|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} in the 1920s. In 1929 the [[Bois de Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes]] forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.397 km² (40.69 sq mi).{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
Paris' real demographic size, or ''[[unité urbaine]]'', extends well beyond the city limits, forming an irregular oval with arms of urban growth extending along the Seine and [[Marne]] rivers from the city's southeast and east, and along the Seine and [[Oise]] rivers to the city's northwest and north.{{Fact|date=November 2007}} Beyond the main suburbs, population density drops sharply; a mix of forest and agriculture dotted with a network of relatively evenly dispersed ''éparpillement'' of satellite towns, this ''[[couronne périurbaine]]'' [[commuter belt]], when combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes the Paris ''[[aire urbaine]]'' (or [[Paris urban area]], a sort of [[metropolitan area]]) that covers an oval 14,518 km² (5,605.5 sq mi) in area, or about 138 times that of Paris itself.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
====Climate====
Paris has an [[oceanic climate]] and is affected by the [[North Atlantic Current]], so the city has a temperate climate that rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. The average yearly high temperature is about 15 [[Celsius|°C]] (59 [[Fahrenheit|°F]]), and yearly lows tend to remain around an average of 7 °C (45 °F). The highest temperature ever, recorded on [[28 July]] [[1948]], was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F), and the lowest was a −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) temperature reached on [[10 December]] [[1879]].<ref name="climate">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579| title="Géographie de la capitale - Le climat"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-05-24}}</ref> The Paris region has recently seen temperatures reaching both extremes, with the [[2003 European heat wave|heat wave of 2003]] and the [[2006 European cold wave|cold wave of 2006]].
Rainfall can occur at any time of the year, and Paris is known for its sudden showers. The city sees an average yearly precipitation of 641.6 mm (25.2 inches).<ref name="climate">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=4946&document_type_id=5&document_id=3076&portlet_id=10579| title="Géographie de la capitale – Le climat"| accessdate=2006-05-24}}</ref> Snowfall is a rare occurrence, usually appearing in the coldest months of January or February (but has been recorded as late as April), and almost never accumulates enough to make a covering that will last more than a day.{{Fact|date=November 2007}}
{{Paris weatherbox}}
==Cityscape==
[[Image:Paris Night.jpg|thumb|600px|center|Panoramic view over Paris, at dusk, from the top of the [[Tour Montparnasse]].]]
===Architecture===
[[Image:Arc De Triumph Flag.jpg|thumb|[[Arc de Triomphe]]]]
"Modern" Paris is the result of a vast [[Haussmann's renovation of Paris|mid-19th century urban remodelling]]{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. For centuries the city had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and [[half-timber]] houses, but beginning in 1852, the [[Baron Haussmann]]'s vast urbanisation levelled entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of ''bourgeoise'' standing; most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. These [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] plans are in many cases still applied today, as the city of Paris is still imposing the then-defined "''alignement''" law (building facades placed according to a pre-defined street width) on many new constructions. A building's height was also defined according to the width of the street it lines, and Paris's building code has seen few changes since the mid-19th century to allow for higher constructions. It is for this reason that Paris is mainly a "flat" city{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
Paris's unchanging borders, strict building codes and lack of developable land have together contributed in creating a phenomenon called ''muséification'' (or "museumification") as, at the same time as they strive to preserve Paris's historical past, existing laws make it difficult to build within the city limits the larger buildings and utilities needed for a growing population{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. Many of Paris's institutions and economic infrastructure are already located in, or are planning on moving to, the suburbs{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The financial ([[La Défense]]) business district, the main food wholesale market ([[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]]), major renowned schools (''[[École Polytechnique]]'', [[HEC School of Management|HEC]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[INSEAD]], etc.), world famous research laboratories (in [[Saclay]] or [[Évry, Essonne|Évry]]), the largest sport stadium (''[[Stade de France]]''), and some ministries (namely the Ministry of Transportation) are located outside of the city of Paris. The National Archives of France are due to relocate to the northern suburbs before 2010{{Fact|date=November 2007}}. The need for a larger Paris is largely acknowledged by the French government. As of November 2007, discussions for such a larger Paris have begun, though which suburbs should be included in this larger Paris is unresolved. In any case, such an extension will not occur before the French city-hall elections, scheduled in the spring of 2008.
===Districts and historical centres===
{{main|Paris districts}}
[[Image:Fontaine-place-de-la-concorde-paris.jpg|thumb|[[Place de la Concorde]]]]
[[Image:Paris metro3 - Bourse - entrance.jpg|thumb|[[Paris Bourse]] in the financial district]]
====City of Paris====
* '''[[Place de la Bastille]]''' (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) a district of great historical significance, not only for Paris, but for the whole of France. Because of its historical value the square is often used for political demonstrations, including the massive [[2006 labour protests in France|anti-CPE demonstration of March 2006]].
* '''[[Champs-Élysées]]''' (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade turned avenue connecting the Concorde and [[Arc de Triomphe]].It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. This avenue has been called ''la plus belle avenue du monde'' ("the most beautiful avenue in the world").
[[Image:Churchill and Le Petit Palais.jpg|thumb|left|Churchill and Le Petit Palais near Les Champs-Élysées]]
* '''[[Place de la Concorde]]''' (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous [[guillotine]]. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest monument". On this place, on either side of the ''Rue Royale'' there are two identical stone buildings: the eastern one houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious [[Hôtel de Crillon]]. Nearby '''[[Place Vendôme]]''' is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels ([[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hotel Ritz]] and [[Hôtel de Vendôme]]) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.
* '''[[Les Halles]]''' (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, since the late 1970s a major shopping centre around an important [[Rapid transit|metro]] connection station (Châtelet-Les Halles, the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the [[Forum des Halles]]. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to [[Marché d'Intérêt National de Rungis|Rungis]], in the southern suburbs.
* '''[[Le Marais]]''' (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. It is a very culturally open place.
* '''[[Avenue Montaigne]]''' (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as [[Chanel]], [[Louis Vuitton]] ([[LVMH]]), [[Christian Dior|Dior]] and [[Givenchy]].
* '''[[Montmartre]]''' (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the [[Basilica of the Sacré Cœur|Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.
* '''[[Montparnasse]]''' (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists studios, music halls, and café life. The large [[Montparnasse - Bienvenüe (Paris Métro)|Montparnasse - Bienvenüe]] ''[[Paris Métro|métro]]'' station and the lone [[Tour Montparnasse]] [[skyscraper]] are located there.
* '''[[Avenue de l'Opéra|L'Opéra]]''' (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the [[Opéra Garnier]] is a home to the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the [[Printemps]] and [[Galeries Lafayette]] ''grands magasins'' (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as [[Crédit Lyonnais]] and [[American Express]].
* '''[[Latin Quarter|Quartier Latin]]''' (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many [[bistro]]s. With various higher education establishments, such as the [[École Normale Supérieure]], [[ParisTech]] and the [[Jussieu Campus|Jussieu university campus]] make it a major educational centre in Paris, which also contributes to its atmosphere.
* '''[[Rue du Faubourg Saint Honoré|Faubourg Saint-Honoré]]''' (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as [[Hermès]] and [[Christian Lacroix]].
====In the Paris area====
[[Image:La Defense dsc07138.jpg|thumb|[[La Défense]]]]
[[Image:Val de Seine.jpg|thumb|[[Val de Seine]]]]
* '''[[La Défense]]''' (straddling the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Courbevoie]], [[Puteaux]], and [[Nanterre]], 2.5 km/1.5 miles west of the city proper) is a [[Paris districts#Key Suburbs|key suburb]] of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the [[Champs-Élysées]], La Défense consists mainly of business [[highrise]]s. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3.5 million m² of offices, making it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The [[Grande Arche]] (Great Arch) of la Défense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade around which the district is organised.
*'''[[:fr:La Plaine Saint-Denis|Plaine Saint-Denis]]''' (straddling the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Saint-Denis]], [[Aubervilliers]], and [[Saint-Ouen, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Ouen]], immediately north of the [[XVIIIe arrondissement|18th arrondissement]], across the ''[[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]]'' ring road) is a formerly derelict manufacturing area which has undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the [[Stade de France]] around which is being built the new business district of LandyFrance<!-- do not detach these two words, that's the correct spelling -->, with two [[RER]] stations (on RER line [[RER B|B]] and [[RER D|D]]) and possibly some skyscrapers.<!--<ref>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=? |title=May 11, 2006 edition of Paris Obs. Title: "Paris - Petite couronne : la bataille des tours"| author=''[[Le Nouvel Observateur]]''}}</ref> --> In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's [[television studio]]s as well as some major [[movie studio]]s.
*'''[[Val de Seine]]''' (straddling the [[15th arrondissement of Paris|15th arrondissement]] and the [[Communes of France|communes]] of [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] and [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] to the south-west of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the headquarters of most of France's TV networks ([[TF1]] in Boulogne-Billancourt, [[France 2]] in the 15th arrondissement, [[Canal+]] and the international channels [[France 24]] and [[Eurosport]] in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well as several telecommunication and [[Information technology|IT]] companies such as [[Neuf Cegetel]] in Boulogne-Billancourt or [[Microsoft]]'s Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.
===Monuments and landmarks===
{{main|List of visitor attractions in Paris}}
[[Image:Église de la Madeleine.jpg|thumb|[[Église de la Madeleine]]]]
[[Image:Sacre-coeur-paris.jpg|thumb|[[Basilica of the Sacré Cœur|Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]]]]
[[Image:Jardin du Luxembourg.JPG|thumb|[[Luxembourg Garden]]]]
Three of the most famous Parisian [[landmarks]] are the twelfth century [[cathedral]] [[Notre Dame de Paris]] on the [[Île de la Cité]], the nineteenth century [[Eiffel Tower]], and the [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleonic]] [[Arc de Triomphe]]. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 [[Expo (exhibition)|Universal Exposition]] but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wikitravel.org/en/Paris/7th_arrondissement#Landmarks |title=Paris/7th arrondissement |accessdate=2007-11-27 |publisher=[[Wikitravel]]}}</ref>. It is visible from many parts of the city as are the [[Tour Montparnasse]] skyscraper and the [[Basilique du Sacré-Cœur, Paris|Basilique du Sacré-Cœur]] on the [[Montmartre]] hill{{Fact|date=November 2007}}.
The [[Axe historique|Historical axis]] is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards: the line of monuments begins with the [[Louvre]] and continues through the [[Tuileries Palace|Tuileries Gardens]], the [[Champs-Élysées]] and the [[Arc de Triomphe]] centred in the [[Place de l'Étoile]] circus. From the 1960s the line was prolonged even further west to the [[La Défense]] business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal [[Grande Arche]] of its own; this district hosts most of the [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the Paris region|tallest skyscrapers]] in the Paris [[urban area]].
The [[Les Invalides|Invalides]] museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]], and the [[Panthéon (Paris)|Panthéon]] church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former [[Conciergerie]] prison held some prominent ''[[Ancien Régime]]'' members before their deaths during the [[French Revolution]]. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two [[Replicas of the Statue of Liberty|Statues of Liberty]] located on the [[Île des Cygnes]] on the Seine and in the [[Jardin du Luxembourg|Luxembourg Garden]]. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to [[United States|America]] in 1886 and now stands in [[New York City]]'s harbour.
The [[Palais Garnier]] built in the later [[Second Empire]] period, houses the Paris Opera and the [[Paris Opera Ballet]], while the former palace of the [[Louvre]] now houses one of the most famous museums in the world. The [[Sorbonne]] is the most famous part of the [[University of Paris]] and is based in the centre of the [[Latin Quarter]]. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth century [[Sainte-Chapelle]] palace chapel and the [[Église de la Madeleine]].
===Parks and gardens===
{{main|List of parks and gardens in Paris}}
Two of Paris's oldest and famous [[garden]]s are the [[Tuileries Garden]], created from the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the [[Seine]] near the [[Louvre]], and the [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[Luxembourg Garden]], another formerly private garden belonging to a château built for the [[Marie de' Medici]] in 1612. The [[Jardin des Plantes]], created by [[Louis XIII]]'s doctor [[Guy de La Brosse]] for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.
A few of Paris's other large gardens are [[Second Empire]] creations: the formerly suburban parks of [[Montsouris]], [[Parc des Buttes Chaumont]] and [[Parc Monceau]] (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres"), were creations of [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s engineer [[Jean-Charles Alphand]] and the landscape and are enjoyed by all ages. Another project executed under the orders of [[Baron Haussmann]] was the re-sculpting of Paris's western [[Bois de Boulogne]] forest-parklands; the [[Bois de Vincennes]], on the city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.
Newer additions to Paris's park landscape are the [[Parc de la Villette]], built by the architect [[Bernard Tschumi]] on the location of Paris's former [[slaughterhouse]]s, the [[Parc André Citroën]] and gardens being lain to the periphery along the traces of its former circular "[[Chemin de fer de Petite Ceinture|Petite Ceinture]]" railway line : [[Promenade Plantée]].
===Cemeteries===
[[Image:Pere Lachaise looking down the hill.jpg|thumb|[[Père Lachaise Cemetery]]]]
Paris's cemeteries were located to its outskirts in Roman times, but this changed with the rise of [[Catholicism]] and the construction of churches and their adjoining burial grounds within the city centre. City growth soon filled these cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary conditions; condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stone mines outside the "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today [[14th arrondissement of Paris|14th arrondissement]]'s place [[Denfert Rochereau (Paris RER)|Denfert-Rochereau]]). As a more definitive solution than a first creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon Bonaparte]] decreed the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries to the outside of the city walls; Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of [[Père Lachaise Cemetery|Père Lachaise]], [[Montmartre Cemetery|Montmartre]], [[Montparnasse Cemetery|Montparnasse]], and later [[Passy Cemetery|Passy]].
When Paris annexed its formerly suburban communes in 1860, it once again included cemeteries within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: the largest of these are the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Saint-Ouen]]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Bobigny]]-[[Pantin]]'', the ''Cimetière Parisien d'[[Ivry]]'' and the ''Cimetière Parisien de [[Bagneux]].''
==Culture==
====Entertainment====
'''Opera'''<br />
[[Image:Palais Garnier bordercropped.jpg|thumb|The [[Opéra Garnier]]]]
Paris's largest [[opera houses]] are the 19th century [[Opéra Garnier]] (historical [[Paris Opéra]]) and modern [[Opéra Bastille]]; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.
In middle of [[19th century]] there were active two other competing opera houses: [[Opéra-Comique]] (which still exists to this day) and [[Theatre Lyrique]] (which in modern times changed its profile and name to [[Théâtre de la Ville]]).
'''Theatre/Concert halls'''<br />
Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, although, perhaps strangely, many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. Some of Paris's major theatres include [[Bobino]], [[Théâtre Mogador]] and the [[Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse]]. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls.
Many of France's greatest musical legends, such as [[Édith Piaf]], [[Maurice Chevalier]], [[Georges Brassens]] and [[Charles Aznavour]], found their fame in Parisian concert halls: legendary yet still-showing examples of these are [[Le Lido]], [[Bobino]], [[l'Olympia]], [[la Cigale]] and [[le Splendid]].
The Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'indie' music. More recently, the [[Le Zénith]] hall in Paris's [[La Villette]] quarter and a "''parc-omnisports''" stadium in [[Bercy]] serve as large-scale rock concert halls.
'''Dancehalls/Discotheques'''<br />
''Guinguettes'' and ''Bals-concerts'' were the backbone of Parisian entertainment before the mid-20th century. Early to mid-19th century examples were the ''Moulin de la Galette'' guinguette and the ''Élysées-Montmartre'' and ''Chateau-Rouge'' dancehalls-gardens. Popular orchestral fare gave way to the Parisian accordionists of lore whose music moved the ''Apollo'' and ''le Java'' faubourg du Temple and [[Belleville, Paris|Belleville]] dance-hall crowds. Out of the clubs remaining from this era grew the modern ''discothèque'': Le Palace, although closed today, is Paris's most legendary example. Today, much of the clubbing in Paris happens in clubs like Le Queen, L'Etoile, Le Cab which are highly selective. Electronic music oriented clubs such as Le Rex, [[Le Batofar]] (a boat converted into a club) or The Pulp are quite popular and some of the world's best DJs play there. Also, most of those DJs are from Paris, like Daft Punk, Justice, Uffie,...
'''Cafés, restaurants and hotels'''<br/>
[[Image:Hôtel de Crillon 25 08 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Hôtel de Crillon]]]]
[[Image:Hotel Ritz Paris.jpg|thumb|[[Hôtel Ritz Paris]]]]
[[Image:Lesdeuxmagots.jpg|thumb|[[Les Deux Magots]]]]
Cafés quickly became an integral part of French culture from their appearance, namely from the opening of the [[Rive Gauche|left bank]] [[Café Procope]] in 1689 and the ''café Régence'' at the [[Palais Royal]] one year earlier. The cafés in the gardens of the latter locale became quite popular through the 18th century, and can be considered Paris' first "terrace cafés"; these would not become widespread until sidewalks and boulevards began to appear from the mid-19th century. Cafés are an almost obligatory stop on the way to or from work for many Parisians, and especially during lunchtime.
Paris's culinary reputation has its base in the many origins of its inhabitants. With the early-19th century railways and ensuing industrial revolution came a flood of migration that brought with it all the gastronomical diversity of France's many different regions, and maintained through 'local speciality' restaurants catering to the tastes of people from all. "Chez Jenny" is a typical example of a restaurant specialising in the cuisine of the [[Alsace]] region, and "Aux Lyonnais" is another with traditional fare originating from its city name's region. Of course migration from even more distant climes meant an even greater culinary diversity, and today, in addition to a great number of North African and Asian establishments, in Paris one can find top-quality cuisine from virtually the world over.
Hotels were another result of widespread travel and [[tourism]], especially Paris's late-19th century [[Expo (exhibition)|Expositions Universelles]] (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the [[Hôtel Ritz Paris|Hôtel Ritz]] appeared in the [[Place Vendôme]] from 1898, and the [[Hôtel de Crillon]] opened its doors on the north side of the [[place de la Concorde]] from 1909.
'''Cinema'''<br/>
{{see also|List of films set in Paris}}
Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (''réalisateurs'') such as [[Claude Lelouch]], [[François Truffaut]], [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Claude Chabrol]] and [[Luc Besson]], and the more slapstick/popular genre with director [[Claude Zidi]] as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theatres: on a given week the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.
Many of Paris's concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris's largest cinema today is by far ''[[le Grand Rex]]'' theatre with 2,800 seats, while other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.
====Tourism====
{{main|List of museums in Paris}}
[[Image:DSC00733 Notre Dame Paris from east.jpg|thumb|[[Notre Dame de Paris]]]]
[[Image:Louvre Aile Richelieu.jpg|thumb|[[Musée du Louvre]]]]
Paris has always been a destination for traders, students and those on religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourist industry' began on a large scale only with the appearance of rail travel, namely from state organisation of France's rail network from 1848. Among Paris's first mass attractions drawing international interest were, from 1855, the above-mentioned [[Expo (exhibition)|Expositions Universelles]] that would bring Paris many new monuments, namely the [[Eiffel Tower]] from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's [[French Second Empire|Second Empire]] embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.
Paris's museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the [[Louvre]], welcomes over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another main attraction: its [[Notre Dame de Paris]] and the [[Basilique du Sacré-Coeur]] receive 12 million and eight million visitors respectively. The [[Eiffel Tower]], by far Paris's most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and more than 200 millions since its construction. [[Disneyland Resort Paris]] is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris, but to Europe as well, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.
The [[Louvre]] is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' (''La Joconde'') and the ''[[Venus de Milo]]'' statue. Works by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Auguste Rodin]] are found in [[Musée Picasso]] and [[Musée Rodin]] respectively, while the [[Montparnasse|artistic community of Montparnasse]] is chronicled at the [[Musée du Montparnasse]]. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the [[Centre Georges Pompidou]], also known as ''Beaubourg'', houses the [[Musée National d'Art Moderne]]. Art and artifacts from the [[Middle Ages]] and [[Impressionism|Impressionist]] eras are kept in [[Musée Cluny]] and [[Musée d'Orsay]] respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle ''[[The Lady and the Unicorn]]''. Paris's newest (and third largest) museum, the Musée du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas.
Many of Paris's once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather than local patrons. [[Le Lido]], The [[Moulin Rouge]] cabaret-dancehall, for example, are a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris's hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism, with results not always positive for Parisian culture.
<!-- activate with tourism section {| border="0" align="right" cellpadding="1px" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#FFFFFF; font-size:80%; margin: 5px 0px 5px 5px"
! colspan=2 align="center" style="background-color:#cccccc;font-weight:bold;"| Tourist attractions by visitor numbers (2004)<ref name="tourism>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.ortif.info/documents/uploaded/CC2005.pdf#5| title="Chiffres clés du tourisme 2004 en Île-de-France"| author= ORTIF (Observatoire Régional du Tourisme d'Ile-de-France)| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| [[Notre Dame de Paris]] [[cathedral]] ||12,800,000
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| [[Disneyland Resort Paris]] ||12,400,000
|-
| [[Basilica of the Sacré Cœur]] || 8,000,000
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| [[Louvre|Louvre Museum]] || 6,600,398
|-
| [[Eiffel Tower]] || 6,229,993
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| [[Centre Georges Pompidou]] || 5,368,548
|-
| [[Palace of Versailles]] || 3,300,200
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| [[Cité des Sciences et de l'Industrie]],<br />[[Parc de la Villette]] || 2,795,000
|-
| [[Musée d'Orsay]] || 2,590,316
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| [[Parc Astérix]] || 1,800,000<ref name="parc_asterix>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://cultureetloisirs.france2.fr/loisirs/9729459-fr.php| title="Ouverture du Parc Astérix pour sa 17e saison"| author=France 2, Culture et Loisirs| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref>
|} -->
==Sports==
[[Image:Paris rugby fans.jpg|thumb|[[Stade de France]]]]
Paris's most popular sport clubs are the [[association football|football]] club [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the [[basketball]] team [[Paris Basket Racing]], and the [[rugby union]] club [[Stade Français]]. The 80,000-seat [[Stade de France]] was built for the [[1998 FIFA World Cup]] and is used for football and rugby union, and is used annually for [[France national rugby union team|French rugby team]]'s home matches of the [[Six Nations Championship]] and sometimes for big matches for the Stade Français rugby team.
In addition to [[Paris Saint-Germain FC]], the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: [[Paris FC]], [[Maccabi Paris]], [[RCF Paris]] and [[Stade Français Paris (football)|Stade Français Paris]]. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most notable for its rugby team.
The city's major rugby side is [[Stade Français]]. [[Racing Métro 92 Paris]] (who now play in [[Rugby Pro D2]]) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Paris also hosted the [[1900 Summer Olympics|1900]] and [[1924 Summer Olympics|1924]] Olympic Games and was venue for the [[1938 FIFA World Cup|1938]] and 1998 [[FIFA World Cup]]s.
Although the starting point and the route of the famous [[Tour de France]] varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris and since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. [[Tennis]] is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The [[French Open (tennis)|French Open]], held every year on the red clay of the ''[[Stade Roland Garros|Roland Garros]]'' National Tennis Centre near the ''[[Bois de Boulogne]]'', is one of the four ''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]]'' events of the world professional tennis tour. The [[2006 UEFA Champions League Final]] between [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] and [[FC Barcelona]] was played in the [[Stade de France]]. Paris hosted the [[2007 Rugby World Cup]] final at Stade de France on [[20 October]], [[2007]].
==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Paris}}
[[Image:Grande Arche de La Défense et fontaine.jpg|thumb|[[Grande Arche]]]]
[[Image:Esplanade-de-la-defense.jpg|thumb|[[La Défense]]]]
[[Image:Defense10.jpg|thumb|[[La Défense]]]]
With a 2005 [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of [[euro|€]]478.7 billion<ref name="idf_gdp">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title="Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux en valeur de 1990 à 2005"|author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=XLS| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> (US$595.3 billion),<ref name="PPP">At real exchange rates, not at [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]</ref> the Paris region has the highest GDPs in Europe, making it an engine of the global economy: were it a country, it would rank as the fourteenth largest economy in the world.<ref name="gdp_rank">{{cite web| url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf| title="Total GDP 2005"| author=World Bank| format=PDF| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> The Paris Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: while its population accounted for 18.7% of the total population of [[metropolitan France]] in 2005,<ref name="idf_pop_2005">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?ref_id=CMRSOS02138&tab_id=471| title="Estimations de la population des régions au 1er janvier "| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> its GDP was about 28.5% of the same.<ref name="idf_gdp">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/PIB_reg.xls| title="Produits intérieurs bruts régionaux en valeur de 1990 à 2005"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| format=XLS| accessdate=2006-09-12}}</ref> Activity in the [[Paris urban area]], though diverse, doesn't have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities). Recently the Paris economy has been shifting towards high value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc).
The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central [[Hauts-de-Seine]] [[Département in France|département]] and suburban [[La Défense]] business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the [[Palais Garnier|Opéra Garnier]], [[La Défense]] and the [[Val de Seine]]. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. At the 1999 census, 47.5% of the 5,089,170 people in employment in the [[Paris urban area]] worked in the city of Paris and the Hauts-de-Seine ''département'', while only 31.5% worked exclusively in Paris{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. <!-- hard to define the purpose of this last phrase - selective, and of little informative value - only these regions matter? If so, why? Few will know where Hauts-de-Seine is offhand. To fix -->
Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by [[Service Sector|services]], it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high value-added activities, in particular business services.
The 1999 census indicated that of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the [[Paris urban area]], 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce ([[retail]] and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in [[public administration]]s and [[defense industry|defence]], 8.7% in [[public health|health]] services, 8.2% in [[transport]]ation and [[communication]]s, 6.6% in [[education]], and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. Among the [[manufacturing]] sector, the largest employers were the [[electronics|electronic]] and [[electrical]] industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the [[publishing]] and [[printing]] industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. [[tourism industry|Tourism]] and tourist related services employ 6.2% of Paris's workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the [[Paris Region]].<ref name="workforce">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/rfc/docs/alapage234.pdf| title="Les emplois dans les activités liées au tourisme: un sur quatre en Ile-de-France"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref>
==Demography==
{| border="0" style="border: 1px solid #999; background-color:#ffffff;width:280px;clear:right;font-size:90%;line-height:130%;margin-left:8px;" align="right"
|+ '''Demographics within the Paris Region'''<br /><small>''(according to the INSEE 2005 estimates)''</small>
|- bgcolor=#fbfbfb
| colspan="5"|[[Image:Paris uu ua jms.png|395px]]
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:105%;"| Ile-de-France ''départements''
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 style="color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;"
|style="padding:3px;"| '''Areas'''||style="padding:3px;"|'''Population'''</br><small>2005 est.</small> ||style="padding:3px;"|'''Area'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:3px;"|'''Density'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:5px;white-space:nowrap;"|'''1999-2005'''</br>'''pop. growth'''
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| '''City of Paris'''<br /><small> ([[département in France|département]] '''75''')</small>|| align=right | 2,153,600 || align=right | {{convert|105|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|20433|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +1.33%
|- bgcolor=#fbfbfb
| style="white-space:nowrap;"|'''Inner ring''' <br /><small>''(Petite Couronne)'' <br />(''Depts.'' [[Hauts-de-Seine|92]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis|93]], [[Val-de-Marne|94]])</small>|| align=right | 4,254,600 || align=right | {{convert|657|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|6477|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +5.34%
|- bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| style="white-space:nowrap;"|'''Outer ring''' <br /><small>''(Grande Couronne)'' <br />(''Depts.'' [[Seine-et-Marne|77]], [[Yvelines|78]], [[Essonne|91]], [[Val-d'Oise|95]])</small>|| align=right | 4,991,100 || align=right | {{convert|11249|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|426|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +4.25%
|- bgcolor=#fbfbfb
| '''[[Île-de-France (region)|Ile-de-France]]'''<br /><small>''(entire [[région in France|région]])''</small>|| align=right | 11,399,300 || align=right | {{convert|12011|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}} || align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|949|abbr=yes|precision=0}} || align=right | +4.08%
|- bgcolor=#cccccc
| colspan="5" style="text-align:center;font-weight:bold;font-size:105%;"| Statistical Growth (INSEE 1999 census)
|- bgcolor=#BDBBD7 style="color:#000080;text-align:center;font-size:105%;"
|style="padding:3px;"| '''Areas'''||style="padding:3px;"|'''Population'''</br><small>1999 census</small> ||style="padding:3px;"|'''Area'''<br /><small>(km²)</small>||style="padding:3px;"|'''Density'''<br /><small></small>||style="padding:5px;white-space:nowrap;"|'''1990-1999'''</br>'''pop. growth'''
|-bgcolor="#EFEFEF"
| '''[[Urban area]]'''<br /><small>''(Paris [[agglomeration]])'' </small>|| align=right | 9,644,507 || align=right | {{convert|2723|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|3542|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +1.85%
|- bgcolor=#fbfbfb
| '''[[Metropolitan area|Metro area]]'''<br /><small>''(Paris [[aire urbaine]])''</small> || align=right | 11,174,743 || align=right | {{convert|14518|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}|| align=right | {{PD km2 to mi2|770|abbr=yes|precision=0}}|| align=right | +2.90%
|}
{{main|Demographics of Paris}}
The population of the city of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 [[census]], lower than its historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921. The city's population loss mirrors the experience of most other core cities in the developed world that have not expanded their boundaries. The principal factors in the process were a significant decline in household size, and a dramatic migration of residents to the suburbs between 1962 and 1975. Factors in the migration included de-industrialisation, high rent, the [[gentrification]] of many inner quarters, the transformation of living space into offices and improved affluence among working families. The city's population loss was one of the most severe among international municipalities and the largest for any that had achieved more than 2,000,000 residents. These losses are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 showed a population increase for the first time since 1954, reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.
====Density====
Paris is the most densely populated city of more than 1,000,000 population in the [[Western world]]{{Fact|date=May 2007}}. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of [[Bois de Boulogne|Boulogne]] and [[Bois de Vincennes|Vincennes]], was 24,448 inhabitants per square kilometre (63,320/sq mi) in the 1999 official census. Even including the two woodland areas its population density was 20,164 inhabitants per square kilometre (52,224.5/sq mi), the fifth most densely populated commune in France following [[Le Pré-Saint-Gervais]], [[Vincennes]], [[Levallois-Perret]], and [[Saint-Mandé]], all of which border the city proper. The most sparsely populated quarters are the western and central office and administration-focussed ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|arrondissement]]s''. The city's population is densest in the northern and eastern arrondissements; the [[11th arrondissement of Paris|11th arrondissement]] had a density of 40,672 inhabitants per square kilometre (105,340/sq mi) in 1999, and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters had densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq mi) in the same year.
====The Paris agglomeration====
The city of Paris's administrative limits cover an area much smaller than its entire urban area. At present, the real extent of the dense urbanisation of which Paris is only a core, defined by the ''[[pôle urbain]]'' ([[urban area]]) statistical area, covers 2,723 km² (1,051.4 sq mi),<ref name="UU_superficie">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/insee_regions/idf/zoom/chif_cles/uu99/fuu9900851.htm| title="Chiffres-Clefs – Unité Urbaine – Paris"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-05-28}}</ref>, or an area about 26 times larger than the city itself. Surrounding the Paris ''pôle urbain'' is the ''couronne peri-urbaine'' commuter belt area that completes the Paris ''[[aire urbaine]]'' (a unit similar to a North American [[metropolitan area]]) covering 14,518 km² (5,605.5 sq mi) {{Fact|date=January 2007}}, or an area about 138 times that of Paris itself.
The administration of Paris's urban growth is divided between itself and its surrounding ''départements'': Paris' closest ring of three adjoining departments, or ''petite couronne'' ("small ring") are fully saturated with urban growth, and the ring of four departements outside of these, the ''grande couronne'' ''[[département in France|départements]]'', are only covered in their inner regions by Paris' urbanisation. These eight [[département in France|départements]] form the larger administrative [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[Région in France|région]]''; most of this region is filled, and overextended in places, by the Paris ''aire urbaine''.
The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th century [[French Wars of Religion]], save brief setbacks during the [[French Revolution]] and [[World War II]]{{Fact|date=January 2007}}. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years: with an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'' shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s.<ref name="99_05">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP061058.pdf| title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement 2004 et 2005"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="90_99">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/docs_ffc/IP1000.pdf| title="Enquêtes annuelles de recensement: premiers résultats de la collecte 2004"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-04-10| format=PDF}}</ref>
====Immigration====
By law, French censuses do not ask questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris and its ''[[aire urbaine]]'' (metropolitan area) is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of [[metropolitan France]].<ref name="foreign born">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG3&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère socio-économique selon le lieu de naissance)"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris ''aire urbaine'''s population were recent immigrants (i.e people who migrated to France between the 1990 and 1999 censuses),<ref name="recent migrants">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.recensement.insee.fr/RP99/rp99/wr_page.affiche?p_id_nivgeo=M&p_id_loca=001&p_id_princ=MIG2&p_theme=ALL&p_typeprod=ALL&p_langue=FR| title="Aire urbaine 99 : Paris - Migrations (caractère démographique selon le lieu de résidence au 01/01/90)"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-07-06}}</ref> in their majority from [[mainland China]] and [[Africa]].<ref name="current immigration">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=498| title="Flux d'immigration permanente par motif en 2003"| author=Institut National de la Statistique et des Études Économiques| accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref>
The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis in Germany. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today: Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|revolution of 1917]]; colonial citizens during [[World War I]] and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950s to the 1970s; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then.<ref name="past immigration">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.histoire-immigration.fr/index.php?lg=fr&nav=14&flash=0| title="Histoire de l'immigration en France"| author=Cité Nationale de l'Histoire de l'Immigration| accessdate=2006-06-25}}</ref> The majority of these today are naturalised French without any distinction, due to the principle of equality among French citizens.
==Administration==
Paris, its administrative limits unchanged since 1860, is one of few cities that has not evolved politically with its real demographic growth; this issue is at present being discussed in plans for a "Grand Paris" (Greater Paris) that will extend Paris' administrative limits to embrace much more of its urban tissue.<ref name="grand_paris">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.20minutes.fr/article/169001/Paris-Sarkozy-relance-le-projet-d-un-Grand-Paris.php| title="Sarkozy relance le projet d'un Grand Paris"| author=20mins.fr| accessdate=2008-04-13}}</ref>
====Capital of France====
Paris is the capital of France, and therefore is the seat of France's national government.
For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. The [[President of France]] resides at the [[Élysée Palace]] in the [[8th arrondissement of Paris|8th arrondissement]], while the [[Prime Minister of France|Prime Minister]]'s seat is at the [[Hôtel Matignon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]]. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city – many are located in the 7th arrondissement, near the Matignon.
The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the [[Rive Gauche|Left Bank]]. The upper house, the [[Senate of France|Senate]], meets in the [[Palais du Luxembourg]] in the [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]], while the more important lower house, the [[Assemblée Nationale]], meets in the [[Palais Bourbon]] in the [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th]]. The [[List of Presidents of the French Senate|President of the Senate]], the second highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the [[Palais du Luxembourg]].
France's highest courts are located in Paris. The [[Court of Cassation (France)|Court of Cassation]], the highest court in the judicial order, which tries most criminal and civil cases, is located in the [[Palais de Justice, Paris|Palais de Justice]] on the ''[[Île de la Cité]]'', while the [[Conseil d'État]], which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the [[Palais Royal]] in the [[Ier arrondissement|1st arrondissement]].
The [[Constitutional Council of France|Constitutional Council]], which is an advisory body which is the ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the [[Palais Royal]].
====City government====
[[Image:Par Arr.jpg|thumb|[[Arrondissements of Paris]]]]
{{main|Paris mayors|Arrondissements of Paris}}
Paris has been a ''[[Communes of France|commune]]'' (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division (during the [[French Revolution]]) of France into communes, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but in 1860 it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty ''[[Arrondissements of Paris|municipal arrondissements]]'' the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central, the [[1st arrondissement of Paris|1st arrondissement]].
In 1790, Paris became the ''[[préfecture]]'' (seat) of the [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[département in France|département]]'', which covered much of the Paris region. In 1968, it was split into four smaller ones: the city of Paris became a distinct ''département'' of its own, retaining the Seine's departmental number of 75 (originating from the Seine ''département'''s position in France's alphabetical list), while three new ''départements'' of [[Hauts-de-Seine]], [[Seine-Saint-Denis]] and [[Val-de-Marne]] were created and given the numbers 92, 93 and 94 respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris' limits as a ''département'' are exactly those of its limits as a ''commune'', a situation unique in France.
====Municipal offices====
[[Image:Palais Luxembourg Sunset Edit.JPG|thumb|[[Luxembourg Palace]]]]
[[Image:050903 Paris 011 HotelVille fontana.JPG|thumb|[[Hôtel de Ville, Paris|Paris City Hall]]]]
Each of Paris' 20 arrondissements has a directly elected council (''conseil d'arrondissement''), which in turn elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the [[Council of Paris]] (''conseil de Paris''), which in turn elects the [[mayor of Paris]].
In [[medieval]] times Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the [[List of mayors of Paris|provost of the merchants]]: in addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleanliness of city streets. The creation of the [[provost (civil)|provost of Paris]] from the 13th century diminished the merchant Provost's responsibilities and powers considerably: a direct representative of the king, in a role resembling somewhat the ''préfet'' of later years, the Provost of Paris oversaw the application and execution of law and order in the city and its surrounding ''prévôté'' (county). Many functions from both provost offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed [[Prefecture of Police#List of lieutenant generals and prefects of police|lieutenant general of police]] upon its creation in 1667.
Paris's last ''[[Provost (civil)|Prévôt des marchands]]'' was assassinated the afternoon of the [[July 14|14th of July]] 1789 uprising that was the [[French Revolution]] [[Storming of the Bastille]]. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on [[December 14]] the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from [[October 9]], 1790.<ref name="1790_municipality">{{cite web| url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28190501%2910%3A2%3C280%3AIAGIPI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-V&size=LARGE| author=JSTOR Journal Archive| title="Improvising a Government in Paris in July 1789"| accessdate=2006-09-14}}</ref> Through the turmoil of the 1794 [[Thermidorian Reaction]], it became apparent that revolutionary Paris' political independence was a threat to any governing power: the office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.
Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, Paris spent most of the 19th and 20th centuries, along with the larger [[Seine (department)|Seine]] ''[[départements of France|département]]'' of which it was a centre, under the direct control of the State-appointed ''[[préfet]]'' of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the state-appointed [[prefecture of Police|Prefect of Police]] was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Paris, save for a few brief occasions, would have no mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under state control today.
Despite its dual existence as ''commune'' and ''département'', Paris has a single council to govern both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (''conseil municipal'') or as a departmental council (''conseil général'') depending on the issue to be debated.
Paris's modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine ''département'' jurisdiction. The ''[[Prefecture of Police]]'' (also directing Paris's fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' ''petite couronne'' of bordering three ''départements'' for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.
[[Image:ile-de-France jms.png|thumb|Departments of [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]]]
====Capital of the Île-de-France ''région''====
As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a ''[[département in France|département]]'' became the capital of the new ''[[Regions of France|région]]'' of the District of Paris, renamed the [[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'' in 1976. It encompasses the Paris ''département'' and its seven closest ''départements''. Its regional council members, since 1986, have been chosen by direct elections. The prefect of the Paris ''département'' (who served as the prefect of the Seine ''département'' before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France ''région'', although the office lost much of its power following the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.
====Intercommunality====
Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris' existence as an [[agglomeration]]. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as [[Lille]] and [[Lyon]], there is no [[commune in France#Intercommunality|intercommunal]] entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris's alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as the suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events were propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (''conférence métropolitaine'') to the right-wing idea of a more integrated ''Grand Paris'' ("Greater Paris").
==Education==
In the early ninth century, the emperor [[Charlemagne]] mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher education in the finer arts of language, [[physics]], [[music]] and [[theology]]. Paris was already one of France's major cathedral towns and began its rise to fame as a scholastic centre. By the early 13th century the [[Île de la Cité]] [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] cathedral school had many famous teachers, and the controversial teachings of some of these led to the creation of a separate Left-Bank [[Sainte-Genevieve]] University that would become the centre of Paris' scholastic [[Latin quarter]] best represented by the [[Sorbonne]] university.
Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]] ''[[région in France|région]]'') employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions.<ref name="idf_education">{{fr icon}} {{cite web | url=http://www.idf.pref.gouv.fr/donnees/enseignement.htm| author=La Préfecture de la Région d'Ile-de-France| title=L'enseignement | accessdate=2007-10-09}}</ref>
====Primary and secondary education====
[[Image:Children in a Primary Education School.JPG|thumb|right|Multi-ethnic children in a Primary Education School in Paris]]
Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] and [[Lycée Henri-IV]]. Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the [[Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye]] and the [[École Active Bilingue Jeannine Manuel]].
====Higher education====
[[Image:Sorbona in snow.jpg|thumb|The [[University of Paris]]]]
[[Image:Rue St Jacques Louis Le Grand DSC09316.jpg|thumb|[[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]]]]
As of the academic year 2004-2005, the Paris Region's 17 public universities, with its 359,749 registered students,<ref name="StudentNumbers">{{cite web| author=Regional Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Paris – Île-de-France| year=2006 | url=http://www.paris-iledefrance.cci.fr/pdf/eco_regionale/chiffres_cles/2006/anglais/cc_2006_en_15-21.pdf| title=Paris Region : key figures 2006 | format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]| accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> is the largest concentration of university students in Europe.<ref name="EuropeanStudents">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| author=Céline Rozenblat, Patricia Cicille, Delegation for Spatial Planning and Regional Action (Datar)| year=2006| url=http://www.diact.gouv.fr/Datar_Site/DATAR_Metropoles.nsf/76f84e7666af90b6c125655a0046b83c/30207c6b28edd873c1256e59003d0619/$FILE/Villes%20europ%C3%A9ennes.pdf | title=Les villes européennes – Analyse comparative (page 42)| format=[[Portable Document Format|PDF]]| accessdate=2006-07-04}}</ref> The Paris Region's prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'' and scores of university-independent private and public schools have an additional 240,778 registered students, that together with the university population creates a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education that year.<ref name="StudentNumbers" />
====Universities====
The cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre-Dame]] was the first centre of higher education before the creation of the [[University of Paris]]. The ''universitas'' was chartered by King [[Philip II of France|Philip Augustus]] in 1200, as a corporation granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes. At the time, many classes were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the ''boursiers'' coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the University of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris' [[Rive Gauche]] [[Scholasticism|scholastic]] centre, dubbed "[[Latin Quarter]]" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by [[Robert de Sorbon]] from 1257, the [[Collège de Sorbonne]]. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature and theology.
Following the [[May 1968|1968 student riots]], there was an extensive reform of the University of Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body. The following year, the formerly unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.
In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris ([[Île-de-France (region)|Île-de-France]]) ''[[région in France|région]]''. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: [[University of Cergy-Pontoise]], [[University of Évry Val d'Essonne]], University of Marne-la-Vallée and [[University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines]]. Other institutions include the [[University of Westminster]]'s [[Diplomatic Academy of London|Centre for International Studies]], the [[American University of Paris]], and the [[American Business School of Paris]].
There is also a [[University of London Institute in Paris]](ULIP) which offers undergraduate and postgraduate degrees in French Studies ratified by the University of London.
====''Grandes écoles''====
The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of the prestigious ''[[grandes écoles]]'', which are specialised centres of higher education outside the public university structure. The prestigious public universities are usually considered ''[[grands établissements]]''. Most of the ''grandes écoles'' were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded city of Paris, though the [[École Normale Supérieure]] has remained on rue d'Ulm in the [[5th arrondissement of Paris|5th arrondissement]]. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious Paris Institute of Technology ([[ParisTech]]) which comprises several colleges such as ''[[École Polytechnique]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des mines de Paris|École des Mines]]'', ''[[ENSAM|Arts et Métiers]]'', ''[[École nationale supérieure des télécommunications|Télécom Paris]]'', ''[[École spéciale des travaux publics]]'' and ''[[École nationale des ponts et chaussées|École des Ponts et Chaussées]]''. There are also many business schools, including , [[HEC School of Management|HEC]], [[École supérieure des sciences économiques et commerciales|ESSEC]], [[INSEAD]], and [[ESCP-EAP European School of Management]]. Although the elite administrative school [[École nationale d'administration|ENA]] has been relocated to [[Strasbourg]], the political science school [[Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris|Sciences-Po]] is still located in Paris' [[Rive Gauche|Left bank]] [[7th arrondissement of Paris|7th arrondissement]].
The ''grandes écoles'' system is supported by a number of preparatory schools which offer courses of two to three years duration called [[Classes Préparatoires]], also known as ''classes prépas'' or simply ''prépas''. These courses provide entry to the grandes écoles. Many of the best prépas are located in Paris, including [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]], [[Lycée Henri-IV]], [[Lycée Saint-Louis]], [[Lycée Janson de Sailly]] and [[Lycée Carnot]]. Two other top-ranking ''prépas'' ([[Lycée Hoche]] and [[Lycée Privé Sainte-Geneviève]]) are located in [[Versailles]], near Paris. Student selection is based on school grades and teacher remarks. ''Prépas'' attract most of the best students in France and are known to be very demanding in terms of work load and psychological stress.
==Infrastructure==
[[Image:Thalys2.JPG|thumb|[[Thalys]] with destinations to [[Belgium]], [[Germany]] and the [[Netherlands]]]]
[[Image:T3 inauguration.jpg|thumb|[[Paris Tramway Line 3|T3 Tramway]]]]
====Transport====
{{main|Transport in Paris|Transport in France}}
{{seealso|List of railway stations in Paris}}
The role of Paris as an international trade centre has caused its transportation system to develop considerably throughout history, and it continues its growth at a fast pace today. In only a few decades{{Fact|date=April 2008}}, Paris has become the centre of a motorway and freeway system, a high-speed train network and, through its two major airports, an international air travel hub.
The public transit networks of the Paris region are coordinated by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France<ref name="stif>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.stif-idf.fr| title="Le web des voyageurs franciliens"| author=Syndicat des Transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF)| accessdate=2006-04-10}}</ref> (STIF), formerly ''Syndicat des transports parisiens'' (STP). The members of this syndicate are the [[Ile-de-France]] region and the eight departements of this region. The syndicate coordinates public transport and contracts it out to the [[RATP]] (operating 654 [[Bus (RATP)|bus]] lines, the [[Paris Métro|Métro]], three [[tramways in Paris|tramway]] lines, and sections of the [[RER]]), the [[SNCF]] (operating [[Transilien|suburban rails]], a tramway line and the other sections of the RER) and the [[Optile]] consortium of private operators managing 1,070 minor bus lines.
The [[Paris Métro|Métro]] is Paris's most important transportation system. The system, with 300 stations (384 stops) connected by {{convert|214|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of rails, comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, so numbered because they used to be branches of their respective original lines, and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]] was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further into the suburbs as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, the [[RER]], has been created since the 1960s to connect more distant parts of the urban area. The RER consists in the integration of modern city-centre subway and pre-existing suburban rail. Nowadays, the RER network comprises 5 lines, 257 stops and {{convert|587|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of rails.
Additionally, Paris is served by a [[light rail]] network of 4 lines, the [[Tramways in Paris|tramway]]: Line T1 runs from [[Saint-Denis]] to [[Noisy-le-Sec]], line T2 runs from [[La Défense]] to [[Issy-les-Moulineaux|Issy]], line T3 runs from Pont de Garigliano to Porte d'Ivry, line T4 runs from [[Bondy]] to [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]].
Paris is a central hub of the national rail network. The six major railway stations, [[Gare du Nord]], [[Gare de Montparnasse]], [[Gare de l'Est]], [[Gare de Lyon]], [[Gare d'Austerlitz]], and [[Gare Saint-Lazare]], are connected to three networks: the [[TGV]] serving 4 [[High-speed rail]] lines, the normal speed [[Corail (train)|Corail]] trains, and the suburban rails ([[Transilien]]).
Paris offers a [[community bicycle program|bike sharing]] system called [[Vélib']] with more than 10,000 public [[bicycle]]s distributed at 750 parking stations which can be rented for short and medium distances including [[One-way traffic|one way]] trips.
Furthermore, Paris is served by two major airports: [[Orly Airport (Paris)|Orly Airport]], which is south of Paris, and the [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport]], nearby [[Roissy-en-France]], which is one of the busiest in the world. A third and much smaller airport, in the town of [[Beauvais]], 70 km (45 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. The fourth airport, [[Le Bourget airport|Le Bourget]] nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.
The city is also the most important hub of France's [[motorway]] network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways: the [[Périphérique (Paris)|Périphérique]] which follows the approximate path of 19th century fortifications around Paris, the [[A86 autoroute|A86]] motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the ''[[Francilienne]]'' motorway in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2000 kilometres of highways and motorways. By road Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in 6 hours and Barcelona in 12 hours.
====Water and sanitation====
[[Image:Canal Saint-Martin 1.jpg|thumb|[[Canal Saint-Martin]]]]
[[Image:Paris at night.jpg|thumb|[[Seine]]]]
Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were: a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th century an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; finally, from 1809, the [[canal de l'Ourcq]] provided Paris with water from less polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital. Paris would only have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water from the late 19th century: from 1857, the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]], under [[Napoleon III of France|Napoleon III]]'s [[Préfet]] [[Haussmann]], oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that brought sources from locations all around the city to several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation. From then the new source/reservoir system became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then used for the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.
Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways<ref name="sewers"> {{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/Environnement/Portal.lut?page_id=1313&document_type_id=5&document_id=2158&portlet_id=3139|title="Les égouts parisiens"| author=Mairie de Paris| accessdate=2006-05-15}}</ref> dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the [[Préfet]] [[Baron Haussmann]] and the civil engineer [[Eugène Belgrand]] to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer ''réseau'' has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital.
==International relations==
{{Infobox World Heritage Site
|Name = Paris, Banks of the Seine
|infoboxwidth = 250px
|Image = <!--[[Image: |230px]]-->
|State_Party = {{FRA}}
|Type = Cultural
|Criteria = i, ii, iv
|ID = 600
|Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe and North America]]
|Year = 1991
}}
Paris has one [[Town twinning|sister city]] and a number of partner cities.<ref name="partners1">{{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/accueil/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 | author=Mairie de Paris |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération| accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref><ref name="partners2">{{cite web| url=http://www.paris.fr/en/city_government/international/special_partners.asp | author=Mairie de Paris |title=International relations : special partners| accessdate=2007-10-14}}</ref>
====Sister city====
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Rome]], [[Italy]], since 1956 (''Seule Paris est digne de Rome; seule Rome est digne de Paris'' / ''Solo Parigi è degna di Roma; Solo Roma è degna di Parigi'' / "Only Paris is worthy of Rome; Only Rome is worthy of Paris").
====Partner cities====
{|
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]], since 2003.
* {{flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]], since 1987.
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Athens]], [[Greece]], since 2000.
* {{flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[People's Republic of China|China]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Beirut]], [[Lebanon]], since 1992.
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], since 1987.
* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], since 1999.
* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], since 1985.
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]], since 2004.
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Chicago]], [[United States]], since 1996.
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]], since 2005.
* {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]], since 2002.
* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], since 1995.
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Kyoto]], [[Japan]], since 1958.
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]], since 1998.
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]], since 2001.
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Madrid]], [[Spain]], since 2000.
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]], since 1999.
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Montreal]], [[Canada]], since 2006.
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], [[Russia]], since 1992.
| valign="top" |
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Porto Alegre]], [[Brazil]], since 2001.
* {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Quebec City]], [[Canada]], since 2003.
* {{flagicon|Morocco}} [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]], since 2004.
* {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} [[Riyadh]], [[Saudi Arabia]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Saint Petersburg]], [[Russia]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Yemen}} [[San‘a’]], [[Yemen]], since 1987.
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[United States]], since 1996.
* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Santiago, Chile]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], since 2004.
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], since 1991.
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]], since 1998.
* {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], since 1998.
* {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], since 1997.
* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]], since 1982.
* {{flagicon|Tunisia}} [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]], since 2004.
* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Warsaw]], [[Poland]], since 1999.
* {{flagicon|United States}} [[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]], since 2000.
* {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Yerevan]], [[Armenia]], since 1998.
|}
==See also==
*[[Haussmann's renovation of Paris]]
*[[Large Cities Climate Leadership Group]]
*[[Megacity]]
*[[Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes|Paris Exposition]]
*[[University of London Institute in Paris]]
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=[[Vincent Cronin]]| title=Paris on the Eve, 1900-1914| publisher=(New York:HarperCollins) | year=1989| id=ISBN 0-312-04876-9}}
* {{cite book|author=[[Vincent Cronin]]| title=Paris:City of Light, 1919-1939 | publisher=(New York:HarperCollins) | year=1994| id=ISBN 0-00-215191-X }}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite book| author=Jean Favier | title=Paris| publisher=Fayard | year=April 23, 1997| id=ISBN 2-213-59874-6}}
* {{fr icon}} {{cite book| author=Jacques Hillairet| title=Connaissance du Vieux Paris| publisher=Rivages| year=April 22, 2005| id=ISBN 2-86930-648-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Colin Jones |title=Paris: The Biography of a City |publisher=(New York, NY: Penguin Viking) |year= 2004 |id=ISBN 0670033936}}
==External links==
{{portal}}
{{sisterlinks}}
* [http://www.paris.fr/en Official Paris website]
* [http://en.parisinfo.com Paris tourism website]
* [http://english.pidf.com Ile-de-France tourism website]
* [http://www.h-france.net/bibliogparis2005.html Paris Bibliography]
* [[University of London Institute in Paris]](ULIP) [http://www.ulip.lon.ac.uk/]
*[http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&hl=en&msa=0&msid=108714195091031357259.00044016642f23c6b6d19&om=1&ll=48.860536,2.338028&spn=0.080184,0.158272&z=13 Google map of Paris - Landmarks]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Europe/France/Regions/Ile-de-France/Paris}}
* {{wikitravel}}
* {{wikia|world:Paris|Paris}}
{{Template group
|title = Administrative structures
|list =
{{Paris Metropolitan Area}}
{{Préfectures of départements of France}}
{{Préfectures of régions of France}}
{{Departments of France}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = Paris in the European Union
|list =
{{European capitals}}
{{Capital cities of the European Union}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
}}
{{Template group
|title = International events
|list =
{{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
{{Host Cities of the Francophonie Summits}}
{{World's most populated urban areas}}
}}
[[Category:3rd century BC establishments]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Host cities of the Summer Olympic Games]]
[[Category:Orthodox Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Paris| ]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in France]]
[[Category:River cities]]
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