Parma
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2008-07-11T00:19:02Z
76.182.45.5
added Parma to list of famous people
{{Otheruses4|the Italian city|other uses|Parma (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox CityIT |
img_coa = Parma-Stemma.png|
official_name = Comune di Parma|
region = [[Emilia-Romagna]] |
province = [[Province of Parma|Parma]] (PR) |
elevation_m = 55 |
area_total_km2 = 260 |
population_as_of = [[December 31]], [[2007]] |
population_total = 178718 |
population_density_km2 =676|
timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]+1 |
coordinates = {{coor dm|44|48|N|10|20|E|}} |
frazioni = See [[Parma#Frazioni|list]]|
telephone = 0521|
postalcode = 43100|
gentilic = Parmigiani (Pram'zan) (Parmensi (Arijoz) are <br /> called the province's inhabitants)|
saint = [[Hilary of Poitiers|Sant'Ilario di Poitiers]], [[Saint Honoratus|Sant'Onorato]], [[Saint Roch|San Rocco]] |
day = [[January 13]] |
mayor = Pietro Vignali|
website = [http://www.comune.parma.it www.comune.parma.it] |
}}
'''Parma''' is a [[city]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region of [[Emilia-Romagna]], famous for its [[architecture]] and the fine countryside around it. It is the home of the [[University of Parma]], one of the oldest universities in the world.
Parma is divided into two parts by the little stream with the same name. The [[Italian literature|Italian]] poet [[Attilio Bertolucci]] (born in a hamlet in the countryside) wrote: "As a capital city it had to have a river. As a little capital it received a stream, which is often dry".
==Prehistory==
Parma was already a built-up area in the [[Bronze Age]]. It has verified by now that in the current position of the city rose a "terramare". The "terramare" (Earthsea) were ancient villages in structural wood on pile-dwelling built according to a defined scheme and squared form, built on the dry land, generally in proximity of the rivers. During this age (among the 1500 B.C. and the 800 B.C.) the first necropolises (placed where there is the actual Cathedral Plaza and Millstone Square) rose also.
== History ==
The city was most probably founded and named by the [[Etruscans]], for a ''parma'' (circular shield) was a [[Latin language|Latin]] borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and ''Parmeal'', ''Parmni'' and ''Parmnial'' are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions. [[Diodorus Siculus]] (XXII, 2,2; XXVIII, 2,1) reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, or whether its situation was a shield against the Gauls to the north, is more a matter of choice.
The [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] colony was founded in 183 BC, together with [[Modena]]. 2000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the [[Via Aemilia]] and the Via Claudia. It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In 44 BC, the city was destroyed, and Augustus rebuilt it. During the [[Roman Empire]] it gained the title of ''Julia'' for its loyalty to the imperial house.
The city was subsequently sacked by [[Attila]], and later given by the barbarian king [[Odoacer]] to his fellows. During the [[Gothic War (535–552)|Gothic War]], however, [[Totila]] destroyed it. It was then part of the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] [[Exarchate of Ravenna]] (changing name to ''Chrysopolis'', "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the army's treasure) and, from 569, of the [[Lombards|Lombard]] Kingdom of Italy. During the Middle Ages, Parma became an important stage of the [[Via Francigena]], the main road connecting Rome to Northern Europe: several castles, hospitals and inns were built in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims. [[Image:Parma 02.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Piazza della Pace with the Farnese family’s Palazzo della Pilotta.]]
Under the [[Franks|Frankish]] rule, Parma became the capital of a county (774). Like most northern Italian cities, it was nominally a part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] created by [[Charlemagne]], but locally ruled by its bishops, first being Guidobus. In the subsequent struggles between [[Papal States|Papacy]] and Empire, Parma was usually member of the Imperial party. Two of its bishops became [[antipope]]s: Càdalo, founder of the Cathedral, as [[Antipope Honorius II|Honorius II]]); and Guibert, as [[Antipope Clement III|Clement III]]). An almost independent [[medieval commune|commune]] was created around 1140. After the [[Peace of Constance]] (1183), quarrels with the neighbouring communes of [[Reggio Emilia]], [[Piacenza]] and [[Cremona]] became harsher: the aim was the control over the vital trading line over the [[Po River]].
The struggle between [[Guelphs and Ghibelline]] was a feature of Parma too. In 1213 her ''[[podestà]]'' was the Guelph [[Rambertino Buvalelli]]. Then, after a long stance alongside the Emperors, the Papist families of the city gained control in 1248: the city was besieged by the Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]], who was however crushed in the [[Battle of Parma|battle]] that ensued.
Parma fell under the control of [[Milan]] in 1341. After a short-lived period of independence under the Terzi family (1404-1409), [[Sforza]] imposed their rule (1440-1449) through their associated families of [[Pallavicino]], [[Rossi]], Sanvitale and Da Correggio. These created a kind of new [[feudalism]], building towers and castles throughout the city and the land. These fiefs evolved into truly independent states: the Landi governed the higher [[Taro]]'s valley from 1257 to 1682. The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in [[Busseto]]. Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805, and [[San Secondo]] belonged to the [[Rossi]] well into the 19th century.
[[Image:Parma nel XV secolo.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Parma in the 15th century.]]
Between the 14th and the 15th centuries, Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The [[Battle of Fornovo]] was fought in its territory. The [[France|French]]held the city in 1500–1521, with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512–1515. After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the [[Papal States]] until 1545.
In that year the [[Farnese]] pope, [[Pope Paul III|Paul III]], detached Parma and [[Piacenza]] from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, [[Pier Luigi Farnese, Duke of Parma|Pier Luigi Farnese]], whose descendants ruled in Parma until 1731, when [[Antonio Farnese]] (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died. The state was consolidated by [[Ottavio II Farnese]] (1547-1586). He also renovated the city's structures to create a true capital for his little but rich reign.
In 1594 a Constitution was emanated, the [[University of Parma|University]] enhanced and the Nobles' College founded. The war to reduce the barons' power continued for several years: in 1612 Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th century, after the defeat of Pallavicini (1588) and Landi (1682) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in [[Colorno]] was turned into a luxurious summer palace by [[Ferdinando Bibiena]]. [[Image:ParmaBattistero.jpg|thumb|300px|right|The battistero of Parma.]]
In 1731 the combined [[Duchy of Parma]] and [[Piacenza]] was given to the [[House of Bourbon]] in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy. Under the new rulers, however, it faced a certain decadence. In 1734 all the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, [[Colorno]] and [[Sala Baganza]] were moved to [[Naples]].
Parma was under French influence after the [[Peace of Aachen]] (1748). Parma became a modern state with the energetic action of prime minister [[Guillaume du Tillot]]. He created the bases for a modern industry and fought strenuously against the church's privileges. The city lived a period of particular splendour: the Palatine Library, the Archaeological Museum, the Picture Gallery and the Botanical Garden were founded, together with the Royal Printing Works directed by [[Giambattista Bodoni]].
During the [[Napoleonic Wars]] (1802-1814), Parma was part of the [[Taro (département)|Taro ''Département'']]. Under its French name '''Parme''', it was also created a ''[[duché grand-fief de l'Empire]]'' for [[Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance]], the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished 1926).
After its restoration by the 1814-15 [[Vienna Congress]], the [[Risorgimento]]'s upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847, after [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma]]'s death, it passed again to the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbons]], the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his Widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On [[September 15]], [[1859]] the dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered in the newly formed provinces of Emilia under [[Carlo Farini]]. With the [[plebiscite]] of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified [[Italy|Kingdom of Italy]].
The loss of the capital role provoked an economical and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the connection with Piacenza and [[Bologna]] of 1859, and with [[Fornovo]] and [[Suzzara]] in 1883. [[Trade union]]s were strong in the city, in which a famous General Strike was declared from [[May 1]] to [[June 6]], [[1908]]. The struggle with [[Fascism]] lived its most dramatic moment in the August 1922, when the regime officer [[Italo Balbo]] attempted to enter in the popular quarter of [[Oltretorrente]]. The citizens organized into the ''Arditi del Popolo'' ("People's assaulters") and pushed back the squadristi. This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy.
During [[World War II]], Parma was a strong centre of [[Partisan (military)|partisan]] resistance. The train station and marshalling yards were targets for high altitude bombing by the Allies in the spring of 1944. Much of the Palazzo della Pilotta — situated near the train station — was destroyed by errant bombs, but Parma did not see widespread destruction during the war. Parma was liberated of the German occupation (1943-1945) on [[April 26]], [[1945]] by the partisan resistance and troops of [[Brazilian Expeditionary Force (FEB)|Brazilian Expeditionary Force]] [http://www.pitoresco.com/historia/guerra/guerra01.htm].
== Main sights ==
=== Churches ===
[[Image:Duomo e Battistero di Parma.jpg|thumb|300px|The Cathedral and the Baptistry of Parma.]]
[[Image:Parma-sanfrancesco01.jpg|thumb|300px|Façade of the church of St. Francis.]]
[[Image:Parma 01.jpg|thumb|300px|The Governor's Palace.]]
*The [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] [[Parma Cathedral|Cathedral]] houses both 12th century sculpture by [[Benedetto Antelami]] and a 16th century fresco masterpiece by [[Antonio da Correggio]].
*The [[Baptistery of Parma|Baptistery]], adjacent to the cathedral was begun in 1196 by Antelami.
*[[Church of Saint John the Evangelist of Parma]], built between 1498 and 1510 behind the Cathedral's apse. It has [[Baroque]] facade and belfry, with a Latin cross plant and three naves. In 1520–1522, Correggio frescoed the dome with the ''[[Vision of St. John the Evangelist (Correggio)|Vision of St. John the Evangelist]]'', a highly influential fresco which heralded illustionistic perspective in the decoration of church ceilings. Chapel frescoes by [[Parmigianino]]. Also the [[cloister]]s and the ancient Benedictine grocery are noteworthy. The library has books from the 15th and 16th centuries.
*[[Sanctuary of Santa Maria della Steccata]].
*The Benedictine Monastery of ''San Paolo'', founded in the 11th century. It houses precious frescoes by Correggio, in the so-called ''[[Camera di San Paolo]]'' (1519-1520), and [[Alessandro Araldi]].
*The Gothic church of ''San Francesco del Prato'' (13th century). Until the 1990s it was the city's jail
=== Palaces ===
* The ''[[Palazzo della Pilotta]]'' (1583). It houses the Academy of Fine Arts with artists of the [[School of Parma (Painting)]], the Palatine Library, the [[Galleria Nazionale di Parma|National Gallery]], the Archaeological Museum, the Bodoni Museum and the Farnese Theatre.
*The Ducal Palace, built from 1561 for Duke [[Ottavio Farnese]] on a design by [[Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola]]. Built on the former Sforza castle area, it was enlarged in the 17th-18th centuries. It includes the ''Palazzo Eucherio Sanvitale'', with interesting decorations dating from the 16th centuries and attributed to Gianfrancesco d'Agrate, and a fresco by Parmigianino. Annexed is the Ducal Park also by Vignola. It was turned into a French-style garden in 1749.
*The ''Palazzo del Comune'', built in 1627.
*The ''Palazzo del Governatore'' ("Governor's Palace"), dating from the 13th century.
*The Bishop's Palace (1055).
*''Ospedale Vecchio'' ("Old Hospital"), created in 1250 and later renovated in Renaissance times. It is now home to the State Archives and to the Communal Library.
=== Other ===
* The ''[[Teatro Farnese]]'' was constructed in 1618–1619 by [[Giovan Battista Aleotti]], totally in wood. It was commissioned by [[Ranuccio I Farnese, Duke of Parma|Duke Ranuccio I]] for the visit of [[Cosimo I de' Medici]].
*The ''Cittadella'', a large fortress erected in the 16th century by order of Duke [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese]], close to the old walls.
*The ''Pons Lapidis'' (also known as Roman Bridge or Theoderic's Bridge), a Roman structure in stone dating from [[Augustus]] reign.
* The ''[[Orto Botanico di Parma]]'' is a [[botanical garden]] maintained by the [[University of Parma]].
* The ''[[Teatro Regio di Parma|Teatro Regio]]'' ("Royal Theatre"), built in 1821–1829 by [[Nicola Bettoli]]. It has a Neo-Classical facade and a porch with double window order. It is the city's [[opera house]].
* The ''Auditorium [[Niccolò Paganini]]'', designed by [[Renzo Piano]].
* The Museum House of [[Arturo Toscanini]], where the famous musician was born.
*[[Museo Lombardi]]. It exhibits a prestigious collection of art and historical items regarding [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Maria Luigia]] of [[Habsburg]] and her first husband [[Napoleon Bonaparte]]; important works and documents concerning the Duchy of Parma in the 18th and 19th centuries are also kept by the Museum.
== Frazioni (villages) ==
Alberi, [[Baganzola]], Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestani, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Fontanellato, Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, [[Malandriano]], Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Prospero, San Ruffino, San Secondo, Sissa, Soragna, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, [[Vicomero]], Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante.
<!--SEE THE ITALIAN WIKIPEDIA IF YOU WANT TO EXPAND THE FRACTION RED LINKS-->
== Food ==
Parma is famous for its food: [[Parmigiano Reggiano]] [[cheese]] (also produced in [[Reggio Emilia]]), [[Prosciutto|Prosciutto di Parma (Parma ham)]]. In 2004 Parma was appointed the seat of the [[European Food Safety Authority|European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)]].
Parma also has two food multinationals, [[Barilla Group|Barilla]] and [[Parmalat]].
== Sister cities ==
* {{flagicon|People's Republic of China}} [[Shijiazhuang]], [[People's Republic of China]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]], [[United States of America]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]], [[Spain]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Bourg-en-Bresse]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[Tours]], [[France]]
* {{flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Ljubljana]], [[Slovenia]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Szeged]], [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Moncton]], [[Canada]]
* {{flagicon|USA}}[[Stockton, California]], [[United States of America]]
== Sport ==
[[Parma F.C.]] was founded in 1913. It is a [[Serie B]] [[football (soccer)|football]] club renowned in Italy and Europe for its successes including three national cups, a European Cup of the Winner's Cup, two UEFA Cups, a European Supercup and an Italian Supercup. It plays in the city's stade ''Ennio Tardini'' which can host up to 29,000 spectators. Also [[volleyball]], [[women basketball]], [[rugby union]] and [[baseball]] have large popularity in the city and have scored relevant successes.
Parma is also home to two [[rugby union]] teams in the top national division, [[Parma Rugby|Overmach Rugby Parma]] and [[Gran Rugby|SKG Gran Rugby]].
== Miscellaneous ==
Parma hosts the [http://www.comune.parma.it/tourvirtuale/virtual-teatroregio2.html Teatro Regio], a famous [[opera]] [[theatre]].
[[Stendhal]] set much of his masterpiece (''[[The Charterhouse of Parma]]'') in the city, even though there was no "Charterhouse" in real life.
John Grisham's novel ''[[Playing for Pizza]]'' is predominantly set in Parma. It is about an American professional football quarterback who plays for the local American football team, the [[Parma Panthers]].
[[Image:Correggio 010.jpg|thumb|300px|Detail of Correggio's frescoes in the ''Camera di San Paolo''.]]
=== Painters and sculptors of Parma ===
* Francesco Mazzola, best known as Il [[Parmigianino]], painter
* [[Sisto Badalocchio]], [[painter]]
* [[Alessandro Araldi]], painter
* [[Michelangelo Anselmi]], painter born in Tuscany
* [[Giovanni Maria Francesco Rondani]], painter
* [[Girolamo Mazzola Bedoli]], painter
* Filippo Mazzola, painter
* [[Antonio da Correggio]] (Antonio Allegri), painter born in [[Correggio]] ([[Reggio Emilia]])
* [[Benedetto Antelami]]
* Giacomo (or Jacopo) Zanguidi ( [[Giacomo Zanguidi|Bertoia]])
* Jose Antonio Parma
* Giovan Federico Bonzagni
* Amedeo Bocchi
* [[Bartolomeo Schedoni]]
* [[Oreste Carpi]]
=== Other famous people from Parma ===
* [[Giambattista Bodoni]], [[typography|typographer]]
* [[Ferdinando Paer]], [[composer]]
* [[Giuseppe Verdi]], opera composer
* [[Arturo Toscanini]], [[conducting|conductor]]
* [[Bernardo Bertolucci]], director
* [[Giovannino Guareschi]], writer
* [[Alessandro Cortini]], musician
* [[Vittorio Bottego]], explorer
* [[Attilio Bertolucci]], poet
* [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], military commander
{{sisterlinks|Parma}}
== See also ==
* [[European College of Parma]]
== External links ==
* [http://www.efsa.europa.eu/index_en.html The European Food Safety Authority Website]
* {{wikitravel}}
* [http://www.parmaitaly.com/indexk.html The best of Parma]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=44.798769,10.323372&spn=0.086441,0.158838&t=k&hl=en Parma's view from satellite (Google Earth)]
* [http://www.comune.parma.it/tourvirtuale/index.html 360° photos of City of Parma]
* [http://www.webvisionitaly.com/category.php?id=11&ref_genre=&ref_item=22 Video Introduction to Parma and the Parmigiano Reggiano]
{{Province of Parma}}
[[Category:History of Italy]]
[[Category:Parma| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Renaissance sites of Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Baroque sites of Emilia-Romagna]]
[[Category:Romanesque sites of Emilia-Romagna]]
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