Paris Métro 50748 226171980 2008-07-17T03:56:09Z Ohconfucius 736651 [[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 226167901 by [[Special:Contributions/Ohconfucius|Ohconfucius]] ([[User talk:Ohconfucius|talk]]) {{redirect|Métro|other uses|Metro (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox Paris Network generic| Name=Métro| ColourName=#dddddd| TextColour=| Logo=[[Image:metropolitain.jpg|250px]] }} The '''Paris Métro''' or '''Métropolitain''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Métro de Paris'') is the [[rapid transit]] system in [[Paris]]. It is a symbol of the city, notable for its homogeneous architecture, influenced by [[Art Nouveau]]. It has 16 lines, mostly underground, and a total length of 214 km (133 mi). There are 300 stations. Since some are on more than one line, there are 384 stops. <ref name="stif-2005"/> Paris has the most closely spaced subway stations in the world, with 245 stations within the {{convert|41|km2|sqmi|0}} City of Paris. Lines are numbered 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis. The minor lines were originally part of lines 3 and 7 but became independent. Lines are identified on maps by number and colour. Direction of travel is shown by the terminus station. Paris is the second busiest metro system in Europe after [[Moscow Metro|Moscow]].<ref>[[Metro systems by annual passenger rides]]</ref> It carries 4.5 million passengers a day. It carried 1.365 billion in [[2005]]. [[Châtelet - Les Halles (Paris RER)|Châtelet-Les Halles]] is the world's largest underground station.<ref>http://www.ratp.fr/common/ressources/concertation_p1.pdf</ref> ==Brief history== [[Image:Viaduc-d'Austerlitz.jpg|thumb|right|259px|[[Paris Métro Line 5|Line 5]]'s crossing of the [[Seine]] on the Austerlitz viaduct.]] The first line opened without ceremony on 19 July [[1900]], during the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Exposition Universelle]] [[World's Fair|world's fair]]. The system expanded quickly until the [[First World War]] and the core was complete by the 1920s. Extensions into suburbs were built in the 1930s. [[Paris Métro Line 11|Line 11]] was also created during this period. The network reached saturation after [[World War II]]. The Métro introduced newer trains to allow higher traffic. Further improvements are limited by the design of the network, such as short distances between stations. The solution was a second network, the [[RER]], developed from the 1960s. In the late 1990s, the Métro began the automated [[Paris Métro Line 14|Line 14]] to relieve [[RER]] [[RER A|Line A]]. ==Naming== Métro is the abbreviated name of the company which originally operated most of the network: the ''[[Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris]]'', shortened to "Métropolitain". That was quickly abbreviated to ''Métro''. The Métro today is operated by the ''[[RATP|Régie autonome des transports parisiens]]'' (RATP), a public transport authority that also operates part of the RER network, bus services and light rail lines. The name ''métro'' proved very popular and was adopted in many languages, making it the most used word for a (generally underground) urban transit system. ==General use== ===Opening hours=== [[Image:Ticket-t.jpg|thumb|259px|right|Paris standard carnet [[Paris ticket "t"|ticket "t"]].]] [[Image:Paris Metro map.svg|thumb|right|259px|The Métro network mapped to a geographically accurate scale]] Trains run from approximately 0500 to 0100 every day on every station. The last train, often called the "balai" (broom) because it sweeps up remaining passengers, arrives at the [[terminal station]] at 0115. The Metro stays open an hour later on Fridays (since [[7 December]] [[2007]]<ref>[http://www.ratp.fr/common/ressources/1044.pdf Press statement from RATP 2 October 2007]</ref>), Saturdays and on nights before a holiday, when the service ends at 0215. The network stays partially open all night for New Year's Eve, ''[[Fête de la Musique]]'' or ''[[Nuit Blanche]]'' and other events. ===Using the trains=== Tickets are sold at kiosks and at automated machines in the station foyer (see below for details). Entrance to platforms is by automated gate, opened by inserting a ticket. The gate returns the ticket for the passenger to keep. ===Tickets=== The standard ticket is [[Paris ticket "t+"|ticket "t+"]]. It is valid for 90 minutes and for one continuous journey. It can be used on the whole Métro network, on buses, trams and on zone 1 of the [[RER]]. The ticket allows unlimited transfers between the same transport (i.e. Métro to Métro, bus to bus and tram to tram), between bus and tram, and between metro and RER zone 1. It can be bought singly at €1.60 or in tens, a ''carnet'', at €11.40. Other passes: * weekly or monthly (''[[carte orange]]'', weekly is called ''hebdomadaire'' "hebdo", monthly is called ''mensuel''), one-day (''Mobilis'') * yearly (''intégrale'', ''imagine R'' for students) * one-day, two-day, three-day or five-day (''Paris Visite'') Finally, the [[Navigo card]] is a pass which can be reloaded monthly or weekly. It is replacing the ''carte orange''. Navigo is not magnetic but an [[RFID]]-based [[Smart card#Contactless Smart Card|contactless smart card]]. ==Technical summary== ===Overview=== {{Infobox Public transit |name = Paris Métro |image = |imagesize = |locale = [[Paris]] |transit_type = [[Rapid transit]] |began_operation = 1900 |ended_operation = |system_length = {{km to mi|213|abbr=yes|precision=0}} |lines = 16 |vehicles = |stations = 298 |ridership = 4,500,000 |track_gauge = {{RailGauge|sg}} ([[standard gauge]]) |reporting marks = |operator = [[RATP]] |owner = }} The Métro has 214 km (133 mi) of track and 300 stations (384 stops), 62 connecting between lines<ref name="stif-2005">''Statistiques [[Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France|STIF]] rapport 2005'' [http://www.stif-idf.fr/IMG/pdf/STIF_Les_chiffres_2005.pdf] + Olympiades + Les Courtilles</ref>. These figures do not include the [[RER]] network. The average distance between stations is 562 m (1,845 ft). Trains stop at all stations <ref>On [[January 1]], [[2006]], a test was done with few lines opening at night on main stops only</ref>. Lines do not share platforms, even at interchange (transfer) stations. This also applies to [[RER]] lines. Trains average 35 km/h (22 mph) with a maximum of 70 km/h (44 mph) on all but the automated, driverless trains of [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]], where the limit is 80 km/h. Trains travel on the right. The track is [[standard gauge]] but the [[loading gauge]] is smaller than on the mainline SNCF network. Trains vary from three to six cars. Trains on the same line always have the same number of cars. Power is from a lateral [[third rail]], 750[[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]], except on the [[rubber-tyred metro|rubber-tyred]] lines where the 750 V DC is from guide bars. Lines 1, 4, 6, 11, and 14 are rubber-tyred. The earliest lines, dug by hand, follow roads. Line 1 follows the [[Champs Élysées]] in a straight line. Engineers had to follow roads or encounter cellars. This explains why some stations ([[Commerce (Paris Métro)|Commerce]] on [[Paris Métro Line 8|line 8]] and [[Liège (Paris Métro)|Liège]] on [[Paris Métro Line 13|line 13]]) have platforms that do not align; the street above is too narrow to fit both platforms opposite each other. === Rolling stock === [[Image:Metro-Paris-Rame-MP59-Ligne-4.jpg|thumb|259px|Typical [[MP 59]] train on [[Paris Métro Line 4|line 4]]. Guide bars, steel tracks and the automatic piloting carpet are visible.]] The rolling stock has steel-wheel ("MF" for ''matériel fer'') and rubber-tyred trains ("MP", ''matériel pneu''). The different versions of each kind are specified by year of design (not the year of first use). * '''Rubber-tyred''' ** [[MP 59]]: lines [[Paris Métro Line 4|4]] and [[Paris Métro Line 11|11]] (To be phased out of Line 4 once transfer of MP 89 CC from Line 1 is complete.) ** [[MP 73]]: [[Paris Métro Line 6|line 6]] ** [[MP 89 CA]]: [[Paris Métro Line 14|Line 14]] ** [[MP 89 CC]]: [[Paris Métro Line 1|Line 1]] (To be transferred over to Line 4, beginning 2008/9) ** [[MP 05]]: planned to serve on [[Paris Métro Line 1|line 1]] by 2010 once the line is fully automated. * '''Steel-wheel''' ** [[MF 67]]: lines [[Paris Métro Line 2|2]], [[Paris Métro Line 3|3]], [[Paris Métro Line 5|5]], [[Paris Métro Line 9|9]], [[Paris Métro Line 10|10]], [[Paris Métro Line 12|12]] and as a shortened three-car version on [[Paris Métro Line 3bis|3bis]] ** [[MF 77]]: lines [[Paris Métro Line 7|7]], [[Paris Métro Line 8|8]] and [[Paris Métro Line 13|13]] ** [[MF 88]]: [[Paris Métro Line 7bis|line 7bis]] ** [[MF 2000]]: planned to serve on lines [[Paris Métro Line 2|2]], [[Paris Métro Line 5|5]] and [[Paris Métro Line 9|9]] by 2007. ==The lines== ===Paris Métro lines=== {{Paris metro lines}} ===The additional regional express network: the RER=== {{Paris RER lines}} ==History== [[Image:Paris Metro construction 03300288-3.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|During the initial development of the Paris Métro lines, tracks were dug at open air from street level and only covered later.]] Paris and the existing railway companies were already thinking by [[1845]] about an urban railway system to link inner districts of the city. The railway companies wanted to extend their existing lines to a new underground network, whereas the Paris favoured a new and independent network. The disagreement lasted from [[1856]] to [[1890]]. Meanwhile, the population became more dense and traffic congestion massive. The deadlock put pressure on the authorities and gave the city the chance to enforce its vision. ===Fulgence Bienvenüe project=== On [[20 April]], [[1896]], Paris adopted the [[Fulgence Bienvenüe]] project, which was to serve only the city proper of Paris. Many Parisians worried that extending lines to industrial suburbs would reduce the safety of the city. Paris forbade lines to the inner suburbs and, as a guarantee, Métro trains were to run on the right, as opposed to existing suburban lines which ran on the left. The first line, Maillot-Vincennes, was inaugurated on [[19 July]] [[1900]] during the [[Exposition Universelle (1900)|Paris World's Fair]]. Entrances to stations were designed in ''[[art nouveau]]'' style by [[Hector Guimard]]. Eighty-six of his entrances are still in existence. Fulgence Bienvenüe's project consisted of 10 lines, which correspond to today's lines 1 to 9. Construction was so intense that by [[1920]], despite a few changes from schedule, most lines had been completed. Lines [[Paris Métro Line 1|1]] and [[Paris Métro Line 4|4]] were conceived as central east-west and central north-south lines. Two circular lines, ''ligne 2 Nord'' (line 2 North) and ''ligne 2 Sud'' (line 2 South), were also planned but line 2 South was merged with [[Paris Métro Line 5|line 5]] in 1906. [[Paris Métro Line 3|Line 3]] was an additional east-west line to the north of line 1 and line 5 an additional north-south line to the east of line 4. [[Paris Métro Line 6|Line 6]] would run from [[Nation (Paris Metro and RER)|Nation]] to [[Place d'Italie (Paris Métro)|Place d'Italie]]. Lines [[Paris Métro Line 7|7]], [[Paris Métro Line 8|8]] and [[Paris Métro Line 9|9]] would connect commercial and office districts around the [[Palais Garnier|Opéra]] to residential areas in the north-east and the south-west. Bienvenüe also planned a circular line, the ''ligne circulaire intérieure'', to connect the six mainline stations. A section opened in 1923 between [[Invalides (Paris Metro and RER)|Invalides]] and the [[Boulevard Saint-Germain]] before the plan was abandoned. ===Nord-Sud: the competing network=== [[Image:Carrelage Nord-Sud 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Typical ''Nord-Sud'' tile, on the former line A (today's [[Paris Métro Line 12|line 12]]).]] On [[31 January]] [[1904]], a second concession was granted to a company called the ''Société du chemin de fer électrique souterrain Nord-Sud de Paris'' (Paris North-South underground electrical railway company) and abbreviated to the ''Nord-Sud'' (North-South) company. It was responsible for building three proposed lines: *line A would join [[Montmartre]] to [[Montparnasse]] as an additional north-south line to the west of line 4 *line B would serve the north-west of Paris only by connecting [[Gare Saint-Lazare|Saint-Lazare station]] to Porte de Clichy and Porte de Saint-Ouen *line C would serve the south-west only by connecting [[Gare Montparnasse|Montparnasse station]] to [[Porte de Vanves (Paris Métro)|Porte de Vanves]]. Line A was finally inaugurated on [[4 November]] [[1910]], after being postponed because of the flood Paris experienced in January of that year. Line B was inaugurated on [[26 February]] [[1911]]. Because of the high construction costs, the construction of line C was postponed. The Nord-Sud company and the C.M.P company used compatible trains which could be used on both networks. However, the Nord-Sud network distinguished itself from its competitor with the high-quality decoration of its stations. Nord-Sud did not become profitable and bankruptcy became unavoidable. By the end of 1930, the C.M.P bought Nord-Sud. Line A became [[Paris Métro Line 12|line 12]] and line B [[Paris Métro Line 13|line 13]]. Line C was never built. ===1930–1950: The first inner suburbs are reached=== [[Image:Paris metro3 - anatole france - entrance.jpg|thumb|250px|Anatole France station on [[Paris Métro Line 3|line 3]], inaugurated in 1937 in the inner suburb of [[Levallois-Perret]].]] Fulgence Bienvenüe's project was nearly completed during the 1920s. Paris planned three new lines and extensions of most lines to the inner suburbs, despite the reluctance of Parisians. Bienvenüe's inner circular line having been abandoned, the already built portion between Duroc and Odéon for the creation of a new east-west line which would become today's [[Paris Métro Line 10|line 10]] and it would be extended west to Porte de Saint-Cloud and the inner suburbs of [[Boulogne-Billancourt|Boulogne]]. The line C planned by Nord-Sud between Montparnasse station and [[Porte de Vanves (Paris Métro)|Porte de Vanves]] would be built as an [[Paris Métro Line 14#The former line 14|initial line 14]] (different from [[Paris Métro Line 14|nowadays line 14]]). It would also extend north in encompassing the already built portion between Invalides and Duroc which was initially planned as part of the inner circular. The over-busy [[funicular]] to Belleville would be replaced by a new line, [[Paris Métro Line 11|line 11]], which would be extended to [[Châtelet (Paris Métro)|Châtelet]]. Lines 10, 11 and 14 were thus the three new lines envisaged under this plan. In addition, most existing lines would be extended to the inner suburbs. The first to leave the city proper was line 9, extended in 1934 to [[Boulogne-Billancourt]]; more would follow it in the 1930s. [[World War II]] forced authorities to abandon projects such as the extension of lines 4 or 12 to the northern suburbs. By 1949, eight lines had been extended: line 1 to [[Neuilly-sur-Seine|Neuilly]] and [[Vincennes]], line 3 to [[Levallois-Perret]], line 5 to [[Pantin]], line 7 to [[Ivry-sur-Seine|Ivry]], line 8 to [[Charenton-le-Pont|Charenton]], line 9 to [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], line 11 to [[Les Lilas]] and line 12 to [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]]. [[World War II]] had a massive impact on the Métro. Services were limited and many stations closed. The risk of bombing meant the service between [[Place d'Italie (Paris Métro)|Place d'Italie]] and [[Charles de Gaulle - Étoile (Paris Métro and RER)|Étoile]] was transferred from line 5 to line 6, so that most of the elevated portions of the Métro would be on a single line: line 6. As a result, lines 2 and 6 together now form a circle. It took a long time to recover after liberation in 1944. Many stations had not reopened by the 1960s and some closed for good. On [[March 23]] [[1948]], the C.M.P (the underground) and the STCRP (bus and tramways) merged to form the [[RATP]], which still operates the Métro. ===1960–1990: the development of the RER=== [[Image:Cdg-etoile-rer-a.jpg|thumb|250px|Charles de Gaulle étoile station on the [[RER]] [[RER A|A]], inaugurated in 1970.]] The network grew saturated during the 1950s. Outdated technology limited the number of trains. That led the RATP to stop extending lines and to concentrate instead on modernisation. The [[MP 51]] prototype was built, testing both [[rubber-tyred metro]] and basic automatic piloting on the ''voie navette''. The first replacements of the older Sprague trains began with experimental articulated train units and then with mainstream rubber-tyred metro [[MP 55]] and [[MP 59]], some of the latter are still in service today (line 4 and 11). Thanks to newer trains and better signalling, trains ran more frequently. The population of Paris boomed from 1950 to 1980. Cars became more popular and suburbs grew further from the city. Paris' main railway stations, ere the termini of the suburban rail lines, were overcrowded during rush hour. The short distance between metro stations slowed the network and made it unprofitable to build extensions. The solution in the 1960s was to revive a project abandoned at the end of the 19th century: joining suburban lines to new underground portions in the city centre. The system would be known as the ''réseau express régional'' (regional express network) ([[RER]]). The RER plan initially included one east-west line and two north-south lines. RATP bought two unprofitable SNCF lines—the Ligne de St-Germain (westbound) and the Ligne de Vincennes (eastbound) with the intention of joining them and to serve multiple districts of central Paris with new underground stations. The new line created by this merger became [[RER A]]. The Ligne de Sceaux, which served the southern suburbs and was bought by the CMP in the 1930s, would be extended north to merge with a line of the [[SNCF]] and reach the new [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport|Charles de Gaulle Airport]]. This line would become [[RER B]]. These new lines were inaugurated in 1977 and their wild success outperformed all the most optimistic forecasts to the extent that, today, RER A is the most used urban rail line in the world with nearly 300 million journeys a year. Because of the enormous cost of these two lines, the third planned line was abandoned and the French authorities decided that later developments of the RER network would be more cheaply developed by the [[SNCF]] company, alongside its continued management of other suburban lines. However, the RER developed by the SNCF company would never match the success of the RATP's two RER lines. In 1979, SNCF developed [[RER C]] in joining the suburban lines of [[Gare d'Austerlitz]] and [[Gare d'Orsay]], the latter being converted into a museum dedicated to impressionist paintings. During the 1980s, it would also develop [[RER D]] line, which was the second line planned by the initial RER schedule, but would serve Châtelet instead of [[République (Paris Métro)|République]] to reduce costs. A huge Métro-RER hub was created at the [[Châtelet - Les Halles (Paris RER)|Châtelet-Les Halles]] station, the world's largest underground station. The same project of the 1960s also decided to merge lines 13 and 14 to create a quick connection between Saint-Lazare and Montparnasse thanks to a new full north-south line. Distances between stations on the lengthened line 13 differ from that on other lines in order to make it more 'express' and hence to extend it farther in the suburbs. The new [[Paris Métro Line 13|Line 13]] was inaugurated on [[9 November]] [[1976]]. ===1990–2010: Eole and Météor=== [[Image:Metro-Paris-ligne-14-statio.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Gare de Lyon]] station on [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]], inaugurated in 1998.]] In October 1998, the [[Paris Métro Line 14|line 14]] was inaugurated. It was the first fully new Métro (not RER) line in 63 years. The project, which was known during its conception as ''Météor'' ('''Mét'''ro '''E'''st-'''O'''uest '''R'''apide), is still the only fully automatic line within the network. It was also the first to feature [[platform screen doors]] to prevent suicides and accidents. It was conceived with extensions to the suburbs in mind, similar to the extensions of the line 13 built during the 1970s. As a result, most of the stations are at least a kilometre apart. Like the RER lines designed by the RATP, nearly all stations of line 14 offer connections with multiple Métro lines. The line currently runs between [[Saint-Lazare (Paris Métro)|Saint-Lazare]] and [[Olympiades (Paris Métro)|Olympiades]]. Lines 7 and 13 are the only two on the network to be split in branches. The RATP would like to get rid of those saturated branches in order to improve the network's efficiency. As such, a project consists in attributing to the line 14 one branch of each line, and to extend them further into the suburbs. This project has not yet been approved. In 1999, the [[RER E]] was inaugurated as the latest extension of the network. Known during its conception as Eole ('''E'''st-'''O'''uest '''L'''iaison '''E'''xpress), it is the fifth RER line serving Paris. Currently, the RER E terminates at [[Haussmann - Saint-Lazare (Paris RER)|Haussmann - Saint-Lazare]], but a new project, financed by EPAD, the public authority managing the [[La Défense]] business district, should extend the line west into [[La Défense (Paris Métro, RER and Transilien)|La Défense - Grande Arche]] and the suburbs beyond. === Accidents === * [[10 August]] [[1903]]: ''[[Paris Metro train fire|The Couronnes Disaster]]'' (fire), 84 killed. * [[30 August]] [[2000]]: an [[MF 67]] rolling stock derailled due to excessive speed and unavailable automatic cruising at the [[Notre-Dame-de-Lorette (Paris Métro)|Notre-Dame-de-Lorette]] station, 24 slightly injured. * [[6 August]] [[2005]]: fire broke out on a train at the [[Simplon (Paris Métro)|Simplon]] station. The fire injured at least 19 people before it was extinguished. Early reports blamed an electrical [[short circuit]] as the cause. * [[29 July]] [[2007]]: a fire started on a train between [[Varenne (Paris Métro)|Varenne]] and [[Invalides (Paris Métro and RER)|Invalides]] stations. Fifteen people were injured. == See also == * [[List of stations of the Paris Métro]] * [[List of rapid transit systems]] * [[RER]], the Paris regional express network * [[Transport in Paris]] * [[Transportation in France]] * [[Rubber-tyred metro]] ==References== {{reflist}} ===Bibliography=== {{sourcesstart}} * Bindi, A. & Lefeuvre, D. (1990). ''Le Métro de Paris: Histoire d'hier à demain,'' Rennes: Ouest-France. ISBN 2737302048. (''French'') * Descouturelle, Frédéric et. al. (2003). ''Le métropolitain d'Hector Guimard.'' Somogy. ISBN 2850568155. (''French'') * Gaillard, M. (1991). ''Du Madeleine-Bastille à Météor: Histoire des transports Parisiens,'' Amiens: Martelle. ISBN 2878900138. (''French'') * Hovey, Tamara. ''Paris Underground,'' New York: Orchard Books, 1991. ISBN 0531059316 *Lamming,C.(2001) ''Métro insolite'', Paris: Parigramme, ISBN 2840961903 {{sourcesend}} == External links== {{commons|Paris Metro}} === English === * [http://www.ratp.info/touristes/index.php?langue=en RATP English version. Contains routes, schedules, journey times, etc...] * [http://carto.metro.free.fr/en/ Comprehensive map of the Paris Metro network] === French === * [http://www.metro-pole.net/ news and information about Paris transit system (bus, RER, métro)] {{France Metro Tramway}} {{RATP Paris}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Paris Metro}} [[Category:Electric railways]] [[Category:Paris Métro|*Paris Metro]] [[Category:Underground rapid transit systems]] [[Category:Rail transport in Paris]] {{link FA|vi}} [[bn:প্যারিস মেট্রো]] [[bg:Парижко метро]] [[ca:Metro de París]] [[cs:Metro v Paříži]] [[de:Métro Paris]] [[el:Μετρό Παρισιού]] [[es:Metro de París]] [[eo:Metroo de Parizo]] [[fr:Métro de Paris]] [[ko:파리 메트로]] [[id:Métro de Paris]] [[it:Metropolitana di Parigi]] [[he:הרכבת התחתית של פריז]] [[lb:Paräisser Métro]] [[lt:Paryžiaus metropolitenas]] [[hu:Párizsi metró]] [[nl:Metro van Parijs]] [[ja:メトロ (パリ)]] [[no:Paris Metro]] [[pl:Metro w Paryżu]] [[pt:Metrô de Paris]] [[ro:Metroul din Paris]] [[ru:Парижский метрополитен]] [[sk:Parížske metro]] [[fi:Pariisin metro]] [[sv:Paris metro]] [[th:รถไฟฟ้าปารีส]] [[vi:Métro Paris]] [[wuu:巴黎地铁]] [[zh:巴黎地鐵]]