Parody
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2008-07-16T18:09:47Z
155.91.45.231
/* Social and political uses */
{{Cleanup|date=February 2008}}
A '''parody''' ({{pronounced|ˈpɛɹədiː}}), in contemporary usage, is a work created to mock, comment on, or poke fun at an original work, its subject, or author, by means of humorous or satiric imitation. As the literary theorist [[Linda Hutcheon]] (2000: 7) puts it, "parody … is , not always at the expense of the parodied text." Another critic, [[Simon Dentith]] (2000: 9), defines parody as "any cultural practice which provides a relatively [[polemic]]al allusive imitation of another cultural production or practice."
Parody may be found in art or culture, including [[literature]], [[music]], and [[film|cinema]]. Parodies are colloquially referred to as spoofs or lampoons.
==Origins==
According to Aristotle (Poetics, ii. 5) [[Hegemon of Thasos]] was the inventor of a kind of parody; by slightly altering the wording in well-known poems he transformed the sublime into the ridiculous. In ancient [[Greek literature]], a ''parodia'' was a narrative poem imitating the style and prosody of [[Epic poetry|epic]]s "but treat light, satirical or mock-heroic subjects" (Denith, 10). Indeed, the apparent Greek roots of the word are ''par-'' (which can mean ''beside'', ''counter'', or ''against'') and ''-ody'' (''song'', as in an ode). Thus, the original Greek word has sometimes been taken to mean ''counter-song'', an imitation that is set against the original. The Oxford English Dictionary, for example, defines parody as imitation "turned as to produce a ridiculous effect" (quoted in Hutcheon, 32). Because ''par-'' also has the non-antagonistic meaning of ''beside'', "there is nothing in ''parodia'' to necessitate the inclusion of a concept of ridicule" (Hutcheon, 32).
[[Ancient Rome|Roman]] writers explained parody as an imitation of one poet by another for humorous effect. In [[France|French]] [[Neoclassical literature]], '''parody''' was also a type of poem where one work imitates the style of another for humorous effect.
==Use in classical music==
In reference to 15th- to 18th-century music, '''parody''' means a reworking of one kind of composition into another (e.g., a [[motet]] into a keyboard work as [[Girolamo Cavazzoni]], [[Antonio de Cabezón]], and [[Alonso Mudarra]] all did to [[Josquin]] [[motet]]s.) More commonly, a parody mass (''missa parodia'') used extensive quotation from other vocal works such as [[motet]]s; [[Tomas Luis de Victoria|Victoria]], [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrina]], [[Orlande de Lassus|Lassus]], and other notable composers of the 16th century used this technique, also called marichu chollu. Song parodies can be filled with mishearings known as [[mondegreen]]s. See also the main article on [[parody music|musical parody]].
==English term==
The first usage of the word ''parody'' in English cited in the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' is in [[Ben Jonson]], in ''Every Man in His Humour'' in [[1598]]: "A Parodie, a parodie! to make it absurder than it was." The next notable citation comes from [[John Dryden]] in [[1693]], who also appended an explanation, suggesting that the word was not in common use.
==Modernist and post-modernist parody==
In the broader sense of Greek ''parodia'', parody can occur when whole elements of one work are lifted out of their context and reused, not necessarily to be ridiculed. Hutcheon argues that this sense of parody has again become prevalent in the [[Twentieth Century]], as artists have sought to connect with the past while registering differences brought by [[modernity]]. Major modernist examples of this recontextualizing parody include [[James Joyce]]'s ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', which incorporates elements of [[Homer]]'s [[Odyssey]] in a [[Twentieth Century|Twentieth-Century]] Irish context, and [[T. S. Eliot]]'s ''[[The Waste Land]]'', which incorporates and recontextualizes elements of a vast range of prior texts.
blank parody, in which an artist takes the skeletal form of another art work and places it in a new context without ridiculing it, is common. [[Pastiche]] is a closely related [[genre]], and parody can also occur when characters or settings belonging to one work are used in a humorous or ironic way in another, such as the transformation of minor characters [[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern]] from [[Shakespeare]]'s drama [[Hamlet]] into the principal characters in a comedic perspective on the same events in the play (and film) [[Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead]]. In [[Flann O'Brien]]'s novel ''[[At Swim-Two-Birds]]'', for example, mad [[King Sweeney]], [[Fionn mac Cumhaill|Finn MacCool]], a [[pookah]], and an assortment of [[cowboy]]s all assemble in an inn in [[Dublin]]: the mixture of mythic characters, characters from [[genre]] fiction, and a quotidian setting combine for a humor that is not directed at any of the characters or their authors. This combination of established and identifiable characters in a new setting is not the same as the post-modernist habit of using historical characters in fiction out of context to provide a metaphoric element.
==Reputation==
Sometimes the reputation of a parody outlasts the reputation of what is being parodied. For example, [[Don Quixote]], which mocks the traditional [[knight errant]] tales, is much better known than the novel that inspired it, [[Amadis de Gaula]] (although Amadis is mentioned in the book). Another notable case is the [[novel]] ''[[Shamela]]'' by [[Henry Fielding]] ([[1742]]), which was a parody of the gloomy [[epistolary novel]] ''[[Pamela (novel)|Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded]]'' ([[1740]]) by [[Samuel Richardson]]. Many of [[Lewis Carroll]]'s parodies, such as "[[You Are Old, Father William]]", are much better known than the originals. In more recent times, the television sitcom [['Allo 'Allo!]] is much better known than the drama [[Secret Army (TV series)|Secret Army]] that originated it.
Also, some artists carve out careers by making parodies. One of the best-known examples is that of [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]. His career of parodying other musical acts and their songs has outlasted many of the artists or bands he has parodied. It is worth mentioning that while he is not required under law to get permission to parody, as a personal rule, however, he does seek permission to parody a person's song before recording it. This is to help maintain good relations with others in the music industry, and has become something of a badge of honor for other artists, since many artists parodied by Yankovic felt that he would not choose to create a parody of a song or genre that was not successful. There was, however, one incident in which "Weird Al" did not get full permission. This was because of a misunderstanding that Al had with the agent of another music artist.
The point that in most cases a parody of a work constitutes fair use was upheld in the case of [[Rick Dees]], who decided to use 29 seconds of the music from the song ''When Sonny Gets Blue'' to parody [[Johnny Mathis]] singing style even after being refused permission. An appeals court upheld the trial court's decision that this type of parody represents fair use. ''[[Fisher v. Dees]]'' [[Court citation|794 F.2d 432]] (9th Cir. 1986)
New technology, such as [[MP3]] and the [[internet]], have offered new avenues for parody. [[JibJab]], for instance, published a critical video of [[George W. Bush]].
==Film parodies==
Some [[Genre|genre theorists]], following [[Bakhtin]], see parody as a natural development in the life cycle of any [[genre]]; this idea has proven especially fruitful for genre film theorists. Such theorists note that [[Western movie]]s, for example, after the classic stage defined the conventions of the genre, underwent a parody stage, in which those same conventions were ridiculed and critiqued. Because audiences had seen these classic Westerns, they had expectations for any new Westerns, and when these expectations were inverted, the audience laughed.
A subset of parody is ''[[self-parody]]'' in which artists satirize themselves (as in [[Ricky Gervais]]'s ''[[Extras (sitcom)|Extras]]'') or their work (such as [[Antonio Banderas]]'s [[Puss in Boots (Shrek)|Puss in Boots]] in ''[[Shrek 2]]''), or an artist or genre repeats elements of earlier works to the point that originality is lost.
==Copyright issues==
Although a parody can be considered a [[derivative work]] under [[United States Copyright Law]], it can be protected from claims by the copyright owner of the original work under the [[fair use]] doctrine, which is codified in [http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/html/uscode17/usc_sec_17_00000107----000-.html 17 USC § 107]. The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] stated that parody "is the use of some elements of a prior author's composition to create a new one that, at least in part, comments on that author's works." That commentary function provides some justification for use of the older work. See ''[[Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.]]''
In 2001, the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit|United States Court of Appeals, 11th Circuit]], in ''[[Suntrust v. Houghton Mifflin]]'', upheld the right of [[Alice Randall]] to publish a parody of ''[[Gone with the Wind]]'' called ''[[The Wind Done Gone]]'', which told the same story from the point of view of [[Scarlett O'Hara]]'s slaves, who were glad to be rid of her.
Parodying [[music]] is legal in the U.K, United States, and Canada.
==Social and political uses==
Parody is closely related to [[satire]] and is often used in conjunction with it to make social and political points. Examples include [[Jonathan Swift|Swift]]'s [[A Modest Proposal]], which satirizes English neglect of Ireland by parodying emotionally disengaged political tracts, and, in contemporary culture, [[The Daily Show]] and [[The Colbert Report]], which parody a news broadcast and a talk show, respectively, to satirize political and social trends and events. Some events, such as a national tragedy, can be difficult to handle. Chet Clem, Editorial Manager of the news parody publication ''[[The Onion]]'', told ''[[Wikinews]]'' in an interview the questions that are raised when addressing difficult topics:
{{cquote|I know the [[9/11|September 11]] issue was an obviously very large challenge to approach. Do we even put out an issue? What is funny at this time in American history? Where are the jokes? Do people want jokes right now? Is the nation ready to laugh again? Who knows. There will always be some level of division in the back room. It’s also what keeps us on our toes.<ref name=DS>[http://en.wikinews.org/wiki/The_Onion:_An_interview_with_%27America%27s_Finest_News_Source%27 An interview with The Onion], David Shankbone, ''[[Wikinews]]'', November 25, 2007.</ref>}}
However, satire is usually used when someone is earnestly trying to push for change. Parodies are sometimes done with respect and appreciation of the subject involved, while not being a heedless sarcastic attack.
Parody has also been used to facilitate dialogue between cultures or subcultures. Sociolinguist [[Mary Louise Pratt]] identifies parody as one of the "arts of the contact zone," through which marginalized or oppressed groups "selectively appropriate," or imitate and take over, aspects of more empowered cultures. [http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~stripp/2504/pratt.html]
Shakespeare often uses a series of parodies to convey his meaning. In the social context of his era the best example can be seen in [[King Lear]] were the fool is introduced with his coxcomb to be a parody of the king.
==Educational aspects==
Parody is an important element of student writing, David Bartholomae argues, because students imitate and alter academic forms in an attempt to master those forms.
Also, parody arguably sometimes makes [[canonical]] works accessible to larger audiences by presenting them humorously; see, for example, parodies of [[Edgar Allan Poe|Poe]]'s "[[The Raven]]" and "[[The Tell-Tale Heart]]" on [[The Simpsons]].
==See also==
* [[Intertextuality]]
* [[Literary technique]]
* [[Parody advertisement]]
* [[Parody music]]
* [[Parody religion]]
* [[Parody science]]
* [[Subvertising]]
* [[Joke]]
==Examples==
===Historical examples===
* ''[[Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas|Sir Thopas]]'' in [[Canterbury Tales]], by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]
* ''[[Don Quixote]]'' by Miguel [[Cervantes]]
* ''[[Beware the Cat]]'' by [[William Baldwin]]
* ''[[The Knight of the Burning Pestle]]'' by [[Francis Beaumont]] and [[John Fletcher (playwright)|John Fletcher]]
* ''[[Dragon of Wantley]]'', an anonymous 17th century ballad
* ''[[Hudibras]]'' by [[Samuel Butler (poet)|Samuel Butler]]
* "[[MacFlecknoe]]", by [[John Dryden]]
* ''[[A Tale of a Tub]]'' by [[Jonathan Swift]]
* ''[[The Rape of the Lock]]'' by [[Alexander Pope]]
* ''[[Namby Pamby]]'' by [[Henry Carey]]
* ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]'' by Jonathan Swift
* ''[[The Dunciad]]'' by [[Alexander Pope]]
* ''[[Memoirs of Martinus Scriblerus]]'' by [[John Gay]], Alexander Pope, [[John Arbuthnot]], ''et al.''
* ''[[Kat Kong]]''by Dav Pilkey
* ''[[The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abissinia]]'' [''[[sic]]''] by [[Samuel Johnson]]
* [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]'s ''[[A Musical Joke]]'' (''Ein musikalischer Spaß''), K.522 (1787) - parody of incompetent contemporaries of Mozart, as assumed by some theorists
* ''[[Sartor Resartus]]'' by [[Thomas Carlysle]]
* ''[[Ways and Means]]'', or ''The aged, aged man'', by [[Lewis Carroll]]. Much of ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'' and ''[[Through the Looking-Glass]]'' is parodic of [[Victorian era|Victorian]] schooling.
* ''[[Batrachomuomachia]]'' (battle between frogs and mice) , an [[Iliad]] parody by an unknown ancient Greek author
* [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/html/1807/4350/poem2008.html ''A Sonnet''] by [[J K Stephen]], an example of parody as serious literary criticism in that it draws attention to both the weaknesses and the strengths of the body of work it lampoons.
* ''[[Britannia Sitting On An Egg]]'' a machine-printed illustrated [[envelope]] published by the stationer W.R. Hume of Leith, Scotland, parodying the machine-printed illustrated envelope (commissioned by [[Rowland Hill (postal reformer)]] and designed by the artist [[William Mulready]]) used to launch the British postal service reforms of 1840.
===Contemporary examples===
* ''[[Swiss Family Guy Robinson]]'' - A Canadian play by [[impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]] [[Brian Froud (actor)|Brian Froud]] that parodies "[[The Swiss Family Robinson]]" and "[[Family Guy]]". [[20th Century Fox]] issued the show a [[cease and desist]] order over the telephone after mistakenly asserting that it relied on copyrighted material from "[[Family Guy]]".
<!--This list should contain examples OF parody, not of things/troupes/people that perform or include parodies; it should also remain a few well noted EXAMPLES and not every parody ever made-->
* [[Stan Freberg]]'s, [["Weird Al" Yankovic]]'s, [[Tom Lehrer]]'s, [[Cledus T. Judd]]'s, [[Bob Rivers]]', [[Art Paul Schlosser]]'s, [[Allan Sherman]]'s and [[Steve Goodie]]'s innumerable [[song]] parodies
* [[Mel Brooks]] films such as ''[[Spaceballs]]'', ''[[Robin Hood: Men In Tights]]'', and ''[[Blazing Saddles]]''
* [[Christopher Guest]]'s mockumentary films such as ''[[Waiting for Guffman]]'' (parodying theater documentaries) ''[[Best In Show]]'' (parodying [[dog show]]s) and ''[[A Mighty Wind]]'' (parodying music documentaries)
* ''[[Airplane!]]'' - parody of airplane disaster movies (namely ''[[Zero Hour!]]'').
* ''[[Austin Powers]]'' series - parodies of spy films, especially the [[James Bond]] series, and a broad range of [[popular culture]].
* [[National Lampoon magazine]] - numerous parodies in several different media
* ''[[The Boomer Bible]]'' - a book by [[R. F. Laird]], which parodies contemporary society and mores.
* ''[[The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged)]]'' – a parody of all of the plays of [[William Shakespeare]].
* [[CNNNN]] - an Australian parody of 24 hours cable news networks, such as [[CNN]] and [[Fox News]].
* ''[[The Daily Show]]'' - satirical news show on Comedy Central hosted by Jon Stewart.
* ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' - a parody of [[pundit (politics)|pundit]] programs, particularly ''[[The O'Reilly Factor]]''.
* ''[[Dead Ringers (comedy)|Dead Ringers]]'' - Is a [[BBC]] satirical radio and tv impressionist show.
* ''[[Don't Be A Menace To South Central While Drinking Your Juice In The Hood]]'' - A parody of coming-of-age 'hood movies' such as ''[[Juice (film)|Juice]]'', ''[[South Central (film)|South Central]]'', ''[[Higher Learning]]'', ''[[Do The Right Thing]]'', ''[[Menace II Society]]'', ''[[Poetic Justice]]'', ''[[New Jack City]]'', ''[[Dead Presidents]]'', and most prominently ''[[Boyz N the Hood]]''.
* ''[[Drawn Together]]'' - parodies the various genres of [[animation]], along with [[reality television|TV reality shows]].
* ''[[Facelift (TV series)]]'' - parodies of NZ Celebs, politicians, sports-people , advertisements and tv shows.
* ''[[Gooflumps]]'' - parodies the popular ''[[Goosebumps]]'' series of books
* ''[[Hot Shots!]]'' - A parody about the war film ''[[Top Gun (film)]]'' and other movies.
* ''[[The Institute of Internet History]]'' - a parody of Internet history and, more generally, the veracity of information on the Internet.
* ''[[The Kentucky Fried Movie]]'' - A parody of kung-fu movies, courtroom TV shows, women-in-prison movies, pornography, etc.
* ''[[Kung Fu Hustle]]'' - a movie by [[Steven Chow]] parodying Chinese [[wuxia]] films, as well as gangster films in general
* ''[[Landover Baptist Church]]'' - Parody of Southern Baptist hyper-religiosity.
* ''[[MAD Magazine]]'' - magazine that features parodies of movies, music, video games, and television shows.
* ''[[MADtv]] '' - an american show which parodies tv shows, celebs, inventions and everyday life problems
* [[Chris Morris (satirist)|Chris Morris]]'s ''[[The Day Today]]'' and ''[[Brass Eye]]'' - parodies of high paced self-important genre of [[TV news]] programmes
* ''[[The Naked Gun]]'' series - A parody of police movies and TV shows (based upon the ''[[Police Squad!]]'' TV series).
* ''[[Not Another Teen Movie]]'', a movie that parodies teen flicks such as ''[[She's All That]]'', ''[[American Pie (film)|American Pie]]'', ''[[The Breakfast Club]]'', ''[[Bring It On]]'' and various others.
* ''[[The Onion]]'' - parody of newspaper and magazine [[journalism]]
* ''[[The Regal Seagull]]'' - parody of news based on the strangeness of Utah politics, people, and events [[journalism]]
* ''[[Parodius]]'' - parody of the side-scrolling video game [[Gradius]] as well as other [[Konami]] franchises
* ''[[Perfect Hair Forever]]''- an anime parody on [[adult swim]].
* ''[[El Privilegio de Mandar]]'' - is a Mexican [[politic]] parody. It's also the most popular parody in the country.
* ''[[Radio Active]]'' - BBC parody of poorly funded rural local commercial radio
* ''[[Real Stories]]'' - a parody of Australian current affairs television.
* ''[[Reno 911!]]'' - a parody of the reality series [[COPS (TV series)]].
* ''[[Eating Media Lunch]]'' - a parody of New Zealand current affairs television.
* ''[[Restart]]'' - theatrical parody of British politics by the UK's Komedy Kollective.
* ''[[The Rutles]] - parody of [[The Beatles]]
* ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]]'' a parody of the slasher horror genre
* ''[[Scary Movie]]'' (Quadrilogy) - Parodies of horror movies such as ''[[Scream (film)|Scream]], [[I Know What You Did Last Summer]], [[The Exorcist (film)|The Exorcist]], [[The Haunting (1999 film)|The Haunting]], [[Signs (film)|Signs]], [[The Ring (2002 film)|The Ring]], [[The Grudge]], [[Saw]]'' etc. Followed by ''[[Epic Movie]]'' and ''[[Date Movie]]''
* ''[[Second City Television]]'' - parody of North American network television programming.
* [[Attack of the Killer Tomatoes]] - A cult favorite parody of monster movies and musicals that spawned three sequels, a video game, and a TV series
* ''[[Soap (TV series)|Soap]]'' - soap-opera parody
* ''[[The Twelfth Man]]'' - Australian parody of [[Nine Network]] [[Cricket]] TV coverage.
* ''[[The Sunday Format]]'' - BBC radio parody of vacuous lifestyle journalism
* ''[[This Is Spinal Tap]]'', a spoof of the [[heavy metal music]] business, by [[Rob Reiner]]
* ''[[Underneath the Bunker]]'', a parody of a European literary journal
* ''[[Uncyclopedia]]'', a spoof of [[Wikipedia]] by [[Wikia]].
* '' [[National Lampoon]]'' - series of movies.
* '' [[Paral & Piped]]'' - French songs parodies.
* The [[Discworld]] series by [[Terry Prattchet]] parodies many different genre, from adventure to fantasy, to fairytales, detective police stories, to ancient myths
* [[Get Smart]] parodies the spy genre
* ''[[Excel Saga]]'' - a parody [[anime]] series that mocks a wide variety of genres.
* ''[[Gintama]]'' - a parody of Japanese culture, economy, and history.
===Visual examples===
{|
|-
| [[Image:Mona Lisa.jpg|right|thumb|Mona Lisa by [[Leonardo da Vinci]]. Original painting from circa 1503 – 1507. Oil on poplar.]]
| [[Image:Marcel Duchamp Mona Lisa LHOOQ.jpg|right|thumb|Duchamp's parody of the [[Mona Lisa]] adds a [[goatee]] and [[moustache]].]]
|}
[[Marcel Duchamp|Marcel Duchamp's]] [[Dadaism|Dadaist]] [[readymade]] [[L.H.O.O.Q.]] parodies [[Leonardo da Vinci|DaVinci's]] [[Mona Lisa]] by marring it with a goatee and moustache. In keeping with his Dadaist practices, which called artistic conventions and aesthetic assumptions into question, Duchamp paired his visual parody with a low pun; in French, when the letters "L.H.O.O.Q." are pronounced one after the other, the phrase sounds like "elle a chaud au cul", or "her ass is hot".
==References==
<references />
{{Wiktionary}}
{{Nofootnotes|date=February 2008}}
* Bakhtin, Mikhail (1981). ''The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays''. Ed. Michael Holquist. Trans. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist. Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1981. ISBN 0-292-71527-7.
* Caponi, Gena Dagel (1999). ''Signifyin(g), Sanctifyin', & Slam Dunking: A Reader in African American Expressive Culture''. University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-183-X.
*Dentith, Simon. ''Parody (The New Critical Idiom)''. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-18221-2.
* Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (1988) ''The Signifying Monkey: A Theory of Afro-American Literary Criticism''. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-503463-5.
* Gray, Jonathan. (2006) ''Watching with The Simpsons: Television, Parody, and Intertextuality''. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-4153-6202-4.
* Harries, Dan. (2000) ''Film Parody''. London: BFI. ISBN 0-851-70802-1.
* Hutcheon, Linda. ''A Theory of Parody: The Teachings of Twentieth-Century Art Forms' (1985). New York: Methuen. ISBN 0-252-06938-2.
* Pratt, Mary Louise. [http://www.nwe.ufl.edu/~stripp/2504/pratt.html "Arts of the Contact Zone"]
* Rose, Margaret. (1993) ''Parody: Ancient, Modern and Post-Modern''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-41860-7.
* [http://www.youtube.com/v/wLcyCZPJTRk Tnuva Spoof]
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[[Category:Humor]]
[[Category:Rhetoric]]
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