Pasteur Institute 866902 217375500 2008-06-05T19:33:52Z 78.149.184.145 /* Vaccines and Diagnostic Products */ The '''Pasteur Institute''' ([[French language|French]]: ''Institut Pasteur'') is a [[France|French]] [[non-profit]] private foundation dedicated to the study of [[biology]], [[microorganism]]s, [[disease]]s and [[vaccine]]s. It is named after [[Louis Pasteur]], its founder and first director, who had successfully developed the first [[antirabies serum]] in 1885. It was founded on [[June 4]], [[1887]] and inaugurated on [[November 14]], [[1888]]. For over a century, the Institut Pasteur has been at the forefront of the battle against [[infectious disease]]. This worldwide biomedical research organization based in [[Paris]] was the first to isolate [[HIV]], the virus that causes [[AIDS]], in [[1983]]. Over the years, it has been responsible for breakthrough discoveries that have enabled medical science to control such virulent diseases as [[diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], [[tuberculosis]], [[poliomyelitis]], [[influenza]], [[yellow fever]] and [[pandemic|plague]]. Since 1908, eight Pasteur Institute scientists have been awarded the [[Nobel Prize]] for medicine and physiology. ==History== The Institut Pasteur was founded in 1887 by Louis Pasteur, the French scientist whose early experiments with [[fermentation (biochemistry)|fermentation]] led to pioneering research in [[bacteriology]]. A giant in [[science]], Pasteur discovered the principle of [[Sterilization (microbiology)|sterilization]] which came to be known as "[[pasteurization]]." His discoveries led to the universal practice of surgical [[antisepsis]]. He also developed techniques of vaccination to control bacterial infection, as well as a successful vaccine to treat [[rabies]]. Louis Pasteur was committed both to basic research and its practical applications. As soon as his institute was created, Pasteur brought together scientists with various specialties. The first five departments were directed by two ''normaliens'' (graduates of the [[Ecole Normale Supérieure]]): [[Emile Duclaux]] (general [[microbiology]] research) and [[Charles Chamberland]] (microbe research applied to [[hygiene]]), as well as a [[biologist]], [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]] (morphological microbe research) and two [[physician]]s, [[Jacques-Joseph Grancher]] ([[rabies]]) and [[Emile Roux]] (technical microbe research). One year after the inauguration of the Institut Pasteur, Roux set up the first course of microbiology ever taught in the world, then entitled ''Cours de Microbie Technique'' (Course of microbe research techniques). Pasteur's successors have sustained this tradition, and it is reflected in the Institut Pasteur's unique history of accomplishment: * [[Emile Roux]] and [[Alexandre Yersin]] discovered the mechanism of action of [[Corynebacterium diphtheriae]] and how to treat diphtheria with [[antitoxin]]s; * [[Alexandre Yersin]] discovered in [[1894]] the pathogen of [[bubonic plague]], ''[[Yersinia pestis]]''; * [[Paul-Louis Simond]] discovered in 1898 the role of the [[flea]] in the transmission of plague; * [[Albert Calmette]] and [[Camille Guérin]] discovered how to culture the [[tuberculosis]] bacillus, ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' (so called BCG or [[Bacillus Calmette-Guérin]]) and developed in [[1921]] the first effective antituberculosis vaccine; * [[Alphonse Laveran]] got the [[1907]] Nobel Prize for his research on the role of [[protozoans]] as disease agents (notably, his discovery of the [[malaria]] hematozoon) * [[Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov]] received the Nobel Prize in [[1908]] for contributions to scientific understanding of the [[immune system]] * [[Constantin Levaditi]] and [[Karl Landsteiner]] demonstrated in [[1910]] that [[poliomyelitis]] is due to a filterable virus; * [[Félix d'Herelle]] discovered in 1917 the [[bacteriophage]], a virus that spread only inside bacteria; * [[Jules Bordet]] received the Nobel prize in [[1919]] for his discoveries on [[immunity (medical)|immunity]], especially the implication of [[antibodies]] and the mechanisms of action of the complement; * [[Charles Nicolle]] received the Nobel prize in [[1928]] for unraveling the mystery of how [[typhus]] is transmitted, especially the role of the [[louse]]; * [[Jean Laigret]] developed in 1932 the first vaccine for [[yellow fever]]; * [[André Lwoff]] established in [[1951]] the existence of [[provirus]]es * [[Pierre Lépine]] developed in [[1954]] one of the first antipolio vaccines * [[Jean-Pierre Changeux]] isolated in [[1970]] the first receptor to a [[neurotransmitter]], the [[acetylcholine]] receptor. * [[Luc Montagnier]] and colleagues discovered the two HIV viruses that cause [[AIDS]], in [[1983]] and [[1985]]. The biggest mistake by the Institute was ignoring a dissertation by [[Ernest Duchesne]] on the use of [[Penicillium glaucum]] to cure infections in [[1897]]. The early exploitation of his discovery might have saved millions of lives, especially in [[World War I]]. A new age of [[preventive medicine]] in France was made possible by such developments from the Pasteur Institute as vaccines for [[tuberculosis]], [[diphtheria]], [[tetanus]], [[yellow fever]], [[poliomyelitis]], and [[hepatitis B]]. The discovery and use of [[sulfonamides]] in treating infections was another breakthrough. Some researchers won fame by discovering [[antitoxin]]s and [[Daniel Bovet]] received the [[1957]] Nobel Prize for his discoveries on synthetic anti-histamines and [[curare|curarizing]] compounds. Since [[World War II]], Pasteur researchers have sharply focused on [[molecular biology]]. Their achievements were recognized in [[1965]], when the Nobel Prize was shared by [[François Jacob]], [[Jacques Monod]] and [[André Lwoff]] for their work on the regulation of [[virus]]es. In 1985, the first human vaccine obtained by genetic engineering from animal cells, the vaccine against hepatitis B, was developed by [[Pierre Tiollais]] and collaborators. [[Image:Institut Pasteur, Paris 1.jpg|thumb|The building hosting the Museum and the funeral chapel of Pasteur]] == Pasteur's Museum and Tomb == The [[Musée Pasteur]] (Pasteur museum [http://www.pasteur.fr/english.html]) is located in the South wing of the first building occupied by the Pasteur Institute, which was inaugurated on November 14th, 1888. Established in 1936, this museum houses the memory of Louis Pasteur's life and work in the vast apartment where he lived during the last seven years of his life, from 1888 to 1895. This museum also includes the collection of scientific objects illustrating the scientist's work, as well as the Byzantine funeral chapel where Pasteur is buried. ==Institut Pasteur today== Today, the Institut Pasteur is one of the world's leading [[research center]]s; it houses 100 research units and close to 2,700 people, including 500 permanent [[scientist]]s and another 600 scientists visiting from 70 countries annually. The Institut Pasteur is also a global network of 24 foreign institutes devoted to medical problems in [[developing countries]]; a graduate study center and an epidemiological screening unit. The international network is present in the following cities and countries: * [[Algiers]], [[Algeria]] * [[Bangui]], [[Central African Republic]] * [[Brussels]], [[Belgium]] * [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]] * [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] * [[Dakar]], [[Senegal]] * [[Pointe-à-Pitre]], [[Guadeloupe]] * [[Cayenne]], [[French Guyana]] * [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Nha Trang]] and [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]] * [[Tehran]], [[Iran]]: ([[Pasteur Institute of Iran]]) * [[Abidjan]], [[Côte d'Ivoire]] * [[Tananarive]], [[Madagascar]] * [[Casablanca]], [[Morocco]] * [[Nouméa]], [[New Caledonia]] * [[St Petersburg]], [[Russia]] * [[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]] * [[Athens]], [[Greece]] * [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]] * [[Bucharest]], [[Romania]] * [[Niamey]], [[Niger]] * [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]] * [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]] * [[Shanghai]], [[China]] * Pasteur Foundation, [[New York]], [[USA]] * Canadian Pasteur Foundation, [[Montreal]], [[Canada]] * [http://www.hkupasteur.hku.hk Hong Kong University - Pasteur Research Centre] [[Hong Kong]], [[China]] * [[Pasteur Institute of India]], [[Coonoor]], [[India]] [http://mohfw.nic.in/kk/95/ib/95ib0l01.htm] ==Research Centers== The Institute Pasteur Paris has twelve research departments: * [[Structural biology]] and [[Chemistry]] * Structure and Dynamic of [[Genome]]s * Fundamental and Medical [[Microbiology]] * Microbial [[Pathogenesis]] * [[Cell biology]] and [[Infection]] * [[Virology]] * [[Parasitology]] * [[Developmental biology]] * [[Neuroscience]] * [[Immunology]] * [[Molecular medicine]] * [[Ecosystem]]s and [[Epidemiology]] of [[Infectious diseases]] In addition to the isolation of [[HIV-1]] and [[HIV-2]], in the recent past researchers at the Pasteur Institute have developed a test for the early detection of [[colon cancer]], produced a [[genetic engineering|genetically engineered]] vaccine against hepatitis B and a rapid diagnostic test for the detection of the ''[[Helicobacter pylori]]'' [[bacterium]] which is implicated in the formation of [[stomach ulcers]]. Other research in progress includes the study of [[cancer]] and specifically the investigation of the role of [[oncogene]]s, the identification of [[tumor marker]]s for diagnostic tests and the development of new treatments. One area of particular interest is the study of human papilloma viruses ([[HPV]]) and their role in [[cervical cancer]]s. Researchers are currently focusing on the development of various vaccines against many diseases including AIDS, [[malaria]], [[dengue fever]] and the [[Shigella]] bacterium. Currently, an extensive line of research aims at determining the complete [[genome]] sequences of several organisms of medical importance, in the hope of finding new therapeutic approaches. The Institute has contributed to genome-sequencing projects of the common [[yeast]] (''[[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]]'', an organism which was so important for Louis Pasteur's history), completed in 1996, ''[[Bacillus subtilis]]'' completed in 1997, ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'' completed in 1998. ==Teaching Center== Since its founding, the Institut Pasteur has brought together scientists from many different disciplines for postgraduate study. Today, approximately 300 graduate students and 500 postdoctoral trainees from close to 40 different countries participate in postgraduate study programs at the Institute. They include [[pharmacists]] and [[veterinarians]], as well as doctors, chemists and other scientists. ==Epidemiological Reference Center== Strains of bacteria and viruses from many different countries are sent to the Institute's reference center for identification. In addition to maintaining this vital epidemiological resource, the Institute serves as advisor to the French government and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) of the [[United Nations]]. Pasteur scientists also help to monitor [[epidemics]] and control outbreaks of infectious diseases throughout the world. These activities have created a close collaboration between the Institute and the U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC). ==Vaccines and Diagnostic Products== Production and marketing of [[diagnostic test]]s developed in the Institute laboratories are the responsibility of ''Sanofi Diagnostics Pasteur'', a subsidiary of the French pharmaceutical firm Sanofi, while production and marketing of vaccines are the responsibility of Pasteur Mérieux, Sérums et Vaccins''. he is a beg mate.! ==Structure and Support== As a private, non-profit organization, the Institut Pasteur is governed by an independent Board of Directors, currently chaired by François Ailleret. The Director General of the Pasteur Institute is Alice Dautry. By drawing financial support from many different sources, the Institute protects its autonomy and guarantees the independence of its scientists. The Institute's funding includes French government subsidies, consulting fees, licensing royalties, contract revenue and private contributions. ==External links== * [http://www.pasteur.fr/english.html Pasteur Institute official site] * [http://nobelprize.org/medicine/articles/jacob/ Monod, J.: The Pasteur Institute]. The Nobel Foundation. ==Source== * [http://www.pasteur.fr/pasteur/presentation/IP.html Adapted from Institut Pasteur presentation] * [http://www.pasteur.fr/pasteur/histoire/histoireUS/Histoire.html The History of Institut Pasteur] * [http://fond-merieux.org/ Fondation Mérieux] * [http://www.pasteur.edu.uy/ Institut Pasteur Montevideo] [[Category:Louis Pasteur]] [[Category:1887 establishments]] [[Category:Medical research institutes]] [[Category:Research institutes in France]] [[bg:Институт „Пастьор“]] [[ca:Institut Pasteur]] [[de:Institut Pasteur]] [[es:Instituto Pasteur]] [[fa:انستیتو پاستور]] [[fr:Institut Pasteur]] [[gl:Instituto Pasteur]] [[it:Istituto Pasteur]] [[he:מכון פסטר]] [[ja:パスツール研究所]] [[pl:Instytut Pasteura]] [[sr:Пастеров институт]] [[zh:巴斯德研究院]]