Pederasty 220423 225728396 2008-07-15T03:02:07Z 76.118.243.254 /* Criminality */ {{ otheruses4|pederastic relationships between men and adolescent males|the paraphilia referring to attraction to pre-adolescent children|Pedophilia}} {{refimprove|date=June 2008}} '''Pederasty''' or '''paederasty''' refers to an erotic relationship, sexually expressed or not, between an adolescent boy and an adult male outside his immediate family. Pederasty has existed from earliest times through a variety of customs and practices within different cultures. Though occasionally criminalized in the past, currently it is legal in most nations when the boy has reached the local age of consent. In the West it is best represented by the institutions of [[Ancient Greece]], where it reached its cultural zenith in 5th century BC Athens ''(see [[Athenian pederasty]]).'' There it was the subject of philosophic debates in which the carnal aspects were unfavorably compared with erotic but spiritual and restrained manifestations (''see [[Pederasty#The Greeks|The Greeks]] below''). While male love in antiquity was generally subject to various limitations, its late Roman era criminalization, together with the later persecution of homosexuals during the [[Middle Ages]] and the [[Renaissance]], <ref name="History">Louis Crompton, ''Homosexuality and Civilization,'' pp32-48, pp136-149, & passim</ref> stemmed from the growing Christian influence in Europe. Anthropologists propose three subdivisions of [[homosexuality]] as age-structured, [[Gay community|egalitarian]] and [[Transgender|gender-structured]]<ref>[http://www2.fmg.uva.nl/gl/queerant.html ''Queering Anthropology'' Theo Sandfort e.a. (eds) ''Lesbian and Gay Studies,'' London/NY, Routledge, 2000 ]</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Greenberg, David F. |title=The construction of homosexuality |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=1990 |pages= 25|isbn=0-226-30628-3 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>. Some researchers have argued that pederasty as a cross-cultural phenomenon is the predominant expression of male-male sexuality as viewed through historical record, though the practice has varied significantly within different cultures.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_4_35/ai_/pg_4 Bruce Rind, Journal of Sex Research, Nov, 1998: ''Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks'']</ref> An alternative classification takes a broad historical perspective of male homosexual practice according to three cultural models: the Greek model, the [[Melanesian]] model, and the Western model.<ref name="Model">[http://www.mygenes.co.nz/Ch6.pdf ''My Genes Made Me Do It – a scientific look at Sexual Orientation'' – Neil and Briar Whitehead. Chapter 6, sub-heading, Variations in Homosexuality: intro, & 'The Western Model']</ref> Of these, the first two represent pederastic practices, and the last, a comparatively recent evolution, relations between adults. Today, the Greek model is practised in secret, while the Melanesian - associated mainly with [[Papua New Guinea]] - died out before the end of the twentieth century. Pederastic practices have been utilized for the purpose of coming-of-age rituals, the acquisition of virility and manly virtue, education, and development of military skill and ethics. These were often paralleled by the [[Prostitution|commercial use]] of boys for sexual gratification, going as far as enslavement and castration. The evanescent beauty of adolescent boys has been a topos in poetry and art, from [[Classical times]] to the [[Middle East]], the [[Near East]] and [[Central Asia]], [[imperial China]], pre-modern [[Japan]], the [[European Renaissance]] and into modern times. The Western model of age-similar homosexual relations, currently prevalent in modern industrialized societies, is seen by researchers as a departure from this norm since it has rarely appeared as a pattern in other times and places. Unlike the other models, it ‘assumes that homosexuality is not merely a behavior, but something innate to a person’s real being.’<ref name="Model" /> ==Age range== Some modern observers restrict the age to "generally between twelve and seventeen"<ref name=GLBTQ/>, though historically the spread was somewhat greater, and it is understood that while the younger pertner must, in some sense, not be fully mature, that could nevertheless accommodate young men in their late teen or early twenties in relationship with an older man.<ref>David Menasco, "Pederasty" in the ''Encyclopedia of Gay Histories and Cultures:'' Volume 2; p.672</ref> While relationships in ancient Greece involved boys from 12 to about 17 or 18 (Cantarella, 1992; Percy, 1996), in Japan the younger member ranged in age from 11 to about 19 (Saikaku, 1990; Schalow, 1989).<ref>Bruce Rind, ''Biased Use of Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives on Male Homosexuality in Human Sexuality Textbooks'' in ''Journal of Sex Research,'' Nov, 1998[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2372/is_4_35/ai_53390357/pg_1]</ref> ==Historical synopsis== [[Image:Cretan hunters Louvre Br93.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Man and youth. Cretan ex-voto from Hermes and Aphrodite shrine at Kato Syme; Bronze, ca. 670-650BCE]] In antiquity, pederasty as an [[educational institution]] for the inculcation of moral and cultural values, as well as a form of sexual expression, entered history from the Archaic period onwards in [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|Ancient Greece]], though [[Cretan pederasty|Cretan ritual objects]] reflecting an already formalized practice date to the late [[Minoan civilization]], around 1650 BCE.<ref>Bruce L. Gerig, "Homosexuality in the Ancient Near East, beyond Egypt", in ''HOMOSEXUALITY AND THE BIBLE,'' Supplement 11A, 2005</ref> As idealized by the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]],<ref>Plato, ''Phaedrus''; passim</ref> pederasty was a [[intimate relationship|relationship]] and bond – whether sexual or chaste – between an [[adolescent]] [[boy]] and an [[adult]] [[man]] outside of his immediate family. While most Greek men engaged in relations with both women and boys,<ref>J.K. Dover, ''Greek Homosexuality''; passim</ref> exceptions to the rule were known, some avoiding relations with women, and others rejecting relations with boys. In [[Ancient Rome|Rome]], relations with boys took a more informal and less civic path, men either taking advantage of dominant social status to extract sexual favors from their social inferiors, or carrying on illicit relationships with freeborn boys.<ref>Crompton, op.cit., pp.79-82</ref> Analogous relations were documented among other ancient peoples, such as the [[Thrace|Thracians]],<ref>[[Ovid]], ''Metamorphoses,'' 10.67-85 </ref> the [[Celts]] and various [[Germanic peoples]] such as the [[Heruli]] and the [[Taifali]].<ref>[[Ammianus Marcellinus]], ''Rerum Gestarum,'' XXXI 9.5</ref> According to [[Plutarch]], the ancient [[Persian Empire|Persians]], too, had long practiced it, an opinion seconded by [[Sextus Empiricus]] who asserted that the laws of the Persians "recommended" the practice.<ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/eresources/exhibitions/sw25/bentham/index.html#01 Jeremy Bentham, ''Offences Against One's Self'' ''Journal of Homosexuality,'' v.3:4(1978), p.389-405; continued in v.4:1(1978)]</ref> [[Herodotus]], however, asserts they learned copulation with boys ''(παισὶ μίσγονται)'' from the Greeks,<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories,'' I.135</ref> by the use of that term reducing their practice to what [[John Addington Symonds]] describes as the "vicious form" of pederasty,<ref>J. A. Symonds, ''A Problem in Greek Ethics;'' V.</ref> as opposed to the more restrained and cultured one valued by the Greeks. Plutarch, however, counters Herodotus by pointing out that the Persians had been castrating boys long before being exposed to the mores of the Greeks.<ref>Plutarch, ''On the Malice of Herodotus;''13</ref> Opposition to the carnal aspects of pederasty existed concurrently with the practice, both within and outside of the cultures in which it was found. Among the Greeks, a few cities prohibited it, and in others, such as [[Spartan pederasty|Sparta]], only the chaste form of pederasty was permitted, according to some ancient commentators. Likewise, Plato's writings devalue and finally condemn sexual intercourse with the boys one loved, while valuing the self-disciplined lover who abstained from consummating the relationship.<ref>Plato, ''Phaedrus'', passim</ref> The Judaeo-Christian faiths also condemned [[sodomy]] (while defining that term variously), a theme later promulgated by Islam and, later still, by the [[Homosexuality and Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i Faith]]. Within the Baha'i faith, pederasty is the only mention of any type of homosexuality by [[Bahá'u'lláh]]. "We shrink, for very shame, from treating of the subject of boys. Fear ye the Merciful, O peoples of the world! Commit not that which is forbidden you in Our Holy Tablet, and be not of those who rove distractedly in the wilderness of their desires."<ref>Bahá'u'lláh, The Kitab-i-Aqdas, p. 58</ref> Within this blanket condemnation of sodomy, pederasty in particular was a target. The second century preacher [[Clement of Alexandria]] used divine pederasty as an indictment of [[Greek religion]]: "For your gods did not abstain even from boys. One loved Hylas, another Hyacinthus, another Pelops, another Chrysippus, another Ganymedes. These are the gods your wives are to worship!"<ref>Clement of Alexandria, Exhortation to the Greeks 2.28P</ref> The early Christian [[Roman Empire|Roman emperors]] quashed pederasty, together with the other overtly sexual manifestations of Greco-Roman religion and culture, as part of the imposition of Christianity as a state religion<ref name="History"/>. Early legal codes prescribed harsh penalties for violators. The law code of the [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] king [[Chindasuinth]] called for both partners to be "[[Emasculation|emasculated]] without delay, and be delivered up to the [[bishop]] of the [[diocese]] where the deed was committed to be placed in solitary confinement in a prison." <ref>[http://libro.uca.edu/vcode/vg3-5.htm The Library of Iberian Resources, The Visigothic Code: (Forum judicum) ed. S. P. Scott, Book III: Concerning Marriage, Title V: Concerning Incest, Apostasy, and Pederasty]</ref> These punishments were often linked to the penance given after the [[Sacrament of Confession]]. At [[Rome]], the punishment was burning at the stake since the time of [[Theodosius I]] (390). Nonetheless the practice continued to surface, giving rise to proverbs such as ''With wine and boys around, the monks have no need of the Devil to tempt them,'' an early Christian saying from the Middle East.<ref>Abbott, E., ''A History of Celibacy,'' New York, 2000; p.101</ref> Pederasty was notable in [[Moorish Spain]],<ref>Arié, Rachel. ''España musulmana'' (Siglos VIII-XV) in ''Historia de España,'' ed. Manuel Tuñón de Lara, III. Barcelona: Labor, 1984.</ref> and [[Tuscany]] and northern [[Italy]] during the [[Renaissance]].<ref>Michael Rocke, ''Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and male Culture in Renaissance Florence,'' Oxford, 1996</ref><ref>Guido Ruggiero, ''The Boundaries of Eros: Sex Crime and Sexuality in Renaissance Venice,'' Oxford, 1985</ref> Elsewhere, it was practiced in [[Shudo|pre-Modern Japan]] until the [[Meiji restoration]],<ref>T. Watanabe & J. Iwata, ''The Love of the Samurai: A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality,'' London: GMP Publishers, 1987</ref> in [[Mughal]] [[India]] until the British colonization, amongst the [[Aztec]]s and [[Maya peoples|Maya]] prior to the [[Spanish conquest of Mexico]] and in [[China]] and [[Central Asia]] until the early 20th century. In [[Pederasty in the Middle East|the Islamic world]] spiritual pederasty was incorporated into many mystic [[Nazar ill'al-murd|Sufi]] teachings. The tradition of pederasty persists to the present day in certain areas of [[Afghanistan]], the [[Middle East]], and [[Maghreb|North Africa]].{{cn|date=June 2008}} Sexual expression between adults and adolescents is not well studied and since the 1990s has been often conflated with [[pedophilia]]. Nonetheless, such relationships have raised issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth, and parental authority. They also raise issues of legality in those cases where the minor is below the [[age of consent]]. Homosexual pederasty has been deemed beneficial by ancient philosophers, Japanese [[samurai]], and modern writers such as [[Oscar Wilde]]. In many societies, it was justified on the grounds that love was the best foundation for teaching courage as well as civic and cultural values, and that man-boy relations were superior to relations with a woman. Today, some commentators consider that they have a negative effect on the psychological development of the youth. [[Rind et al. (1998)|A study countering both positions, authored by Bruce Rind and others]], was published by the American Psychological Association in 1998. ''See [[Historical pederastic relationships]] and [[Pederasty in the modern world]]''. == Etymology and usage == “Pederasty” derives from the combination of “{{Polytonic|παίδ-}}” (the Greek stem for ''boy''<ref>Marguerite Johnson, Terry Ryan''Sexuality in Greek and Roman Society and Literature: A Sourcebook'' p.110</ref> or ''child''<ref>Liddell and Scott, 1968 p.585</ref>) with “{{Polytonic|ἐραστής}}” (Greek for ''lover''; cf. “[[eros (love)|eros]]”). Late [[Latin]] “pæderasta” was borrowed in the sixteenth century directly from Plato’s classical Greek in ''The Symposium.'' (Latin transliterates “{{Polytonic|αί}}” as “ae”.) The word first appeared in the English language during the [[Renaissance]], as “pæderastie” (e.g. in [[Samuel Purchas]]' ''Pilgrimage.''), in the sense of sexual relations between men and boys. Beside its use in the classical sense, the term has also been used as a synonym for anal sex, irrespective of the nature of the partner. A nineteenth century sexological treatise discusses men practicing the "insertion of the penis into the anus of women," as "pederasty with their wives."<ref>Richard Krafft-Ebing, ''Psychopathia Sexualis.'' p.397; Arcade, 1998</ref> In modern academic parlance, however, “pederasty” is used as a generic term which represents the cultural phenomenon of erotic relationships between men and adolescent boys, wherever encountered. ''(See “Reference” section below, esp. Hubbard, El-Rouayheb, Sergent, Percy, Dover, Leupp, and many others.)'' For example, pederasty has been defined as “The erotic relationship between an adult male and a youth, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection.”<ref name="GLBTQ">[http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/pederasty.html ''Pederasty'', An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture, Vern L. Bullough]</ref> Another, more detailed version indicates likewise but stipulates that such a relationship is pederastic "whether or not the liaison leads to overt sexual contact." "Pederasty is the erotic relationship between an adult male and a boy, generally one between the ages of twelve and seventeen, in which the older partner is attracted to the younger one who returns his affection, whether or not the liaison leads to overt sexual contact." <ref>[http://www.williamapercy.com/wiki/index.php/Encyclopedia_of_Homosexuality ''The Encyclopedia of Homosexuality'', Warren Johansson]</ref> Academic (historical, anthropological, and sexological) usage notwithstanding, some modern dictionary definitions restrict the meaning of the word to copulation between males. Some borrow the terminology of religious discourse, such as the ''Oxford Compact Edition,'' which offers “Unnatural connexion with a boy; sodomy”.<ref>[http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/pederasty?view=uk ''Definition of pederasty'', Oxford Dictionary Online]</ref> Others refer to the mechanics of copulation, such as the ''Merriam-Webster'' (on-line edition): “one who practices anal intercourse especially with a boy”,<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pederasty ''Definition of Pederasty'', Merriam Webster Online Dictionary]</ref> or "sodomy". ==Social class factors== Pederastic relationships in a number of different societies were identified with the upper classes, or with class difference between the partners. This class difference at times was seen as facilitating the relationship by providing upward mobility when the man was from the upper class and the boy from a poor family. In other cases it became a symbol of the power of love to transcend class distinctions, as in pre-modern Japan where the fact that high-born lovers entered into devoted relationships with boys from the lower classes was held up to admiration.{{cn|date=June 2008}} In ancient Sparta pederasty was practiced by the [[Spartiate]]s as an educational device. In Athens the slaves were expressly forbidden from entering into pederastic relations with the free-born boys. In mediaeval Islamic civilization, pederastic relations "were so readily accepted in upper-class circles that there was often little or no effort to conceal their existence."<ref>Marshall Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam,'' Chicago and London, 1974; 2:146</ref> ==The ancient world== [[Image:Berlin Painter Ganymedes Louvre G175.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Ganymede]] rolling a [[hoop rolling|hoop]] and bearing aloft a [[cockerel]] - a love gift from [[Zeus]] (in pursuit, on obverse of vase).<br> Attic red-figure crater, 500-490 BCE; Painter of Berlin; Louvre, Paris)]] === The Greeks === :''Main articles: [[Pederasty in Ancient Greece]] and [[Philosophy of Greek pederasty]]'' The ancient Greeks, in the context of the pederastic city-states, were the first to describe, study, systematize, and establish pederasty as an institution. As keystone of the Greek [[paideia]], the relationship between lover and beloved ''([[erastes]] and [[eromenos]])'' was valued for fostering excellence in the youth as well as in the man who loved him. The topic of pederasty was the subject of extensive analysis. Some of the principal questions discussed were: *Is pederasty right or wrong? *Which form should pederasty take, chaste or sexual? *What kind of sexual acts are legitimate? *Is pederasty superior to the love for women? Plato was an early critic of sexual intercourse in pederastic relationships, proposing that men's love of boys avoid all carnal expression and instead progress from admiration of the lover's specific virtues to love of virtue itself in abstract form. While copulation with boys was often criticized and seen as shameful and brutish,<ref>Aeschines, "Against Timarchos" 127</ref> other aspects of the relationship were considered beneficial, as indicated in proverbs such as ''A lover is the best friend a boy will ever have.''<ref>Plato, ''[[Phaedrus (dialogue)|Phaedrus]],'' 231</ref> Pederastic relationships were dyadic mentorships. These mentorships were sanctioned by the state, and consecrated by the religious establishment. ''See [[Mythology of same-sex love]]''. The pederastic relationship also had to be approved by the boy's father. Boys entered into such relationships in their teens, around the same age that Greek girls were given in marriage. The mentor was expected to teach the young man or to see to his education, and to give him certain appropriate ceremonial gifts. Often such relationships took place in a military context. ''See [[Homosexuality in the militaries of ancient Greece]]''.{{cn|date=June 2008}} Pederasty was the idealized form of an age-structured homoeroticism that, like all social institutions, had other, less idyllic, manifestations, such as prostitution or the use of one’s slave boys.{{cn|date=June 2008}} [[Image:Oxford Pederasty.jpg|thumb|200px|'''At the [[palaestra]]'''<br>Youth, holding a net shopping bag filled with walnuts, a love gift, draws close to a man who reaches out to fondle him; Attic red-figure plate 530-430 BCE; [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]].]] The physical dimension ranged from fully chaste to sexual intercourse. Pederastic art shows seduction scenes as well as sexual relations. In the seduction scenes the man is standing, grasping the boy's chin with one hand and reaching to fondle his genitals with the other. In the sexual scenes, the partners stand embracing face to face, the older of the two engaged in [[intercrural sex]] with the younger, who (usually but not always) does not show arousal. Anal sex is almost never shown, and then only as something eliciting surprise in the observers. The practice was ostensibly disparaged, the Athenians often naming it jocularly after their Dorian neighbors ("cretanize," "laconize," "chalcidize"). While historians such as Dover and Halperin hold that only the man experienced pleasure, art and poetry indicate reciprocation of desire, and other historians assert that it is "a modern fairy tale that the younger eromenos was never aroused."<ref>[http://www.livius.org/ho-hz/homosexuality/homosexuality.html ''Greek homosexuality'', Hein van Dolen]</ref> Pederastic relationships were known throughout most of ancient Greece. The state was said to benefit from the fact that the friendship functioned as a restraint on the youth. In Sparta, for example, if he committed a crime it was not the boy but his trainer who was punished. The army was potentiated by the practice, as the two fought side by side, with each vying to shine before the other.{{cn|date=June 2008}} Pederastic couples were also said to be feared by tyrants, because the bond between the friends was stronger than that of obedience to a tyrannical ruler. Plutarch gives as examples the Athenians [[Harmodius and Aristogeiton]]. Others, such as Aristotle, claimed that the Cretan lawgivers encouraged pederasty as a means of [[population control]], by directing love and sexual desire into relations with males.<ref>Aristotle, ''Politics'' 2.1272a 22-24 "and the lawgiver has devised many wise measures to secure the benefit of moderation at table, and the segregation of the women in order that they may not bear many children, for which purpose he instituted association with the male sex."</ref> === The Romans === {{Main|Homosexuality in Ancient Rome}} [[Image:Rilievo con ganimede, fine I sec. dc. 01.JPG|thumb|300px|Jupiter abducting Ganymede; 1st c. CE Roman statue]] From the early Republican times of [[Ancient Rome]], it was perfectly normal for a man to desire and pursue boys.<ref>Craig A. Williams, ''Roman Homosexuality'' p.23</ref> However, penetration was illegal for free born youths; the only boys who were legally allowed to perform as a passive sexual partner were slaves or former slaves known as "freedmen", and then only with regard to their former masters. For slaves there was no protection under the law even against rape.<ref name= Prioreschi>{[cite book|title=A History of Medicine |first=Plinio |last=Prioreschi |year=1996 |publisher=Horatius Press |pages=p21-23, p29 |isbn=1888456035}}</ref> The result was that in [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] times, pederasty largely lost its function as a ritual part of education and was instead seen as an activity primarily driven by one's sexual desires and competing with desire for women. The social acceptance of pederastic relations waxed and waned during the centuries. Conservative thinkers condemned it &mdash; along with other forms of indulgence. [[Tacitus]] attacks the Greek customs of "gymnasia et otia et turpes amores" ([[palaestra]]e, idleness, and shameful loves).<ref>Tacitus, ''Annales,'' 14.20</ref> The emperors, however, indulged in male love &mdash; most of it of a pederastic nature &mdash; almost to a man. As [[Edward Gibbon]] mentions, of the first fifteen emperors, "[[Claudius]] was the only one whose taste in love was entirely correct" &mdash; the implication being that he was the only one not to take [[Homosexuality|men]] or boys as lovers.<ref>Edward Gibbon, ''Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,'' footnote on p. 76, vol. 1</ref> Other writers spent no effort censuring pederasty ''per se'', but praised or blamed its various aspects. [[Martial]] appears to have favored it, going as far as to essentialize not the sexual use of the [[catamite]] but his nature as a boy: upon being discovered by his wife "inside a boy" and offered the "same thing" by her, he retorts with a list of mythological personages who, despite being married, took young male lovers, and concludes by rejecting her offer since "a woman merely has two vaginas."<ref>Martial, ''Epigrams,'' XI.43</ref> Among the Romans, pederasty reached its last zenith during the time of hellenophile emperor [[Hadrian]]. A man whose passion for boys paralleled that of his predecessor, [[Trajan]], he fell in love with [[Antinous]], a young teenage Greek, and had his [[eromenos]] deified upon the latter's premature death. ===Christianity=== The rise of [[Christianity]] led to the suppression of pederasty by the [[Byzantine emperors]], as it was one of the mainstays of a classical [[paganism|pagan]] culture which the [[church father]]s identified as in conflict with Biblical teaching. Such teaching includes references to the [[Old Testament]], in which [[Leviticus]] decrees death as the punishment for a number of sexual improprieties including carnal relations between men. Paul condemns some sexual actions in his letter to the Romans. However this sexual suppression maybe a result of the larger [[Greco-Roman]] culture of which Paul was a part. Recent Pauline scholarship has suggested that Paul was influenced by [[Stoicism]] which had its own tradition of suppressing sensuality in general. For the comprehensive treatment of this issue see Troels Engberg-Pedersen's book "Paul and the Stoics."<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3818/is_200201/ai_n9082318 Bnet ''Paul and the Stoics'', Anglican Theological Review, Winter 2002, Robin Schroggs]</ref> An example of this Stoic suppression of sensuality in a primary source can be seen in Marcus Aurelius' "[[Meditations]]." [[Marcus Aurelius]] speaks of avoiding pleasure and sensual indulgence<ref>[[Meditations]] 3.4</ref> as well as avoiding even a desire for things most appropriately "done behind closed doors." <ref>Meditations 3.7</ref> Furthermore within some early second century Christian communities even speech about pederasty was suppressed: "Conversation about deeds of wickedness is appropriately termed filthy [shameful] speaking, as talk about adultery and pederasty and the like," and was to be "put to silence."<ref>Clement of Alexandria, ''The Paedagogos,'' II.6</ref> There are two [[pericopes]] found in two of the [[synoptic gospels]] (Matthew 8:5-13 and Luke 7:1-10) which recount the same story in more or less slightly different terms. The same basic the story is found in each book, which recounts the healing of a "beloved slave," (it is this translation that leads to the argument below, alternatives are "dear" or "valuable") has been interpreted by some as supportive of male love. The centurion's servant healed by Jesus is construed to have been his beloved, and this narrative "as Jesus' acceptance of, and even collaboration in a pederastic relationship," according to T. W. Jennings, professor of biblical and constructive theology at [[Chicago Theological Seminary]].<ref>Theodore W. Jennings, Jr., ''Man Jesus Loved: Homoerotic Narratives from the New Testament,'' Pilgrim Press, 2003</ref> In contrast, other Biblical scholars do not view Jesus' healing of the centurion's servant as implicit approval for the Roman's treatment of his servant or any of his actions, especially his leadership of a force occupying Judea. According to them, the story was used to illustrate the soldier's faith and cannot be taken to mean that Jesus condoned the lifestyle of a pagan military officer. ===Other venues=== Pederasty in ancient times was not the exclusive domain of the Greeks and Romans. Athenaeus in the ''Deipnosophists'' states that the [[Celts]] also partook and despite the beauty of their women, preferred the love of boys. Some would regularly bed down on their animal skins with a lover on each side. Other writers also attest to Celtic pederasty: [[Aristotle]] (Politics, II 6.6. Athen. XIII 603a.), Strabo (iv. 199), and [[Diodorus Siculus]] (v. 32)). Some moderns have interpreted Athenaeus as meaning that the Celts had a boy on each side, but that interpretation is questioned by Hubbard, who reads it as meaning that they had a boy one side and a woman on the other. (Hubbard, 2003; p.79) Persian pederasty and its origins was debated even in ancient times. [[Herodotus]] claimed they had learned it from the Greeks: "...and [the Persians'] luxurious practices are of all kinds, and all borrowed: the Greeks taught them pederasty."<ref>Herodotus, ''Histories,'' I.135, tr. A.D. Godley</ref> However, [[Plutarch]] asserts that the Persians used eunuch boys to that end long before contact between the cultures.<ref>Plutarch, ''De Malig. Herod.'' xiii.ll</ref> In either case, Plato claimed they saw fit to forbid it to the inhabitants of the lands they occupied, since "It does not suit the rulers that their subjects should think noble thoughts, nor that they should form the strong friendships and attachments which these activities, and in particular love, tend to produce."<ref>Plato, ''Symposium,'' 182c, trans. Tom Griffith</ref> == Post-classical and modern forms == The record of pederastic practices, whether as a continuation of the Mediterranean traditions or as independent native traditions, as in China and Japan, expands greatly, due to the better preservation of more recent literary and historical materials. Before the 20th century, relationships with a more or less pederastic element were the usual pattern of male same-sex love. ===The Middle East and Central Asia=== [[Image:Samarkand A group of musicians playing for a bacha dancing boy.jpg|right|200px|thumb|'''[[Bacchá]] dancing boy in [[Samarkand]]'''<br> Traditionally, dancers and sex workers in Central Asia. (photo ca. 1905 - 1915)]] {{main|Pederasty in the Middle East}} The construction of same-sex love in the [[Middle East]] has been influenced by its history and geography. [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] elements can be recognized in the use of the wine boy as a symbol of homoerotic passion. With the advent of [[Islam]], homosexuality and its practices were condemned as an immoral act and a sin against God. Nevertheless, in pre-modern Islam there was a "widespread conviction that beardless youths possessed a temptation to adult men as a whole, and not merely to a small minority of deviants."<ref>El-Rouayheb, 2005. Op.cit. p.115</ref> In central Asia the practice is reputed to have long been widespread, and remains a part of the culture, as exemplified by the proverb, ''Women for breeding, boys for pleasure, but melons for sheer delight.''<ref>Sir Richard Burton, ''Kama Sutra: the Hindu art of lovemaking,'' intro. [[Pathan]] proverb, also reported in similar forms from the [[Arab]] countries, [[Iran]] and North Africa.</ref> Though no longer widely practiced, boy marriages nevertheless still occur. In the aftermath of the US-Afghan war, western mainstream media have reported derisively on patterns of adult/adolescent male relationships, documented in [[Kandahar]] in [[Afghanistan]]. These reports however have been characterized as "privileging a political spin over more precise and informative writing", and as suffering from ethnocentric bias [http://www.queer-journal.com/spring2004/essays1.htm (Stephanie Skier, in ''queer.).''] Cases of sexual brutality by men against youths &mdash; in this instance as one aspect of the [[military use of children]] &mdash; have also been documented. In the northern, Turkic-speaking areas, one manifestation of the pederastic tradition was the entertainers known as [[bacchá]] (a [[Turkik]] [[Uzbekistan|Uzbeki]] term etymologically related to the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''bachcheh'', "boy" or "child", sometimes with the connotation of "catamite"). Boy prostitution was also widely reported in Karachi, leading [[Charles James Napier|General Sir Charles Napier]] to attempt in 1845 to have them closed down, worried about the "corrupting" effect on his troops. His attempt was foiled by the local amirs, who had a vested interest in keeping the institutions open. The practice was noted as late as 1932, when [[League of Nations]] investigators reported that a number of young Indian boys were engaged in homosexual prostitution, many of them suffering from venereal disease. <ref>Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p.149</ref> [[Image:Youth and suitors.jpg|thumb|right|200px|'''Youth conversing with suitors'''<br>Miniature illustration from the ''Haft Awrang'' of [[Jami]], in the story ''A Father Advises his Son About Love.'' Freer and Sackler Galleries, [[Smithsonian Institution]], Washington, DC.]] The manifestations of pederastic attraction vary. At one extreme they are indeed of a chaste nature, incorporated into Islamic mysticism. ''(see [[Sufism]])'' Conservative Islamic theologians condemned the custom of contemplating the beauty of young boys. Their suspicions may have been justified, as some [[dervish]]es boasted of enjoying far more than "glances", or even kisses. Despite opposition from the clerics, the practice has survived in Islamic countries until only recent years, according to Murray and Roscoe. ''See [[Pederasty#References|References]] section below'' {{cn|date=June 2008}} In post-Islamic Persia, where, as Louis Crompton claims, "boy love flourished spectacularly", art and literature also made frequent use of the pederastic topos. These celebrate the love of the wine boy, as do the paintings and drawings of artists such as [[Reza Abbasi]] (1565 &ndash; 1635). Western travelers reported that at Abbas' court (some time between 1627 and 1629) they saw evidence of homoerotic practices. Male houses of prostitution ''amrad khaneh'', "houses of the beardless", were legally recognized and paid taxes.<ref>Janet Afary & Kevin Anderson, ''Foucault and the Iranian Revolution: Gender and the Seductions of Islamism,'' (University of Chicago Press, 2005</ref> In the Ottoman empire, same-sex relations between men and youths were often of a [[prostitution|mercantile nature]]. The sex workers involved were either entertainers such as the [[kocek|köçeks]] or masseurs in the [[Hammam#Customs|hammams]] known as ''[[tellak]]''. Although ''zamparas'' (men drawn to women) outnumbered ''kulamparas'' (men drawn to boys) in society, Ottoman military culture (especially that of [[Janissary]] culture) had pederasty as a noteworthy aspect {{Facts|date=February 2007}}. Osman Agha of [[Timişoara|Temeşvar]] who fell captive to the [[Austrian people|Austrians]] in 1688 wrote in his memoirs that one night an Austrian boy approached him for sex, telling him "for I know all Turks are pederasts".<ref>Temeşvarlı Osman Ağa, ''Gâvurların Esiri'', Istanbul, 1971</ref> At times soldiers from the Janissary regiments (named ''orta)'' skirmished for rights over a young and beautiful novice ''(civelek)''{{Facts|date=February 2007}}. In 1770s, Âşık Sadık the poet wrote, in an address to the Sultan: ''Lût kavmi döğüşür, put kavmi bozar. Askerin lûtîdir, bil Padişahım'' ("The people of Lot fight, the people of idolatry spoil. Know, my Sultan, that your soldiers are sodomites").<ref>Hulki Aktunç, ''Erotologya'', Istanbul, 2000</ref> Studies of Ottoman criminal law, which is based on the [[Sharia]], reveal that persistent sodomy with non-consenting boys was a serious offense and those convicted faced [[capital punishment]]. :''See also [[Homosexuality and Islam]], [[Köçek]], [[Tellak]] and [[Hammam]]'' ===China=== [[Image:Chinese homoerotic print Hua Ying Chin Chen.jpg|thumb|200px|right|'''The Way of the Academicians'''<br/>From ''Hua Ying Chin Chen (Variegated Positions of the Flower Battle)'' China, [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368–1644)]] In tenth-century China courting male couples consisted of the older ''qi xiong'' (契兄) and the younger ''qi di.'' (契弟) (The terms mean, literally, sworn elder brother and younger brother. It is very common in the Chinese culture to conceptualize many kinds of alliances as fictive kinship relationships). Boy marriages, which lasted for a set period after which the younger partner would find a wife (often with the help of the older one) appear to have been part of the culture in the province of [[Fujian]] in pre-modern times. The marriages were said to have been celebrated by the two families in traditional fashion, including the ritual "nine cups of tea". The popularity of these pederastic relationships in Fujian, where they even had a patron god, [[Tu Er Shen]], gave rise to one of the euphemistic expressions for same-sex love in China, "the southern custom".{{cn|date=June 2008}} Men's sexual interest in youths was also reflected in prostitution, with young male sex workers fetching higher prices than their female counterparts as recently as the beginning of the twentieth century. In [[Tianjin]] there were thirty five male brothels, housing 800 boys, and men from the area were assumed to be expert in anal relations. Though the superintendent of trade at [[Guangzhou]] issued an annual warning to the population against permitting westerners access to boy prostitutes ("do not indulge the Western barbarian with all our best favors"), Europeans were increasingly welcomed in the boy brothels.<ref>''Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience,'' Ronald Hyam; p.141</ref> ===Japan=== {{main|Shudo}} [[Image:Samurai kiss.jpg|right|thumb|200px|'''Tryst between a man and a youth'''<br> [[Miyagawa Isshō]], ca. 1750; Panel from a series of ten on a [[shunga]]-style painted hand scroll (kakemono-e); sumi, color and gofun on silk. Private collection.]] In Japan, the practice of shudo, "the Way of the Young", paralleled closely the course of [[Europe]]an pederasty. It was prevalent in the religious community and [[samurai]] society from the [[Middle Ages|mediaeval]] period on, and eventually grew to permeate all of society. It fell out of favor around the end of the 19th century, concurrently with the growing European influence. Its legendary founder is [[Kūkai]], also known as Kōbō Daishi, the founder of the [[Shingon Buddhism|Shingon]] school of [[Buddhism]], who is said to have brought the teachings of male love over from China, together with the teachings of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]]. Monks often entered into love relationships with beautiful youths known as " [[chigo]]", which were recorded in literary works known as "[[chigo monogatari]]".<ref>T. Watanabe & J. Iwata, ''The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality,'' pp.31-2</ref> Early European visitors were struck by the openness and ubiquity of such relationships. The [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Alessandro Valegnani]], in 1591 observed that "the youths and their partners, not seeing the matter as grave, do not hide it. Indeed they find honor in it and speak of it openly. To wit, not only does the doctrine of the [[bonze]]s not view it as evil, but they themselves engage in this custom, seeing it as completely natural and even virtuous."{{cn|date=June 2008}} ===Korea=== One of the earliest mentions of male attraction to boys is that of [[Gongmin of Goryeo]] (r. 1351&ndash;1374), the 31st king of the Goryeo dynasty, who was famous for his predilection for falling in love with young boys. After the death of his wife in 1365 he is reputed to have spent his time in the practice of [[Buddhism]] and relations with boys, establishing an organization for their recruitment. <ref>[http://www.utopia-asia.com/korlife2.htm Homosexuality in the Korean Social Context]</ref> Paul Michaut, a French physician writing in 1893, described Korea as a country where "[p]ederasty is general, it is part of the mores; it is practiced publicly, in the street, without the least reprobation." He associated its prevalence with that of [[syphilis]] which was likewise general.<ref>"[T]he non-contaminated subjects are the exception." (Proschan, Frank "Syphilis, Opiomania, and Pederasty": Colonial Constructions of Vietnamese (and French) Social Diseases" Journal of the History of Sexuality &mdash; Volume 11, Number 4, October 2002, pp. 610&ndash;636)</ref> ===Australasia=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} In [[Melanesia]], many native cultures employed boy insemination rites integral to coming-of-age rituals lasting from mid- to late childhood, as documented in the writings of [[Gilbert Herdt]]. In [[Papua-New Guinea]] and nearby islands, some native tribes (about 20% at the end of the twentieth century, a proportion that is decreasing as contacts with foreigners cause western morals to become prevalent) consider sperm to be the essence of masculinity and a source of strength, and a substance that does not form spontaneously but must be introduced. As a result, a mentor, chosen by the father and ideally the mother's young adult brother, has the duty of planting it in the body of their prepubescent son as part of extended [[initiation rite]]s.{{cn|date=June 2008}} The mentor also has the duty of educating the boy and seeing to his proper entry into manhood. They sleep and work together until the boy is mature. Men who have had their first or second child are expected to relinquish the mentoring function to younger adults. Casual encounters between boys and men are also accepted, but the boy must be the recipient, to avoid damaging his growth. Thus the Melanesian male would go through a sexual cycle beginning with homosexuality, passing through bisexuality and ending with heterosexuality.{{cn|date=June 2008}} ===North America=== "Of the Koniagas of [[Kodiak Island]] and the Thinkleets we read, 'The most repugnant of all their practices is that of male [[concubinage]]. A Kodiak mother will select her handsomest and most promising boy, and dress and rear him as a girl, teaching him only domestic duties, keeping him at women's work, associating him with women and girls, in order to render his effeminacy complete. Arriving at the age of ten or fifteen years, he is married to some wealthy man who regards such a companion as a great acquisition. These male concubines are called Achnutschik or Schopans' (the authorities quoted being Holmberg, Langsdorff, Billing, Choris, Lisiansky and Marchand). The same is the case in [[Nutka Sound]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]], where 'male concubinage obtains throughout, but not to the same extent as amongst the Koniagas.' The objects of 'unnatural' affection have their beards carefully plucked out as soon as the face-hair begins to grow, and their chins are tattooed like those of the women. In [[California]] the first missionaries found the same practice, the youths being called Joya." <ref>(Bancroft, i. 415 and authorities Palon, Crespi, Boscana, Motras, Torquemada, Duflot and Fages). (R. F. Burton, ''Terminal Essay)''</ref> ===Central America=== [[Image:Najtunich d80.png|thumb|200px|Underworld rite: Mayan man and youth. Mayan wall painting, Grutas de Naj Tunich, El Petén, Guatemala.]] {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} [[Bernal Diaz del Castillo]], in his ''[[The Conquest of New Spain]]'', reported that the [[Mexica]] peoples regularly practiced pederastic relationships, and male adolescent [[sacred prostitution|sacred prostitutes]] would congregate in temples. The [[conquistadores]], like most Europeans of the 16th century, were horrified by the widespread acceptance of sex between men and youths in Aztec society, and used it as one justification for the extirpation of native society, religion and culture, and the taking of the lands and wealth; of all customs of the [[Nahuatl]]-speaking peoples, only [[human sacrifice]] produced a greater disapproval amongst the [[Spaniards]] in [[Mexico]]. The custom died out with the collapse of the Aztec civilization. Though early [[Mayans]] are thought to have been strongly antagonistic to same-sex relationships, later Mayan states employed pederastic practices. Their introduction was ascribed to the god [[Chin (Mayan god)|Chin]]. One aspect was that of the father procuring a younger lover for his son. [[Fray Juan de Torquemada|Juan de Torquemada]] mentions that if the (younger) boy was seduced by a stranger, the penalty was equivalent to that for adultery. [[Bernal Diaz]] reported statues of male pairs making love in the temples at [[Cape Catoche]], [[Yucatan]].{{cn|date=June 2008}} ===Europe=== {{Unreferencedsection|date=April 2008}} Pederastic eros in the West, while remaining mostly hidden, has nevertheless revealed itself in a variety of settings. Legal records are one of the more important windows into this secret world, since for much of the time pederastic relations, like other forms of homosexual relations, were illegal. The expression of desire through literature and art, albeit in coded fashion, can also afford a view of the pederastic interests of the author. Reflecting the conflicted outlook on male loves, some northern European writers ascribed pederastic tendencies to populations in southern latitudes. [[Richard Francis Burton]] evolved his theory of the ''[[Sotadic zone]]'', an area bounded roughly by N. Lat. 43° N. Lat. 30°, stretching from the western shores of the [[Mediterranean Sea]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Likewise, [[:de:Wilhelm Kroll|Wilhelm Kroll]], writing in the [[Pauly-Wissowa]] encyclopaedia in 1906, asserted that "The roots of pederasty are found first of all in the existence of a contrary sexual feeling that is probably more frequent in southern regions than in countries with moderate climates." ====The Renaissance==== {{main|Pederasty in the Renaissance}} [[Image:Amor Victorious.jpg|thumb|200px|'''[[Amor Vincit Omnia (Caravaggio)|Amor Vincit Omnia]] ''(Love Conquers All)'' '''<br>[[Caravaggio]], 1602 - 1603; Oil on canvas; Staatliche Museen, [[Berlin]]<br>Painted for a patron who veiled the work, for greater effect upon the eventual viewers. [[Eros (mythology)|Love,]] embodied by a wanton boy, triumphs over all human endeavors: war, science, music, government.]] The [[Renaissance]], inspired by the rediscovery of the philosophy and art of the ancient world, was a fertile time for such relations. Among the luminaries of the time who praised or depicted romantic liaisons with youths were [[Théophile de Viau]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], [[Benvenuto Cellini]], [[Caravaggio]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Michelangelo]]. Homoerotic desire was primarily conceived as an adult's desire for an adolescent, beardless youth. Consequently, pederastic [[aesthetics]] influenced art and literature throughout Europe. "The most conventional object of homoerotic desire was the adolescent youth, usually imagined as beardless." <ref>[http://www.glbtq.com/arts/eur_art7_renaissance,3.html An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Culture, ''European Art: Renaissance'', Patricia Simmons]</ref> Concurrent with the ressurgence of pederasty was a strong effort by the ecclesiastical and civil authorities to keep in check male homoerotic practices. Among these, the [[Ufficiali di Notte]] in Florence, as well as the moralizing monk [[Savonarola]] were more notable.{{cn|date=June 2008}} ====Albania==== {{main|Albanian pederasty}} In his travel journal (October 20th, 1809), [[John Hobhouse, 1st Baron Broughton|Cam Hobhouse]] reports that pederasty was openly practiced among the Albanians, and [[Lord Byron]] includes in his [[Childe Harold]] an Albanian song with pederastic themes, suppressed at publication.<ref>[http://www.internationalbyronsociety.org/pdf_files/childe1.pdf The International Byron Society: Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage Cantos I and II, uncensored version, including notes]</ref> As late as the mid-1800s, [[Albania]]n young men between 16 and 24 seduced boys from about 12 to 17.<ref>J.G. von Hahn, ''Albanische Studien,'' 1854, p.166</ref> In the literature, the lover is called ''ashik'' and the beloved, ''dyllber.''<ref>[http://www.eskimo.com/~nickz/orth_gay.txt ''On Being Orthodox and Gay'', Nicholas Zymaris, May 1997]</ref> A [[Geg]] married at the age of 24 or 25, and then he usually, but not always, gave up boy-love.<ref>Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, ''Islamic Homosexualities,'' p.188-191</ref> ====England==== In England, [[Marlowe#Marlowe the .22Sodomite.22|Marlowe]]'s poetry defied religious proscriptions, flaunting love for beautiful boys and celebrating their [[androgynous]] beauty. [[Shakespeare's sexuality|Shakespeare]]'s [[Shakespeare's sonnets|sonnets]], like his drama, take a more complex view of character and desire. Concurrent with their [[bisexual]] erotics, they assert a normative morality, as a "[[Shakespeare's sonnets#Fair Youth|fair youth]]" is urged to give up sexual adventure, marry, and father children. By the 19th century, the gradual re-discovery of the sites of antiquity in [[Italy]] and Greece fueled a new interest in these old civilizations, particularly in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[Germany]]. Accordingly, pederastic relationships again became ''en vogue'' in the life and work of artists, for example in poetry ([[Lord Byron]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]], [[Walt Whitman]],<ref>From Whitman's list of sexual encounters in his daybooks: "Robt Wolf, boy of 10 or 12 rough at the ferry lives cor 4th & Market ... Wm Clayton boy 13 or 14 on the cars nights ..."</ref> [[Paul Verlaine]]), literature ([[Oscar Wilde]]), paintings ([[Henry Scott Tuke]]), and photography ([[Wilhelm von Gloeden]]). By the mid-19th century, the combination of the homosocial environment of the English public schools and colleges, coupled with the close study of the classics gave rise to the resurgence of a discreet homoerotic culture which was at least in part constructed along the lines of classical pederasty. Elite schools such as [[Eton College|Eton]] played a key role. There, [[William Johnson Cory]], a renowned master from 1845 until his forced resignation in 1872, evolved a style of pedagogic pederasty which influenced a number of his pupils – many of whom went on to take their place among the most renowned statesmen of the time. His ''Ionica,'' a work of poetry reflecting his pederastic sensibilities, was read in intellectual circles and “made a stir” at Oxford in 1859.<ref>Brian Reade, ''Sexual Heretics;'' p.)</ref> [[Oscar Browning]], another Eton master and former student of Cory, followed in his tutor’s footsteps, only to be likewise dismissed in 1875. Both are thought to have influenced Oxford don [[Walter Pater]], whose aesthetics promoted pederasty as the truest expression of classical culture.<ref>Naomi Wood, "Creating the Sensual Child: Paterian Aesthetics, Pederasty, and Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales" in ''Marvels & Tales'' - Volume 16, Number 2, 2002, pp. 156-170</ref> This culture of Victorian pederasty gave rise to the most conspicuous group of pederastic writers in 19th-century England, the [[Uranian poets]]. Although most of the writers of Uranian poetry and prose are today considered minor literary figures at best, the prominent [[Uranian]] representatives --- [[Walter Pater]], [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], and [[Oscar Wilde]] -- are figures of world-standing. Hopkins and Wilde were both deeply influenced by Pater, who had provided private tuition to Hopkins in preparation for Hopkins's final Oxford University examinations (and subsequently became a lifelong friend) and who had become a friend of Wilde while Wilde was still a student at Magdalen College, Oxford. Inspired by the Paterian appeal to a pederastic pedagogy, Wilde went on to encode pederastic and homoerotic culture -- though not in the "elevated" pederastic sense that it held for Pater and Hopkins<ref>Michael Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'', 2006, pp. 292-295</ref> -- in a number of works such as [[Lord Arthur Savile's Crime and Other Stories#The Portrait of Mr. W. H.|''The Portrait of Mr. W. H.'']], a story about Shakespeare's putative love for a boy-actor, remarkable for being the first openly published work in the English language to touch on the topic of romantic pederasty.<ref>Brian Reade, 1970, op.cit., p.28</ref> In the case of Hopkins, "Hopkins often was, it must be admitted, strikingly Ruskinian in his love of Aristotelian particulars and their arrangements; however, it was at the foot of Pater -- the foremost Victorian unifier of ‘eros, pedagogy, and aesthetics’ -- that Hopkins would ever remain."<ref>Michael Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires'', 2006, p. 289</ref> As a result, Hopkins's poetry displays bountiful pederastic themes and nuances. ====Reaction and retrenchment==== The end of the 19th century, marked by [[Oscar Wilde]]'s trial, saw increasing conflict over the issue of social acceptance of pederasty. A number of other pederastic scandals erupted around this time, such as the one involving the [[Germany|German]] industrialist [[Krupp#Friedrich Alfred.27s Era|Friedrich Alfred Krupp]], which drove him to suicide. In the same vein, in a work that was to influence the evolution of [[communism]]'s attitude towards same-sex love, the German political philosopher [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Karl Marx]]'s collaborator, denounced the ancient Greeks for "the abominable practice of sodomy" and for degrading "their gods and themselves with the myth of Ganymede". ''<ref>Karl Marx, ''Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State''</ref> This strife also involved the [[Wandervogel]] movement, a youth organization emphasizing a romantic view of nature. Wandervogel took flight in 1896, the same year that the journal ''[[Der Eigene]]'' went to press. It was published by a twenty-two-year-old German ([[Adolf Brand]]), and it advocated classical pederasty as a cure for the moral flabbiness of German youth. Influenced by the ideas of [[Gustav Wyneken]], the Wandervogel movement was quite open about its homoerotic tendencies, although this kind of affection was supposed to be expressed in a nonsexual way. The founding of Young Wandervogel happened largely as a reaction to the public scandal about these erotic tendencies, which were said to alienate young men from women. The English schools, however, continued to be “hotbeds of pederasty” into the twentieth century.<ref>H. Montgomery Hyde, ''The Love That Dared Not Speak Its Name,'' pp.110-112; Boston: Little, Brown, 1970</ref> [[C. S. Lewis]] when talking about his life at [[Malvern College]], an [[Public school#United Kingdom|English public school]], acknowledged that pederasty "was the only counterpoise to the social struggle; the one oasis (though green only with weeds and moist only with foetid water) in the burning desert of competitive ambition."<ref>C.S. Lewis, ''Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life'' Harvest Books (1966) p.106</ref> ==Modern constructs== {{main|Pederasty in the modern world}} [[Image:Gloeden, Wilhem von (1856-1931) - 1902 - Ragazzo nel cortile S. Domenico - Puig p. 37.jpg|thumb|200px|''The boy on the Patio'' Photograph; Wilhelm von Gloeden, 1899]] The literary pederastic tradition was continued by writers such as [[André Gide]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Henry de Montherlant]], [[Roger Peyrefitte]], [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]], [[Fernando Vallejo]], [[William S. Burroughs]] and [[Allen Ginsberg]]. Legislative and philosophical arguments were pursued by activists such as [[Edward Brongersma]] and [[Paul Goodman]]. However, after the middle of the century, the underage pederastic element of the gay liberation movement was increasingly [[North American Man/Boy Love Association#Ostracism|repudiated]] by the movement as a whole. This has been criticized by [[Camille Paglia]] and others as counterproductive and conducive to a ghettoization of homosexuality. In the decades since embracing an egalitarian model of relationships, the western gay-rights movement has made rapid progress toward [[Timeline of same-sex marriage|marriage equality]], [[Homosexuality laws of the world|legal protection]], and other goals. Instead of using Greek pederasty as a model, it is those rarer Hellenic instances of homosexuality which are more egalitarian (such as between [[Alexander the Great]] and his friend [[Hephaestion]]) that gay love looked to for a model of present-day relationships.{{cn|date=June 2008}} In the news media the term tends to be incorrectly used as a synonym for [[pedophilia]], even though the latter designates the sexual attraction of adults to prepubescent boys or girls. This confusion may arise from the fact that a single organization, the [[North American Man/Boy Love Association]] (NAMBLA), was the most prominent public advocate for both groups, blurring the practical distinction between pederast and [[pro-pedophile activism]] in the public mind, whatever their theoretical differences.{{cn|date=June 2008}} [[Liminality|Liminal]] same-sex love &mdash; relations with young people on the threshold of becoming adults &mdash; whether for pleasure or to further social goals is no longer widely practiced, despite the lawful status of such relations in countries granting erotic emancipation to adolescents in their mid-teens. Even when legal, some{{Fact|date=August 2007}} in the west perceive such relationships in the light of [[feminist theory|feminist]] and [[Postmodern philosophy|postmodern]] theory as an [[Power (sociology)#Foucault|abuse of power]] when the older partner is in a position of [[Academic seduction|educational]], [[Spiritual abuse|religious]], [[Sexual harassment|economic]], or other form of institutional authority over the younger partner. Other observers criticize this as repressive, and point out that appropriate and acceptable forms of sexuality for adolescents have yet to be evolved.<ref>Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p.152</ref> Illegal, and even legal, forms of pederasty continue to be strongly condemned. It remains widely censured, whether legally or illegally expressed, and instances of it have had severe political repercussions. A major political scandal known as the [[Mark Foley scandal]], or "Pagegate"<ref>[http://thehill.com/john-fortier/pagegate-to-cost-gop-a-seat-2006-10-04.html John Fortier, "Pagegate to cost GOP a seat" in ''The Hill,'' October 4, 2006]</ref> broke out in autumn of 2006, threatening the Republican leadership of the house and contributing to the Democratic capture of the House and Senate in the fall elections. The scandal was triggered by revelations that congressman Foley was exchanging pederastic communications<ref>[http://www.nysun.com/article/40840 "Warning Signs;" ''New York Sun'' Editorial, October 4, 2006]</ref> with a number of teenage pages, over the course of several years, despite longstanding warnings to the Republican leadership about his excessive familiarity with teenage boys. Twenty-three years earlier, in 1983, Democratic Congressman [[Gerry Studds]] admitted having had an affair with a 17-year-old page a decade earlier and was censured by the [[United States House of Representatives]] but continued his career in Congress. Some "gay-positive" writers, in their work of interpreting Christian teachings, have concluded that [[Paul (apostle)|Paul's]] criticism of same-sex love do not target those for whom such affections comenaturally, but rather those who indulge such pleasures by choice, with the example given being "the Hellenistic practice of erotic behavior with young males." Their work suggests that religious opposition to same sex relations should restrict itself to pederastic relationships, with their presumed abuse of power. But a position paper of the [[Anglican Church]] rejects that contention, claiming that,<blockquote>''The Graeco-Roman "ideal" did not entail erotic love of children, but of young (teenage) males, of the same age that young woman would be given in marriage. Frequently the more mature male was only slightly older than the partner. Had Paul intended to proscribe pederasty by using these terms (such as we understand pederasty today), he had recourse to many other more precise terms. In fact, the discussion in Romans, with its inclusion of female homoerotic behaviour, indicates that exploitation and victimisation were not the issue. (Paul has a lot to say about the abuse of power elsewhere).'' [http://www.augustinecollege.org/papers/EH_00_3.htm Position paper: HowIs Homosexuality Understood in Scripture, Tradition, and in Contemporary Theology]</blockquote> The Catholic Church, while itself implicated in scandals over pederasts in its clergy, is at the same time one of the main groups working to prohibit the practice of pederasty. On Feb. 2, 1961 the [[Holy See|Vatican]] issued a document, “Instruction on the Careful Selection and Training of Candidates for the States of Perfection and Sacred Orders,” barring from the priesthood anyone who has "perverse inclinations tohomosexuality or pederasty."[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9436430/]Then, in 1992, the Church organized an international congress in [[Bangkok]] on "The Abuse of Children in Prostitution and Pornography,"using the occasion to call for pederasty to be declared a "crime against humanity." === Secular opposition === Thus, same-sex relations with male as well as female youths, when against the law, are opposed by many groups, from law enforcement to [[NGO]]'s such as ECPAT (End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking of Children for Sexual Purposes) - a non-religious group working to combat the commercial exploitation of children, such as child prostitution and trafficking in children. === Child abuse issues === {{Unreferenced|article's section called "Accusation of abuse""|date=June 2008}} Men in pederastic relationships are sometimes considered as being necessarily materialistic and manipulative. Traditionally, the pederast begins to lose sexual interest in his adolescent partner with the first signs of beard growth, and modern pederasts also report an aversion to adult male pheromones, the "man scent" that the boy still lacks (Donaldson et al 1990). The claim is that the older partner's interest in the younger is always purely for sexual gratification, and that beneath a guise of caring or loving, and aveneer of acceptability of endowing the younger partner with "choice", these relationships are universally damaging to the youth because they are based on mutual deception. The attention given by the older to the younger is assailed as fundamentally self-interested, and the claim is made that the youths are discarded once past the age of attraction. Sexual expression between adults and adolescents is investigated and reported upon in depth in psychology journals such as Deviant Behavior (Durkinet al 1999) amongst others. For example, studies have concluded that homosexuality and pederasty tend to be mutually exclusive (Li, West, and Woodhouse 1990). Pederastic relationships have raised issues of morality and functionality, agency for the youth, and parental authority. Today, psychology and medicine consider that pederastic relationships have a negative effect on the psychological development of a youth. [[Rind et al. (1998)|A study countering this position, authored by Bruce Rind and others]], was published by the American Psychological Association in 1998. According to Lilienfeld (2002) Rind's study was approvingly cited by [[NAMBLA]], and was criticized in World Magazine in the article; “Tossing the Last Taboo: Psychologists Hail the Benefits of Pederasty”. [[Image:OxfordPederasty.jpg|thumb|250px|'''At the [[palaestra]]'''<br>Youth, holding a net shopping bag filled with walnuts, a love gift, draws close to a man who reaches out to fondle him; Attic red-figure plate530-430 BCE; [[Ashmolean Museum]], [[Oxford]].]] Though paederasty was once accepted in many cultures, some modern observers have retrospectively labeled it abusive. Enid Bloch argues that manyGreek boys who were involved in paederastic relationships may have been harmed by the experience. If the relationship included anal intercourse, Bloch writes, the boy may have been traumatized by worry that he was violating social customs. According to Bloch, the "most shameful thing that could happen to any Greek male was penetration by another male." In this respect Bloch is in accord with Greek sexual morality, which also recognized a difference between ethical pederasty which excluded anal intercourse and "hubristic" pederasty which was believed to debase the boy as well as the man who penetrated him.<ref>David Cohen, "Sexuality, Violence, and the Athenian Law of 'Hubris'"; ''Greece and Rome,'' Second Series, V.38;#2; Oct. 1991pp.171-188</ref> Bloch further argues that vases showing "a boy standing perfectly still as a man reaches out for his genitals" indicate the boy may have been "psychologically immobilized, unable to move or run away."<ref name=Bloch>{{cite journal|title=Sex between Men and Boys in Classical Greece: Was It Education for Citizenship or Child Abuse?|journal=The Journal of Men's Studies |url=http://mensstudies.metapress.com/content/j24001m18032108j/|author=Enid Bloch |publisher=Men's Studies Press |volume=Volume 9,Number 2 / Winter 2001 |pages=183–204 |date=March 21,2007|doi=10.3149/jms.0902.183}}</ref> Many vases, however, show the boys responding warmly to the man's advances, placing their hands around the man's neck or on his arm, a gesture thought to indicate affection and reciprocity.<ref>DeVries, Keith (1997) The 'Frigid Eromenoi' and Their Wooers Revisited: A Closer Look at Greek Homosexuality in Vase Painting, in Duberman, Martin (Ed.) Queer Representations: Reading Lives, Reading Cultures. New York: New York University Press, p14-24</ref> While sexually expressed relationships between men and boys are generally lawful, they are subject to regulation just as other types of sexual relationships. [[Age of consent]] laws set a lower limit on the age at which youths are enfranchised to enter into a sexual relationship with another person. This limit varies from one jurisdiction to another, ranging from the early teens to the early twenties. == Criminality == While sexually expressed relationships between men and boys can be lawful within certain legal boundaries in many jurisdictions, several types of laws are usually brought to bear on such relationships. [[Age of consent]] laws set a lower limit on the age at which youths are enfranchised to enter into a sexual relationship with another person. This limit varies from one jurisdiction to another, ranging from the early teens to the early twenties. Other laws restrict adults who are in positions of authority over a youth from entering into a sexual relationship with that youth. However, no laws criminalize love relationships which are not sexually expressed.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} Relations between adults and youth are also subject to generally applicable laws against [[rape]] and [[kidnapping]]. == Academic controversy == The history and scope of pederasty has been the subject of extensive censorship.{{Fact|date=June 2008}} In the West, the topic was suppressed in academic circles for much of modern history.{{Fact|date=May 2008}} The unspoken ban was broken only in 1905 by the German historian Erich Bethe with his study ''Dorian Boy-Love: Its Ethic, Its Idea.''<ref>Georges Dumézil, Preface in''Homosexuality in Greek Myth'' by Bernard Sergent, Boston, 1984</ref> In the USA, as late as 2005, Haworth Press withdrew from publication a volume on homosexuality in classical antiquity titled ''Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition of the West.'' This was in response to criticism from American right-wing groups that objected to book's depiction of classical pederasty, as well as to the substance of a chapter by the American academic Bruce Rind which integrated observations from history, anthropology, and zoology, and which was interpreted by some readers as advocating pedophilia. The publisher, in a letter to the editors, attempted to exonerate Rind from the accusation and conceded that the article was sound, but stood by his decision to withdraw it "to avoid negative press" and "economic repercussions."<ref> Kathryn Rutz, vice president for editorial development at Haworth, said in an e-mail message that the press had received about 20 e-mail messages in the 24-36 hours after the WorldNetDaily article appeared, and that the flurry of messages prompted a “vigorous” discussion among the press’ top officials. “Issues on the table,” she said, “included freedom of speech, consequences of negative publicity, personal objections to the subject matter, and resistance to what might appear to be caving in to a particular group with its own right-wing agenda.” Ultimately, Rutz said, the decision to cancel the book was based on the fact that “the final article by Bruce Rind is construed by some as being sympathetic to pederasty,” which she emphasized that the press does not “in any way support or endorse.” Rutz said the decision “can on one level be considered a business decision. Our customer base is large and the number of disciplines we cover is large. Because 95 percent of our customers would likely be opposed to anything even remotely construed as sexual abuse apologetics, publishing this paper would be a bad business decision.”"Doug Lederman,"Pressure Prompts Publisher to Punt," in ''Inside Higher Ed'' Sept. 27,2005[http://insidehighered.com/news/2005/09/27/publish]</ref><ref>Article in the Halifax ''The Chronicle Herald''[http://thechronicleherald.ca/NovaScotia/456746.html]</ref> Later Haworth reversed course and announced that the book and journal would be published, but without Rind's controversial essay. Mr. Rind's essay is to be published in a future "supplementary volume" of ''The Journal of Homosexuality'', together with counterarguments advanced by his critics. [http://chronicle.com/daily/2005/10/2005101202n.htm] A few years earlier, [[Roman Catholic sex abuse cases|a sex scandal had occurred among American Catholics]] when many clergy were discovered to have sexual relations with young altar boys.) {{cn|date=June 2008}} == Historical pederastic relationships == [[Image:Walt Whitman and Bill Duckett.jpg|thumb|120px|Whitman (seated) & Duckett]] {{main|Historical pederastic couples}} Over the course of history there have been a number of recorded erotic relationships between older men and adolescent boys. All of these followed at least some aspects of classical pederasty. In some of these cases both members eventually became well known historical figures, in others only one of the two achieved that distinction. ==Filmography== {{main|Pederastic filmography}} Beginning with the 1960s, the barriers against exploring this practice began to come down, and a series of films, often of a more or less autobiographical nature, began to document the stories of relationships between men and boys. For a list of such movies, please see the main article.{{cn|date=June 2008}} == See also == *[[Age of consent]] *[[Ages of consent in Africa]] *[[Ages of consent in Australia and Oceania]] *[[Ages of consent in Europe]] *[[Ages of consent in North America]] *[[Ages of consent in Central America]] *[[Ages of consent in South America]] *[[Age disparity in sexual relationships]] *[[Ephebophilia]] *[[Friendship]] *[[Historical pederastic couples]] *[[Homosexuality]] *[[Mentoring]] *[[Mythology of same-sex love]] *[http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pederastic_proverbs Pederastic proverbs and ditties (Wikiquote)] *[[Pedophilia]] *[[Platonic love]] *[[Sodomy]] *[[Horatio Alger, Jr.]] ;Pederasty and Child Sexual Abuse * Crosson-TowerCynthia, C. PhD. 2007 UnderstandingChild Abuse and Neglect. Allyn & Bacon. ISBN-10: 0205503268 * LASCARATOS.J., POULAKOU-REBELAKOU.E. (2000) Child Sexual Abuse:Historical Cases in the Byzantine Empire(324–1453 A.D.)Child Abuse& Neglect, Vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 1085–1090, 2000 * Durkin, Keith F. & Clifton, D. Bryant (1999) Propagandizing pederasty: A thematic analysis of the on-line exculpatory accounts of unrepentant pedophiles. Deviant Behavior 20,2:103-127. Abridged andretitled as 'On-Line Accounts of Unrepentant Pedophiles,' and reprintedin Alex Thio & Thomas C. Calhoun (Eds.). Readings in DeviantBehavior, 2nd Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001, pp. 305-313 * Goode, E., Vail D.E. 2007 Extreme Deviance. PP 144. ISBN 1412937221 *C.K. Li, D.J. West, T.P. Woodhouse. Children's sexual encounters with adults /. Publisher London : Duckworth, 1990. ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References==<!-- This section is linked from [[Pederasty]] --> {{wiktionarypar|pederasty}} {{Commons|Pederasty}} {{wikiquote|Pederastic proverbs}} ;General *''Homosexuality and Civilization,'' by Louis Crompton; Belknap, Harvard, 2003. ISBN -X *[http://www2.rz.hu-berlin.de/sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/GUS/INDEXATLAS.HTM ''Growing Up Sexually: A World Atlas''] *[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13611 Studies in the Psychology of Sex, Vol. 2: ''Sexual Inversion,'' by Havelock Ellis] *[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=&dopt=Abstract ''Pederasty among primitives: institutionalized initiation and cultic prostitution,'' by G. Bleibtreu-Ehrenberg] ;Ancient Greece *''Greek Homosexuality,'' by [[Kenneth J. Dover]]; New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN *''[http://williamapercy.com/pub-Peder.htm Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece]'' by William A. Percy; University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN *''Die Griechische Knabenliebe [Greek Pederasty]'', by Herald Patzer; Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: ''Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft'' Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1. *''Homosexuality in Greek Myth,'' by [[Bernard Sergent]]; Beacon Press, 1986. ISBN *''Homosexualité et initiation chez les peuples indo-européens,'' by Bernard Sergent, Payot & Rivages, 1996, ISBN *''Lovers' Legends: The Gay Greek Myths,'' by [[Andrew Calimach]]; Haiduk Press, 2001. ISBN *''Lovers' Legends Unbound,'' by Andrew Calimach et al.; Haiduk Press, 2004. ISBN * Hubbard, Thomas K. ''Homosexuality in Greece and Rome''. University of California Press, 2003. [http://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc348hubbard/] ISBN * Durkin,Keith F. & Clifton, D. Bryant (1999) Propagandizing pederasty: Athematic analysis of the on-line exculpatory accounts of unrepentantpedophiles. Deviant Behavior 20,2:103-127. Abridged and retitled as'On-Line Accounts of Unrepentant Pedophiles,' and reprinted in AlexThio & Thomas C. Calhoun (Eds.). Readings in Deviant Behavior, 2ndEdition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001, pp. 305-313 ;Europe * Bremmer, J. "An Enigmatic Indo-European Rite: Pederasty." ''Arethusa'' 13: 279-98, 1980 * "Creating the Sensual Child: Paterian Aesthetics, Pederasty, and Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales" by Naomi Wood in ''Marvels & Tales'', Volume 16, Number 2, 2002, pp. 156-170 * [http://www.mmkaylor.com Michael Matthew Kaylor, ''Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde'' (2006)], a 500-page scholarly volume that considers the major Victorian writers of Uranian poetry and prose (the author has made this volume available in a free, open-access, PDF version). *''Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy'' by Sergio Rigoletto[http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spt/1-4-3-1.html] * Rigoletto, Sergio. [http://www.sussex.ac.uk/spt/1-4-3-1.html "Questioning Power Hierarchies: Michael Davidson and Literary Pederasty in Italy"]. ;Japan *''The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality'', by T. Watanabe & J. Iwata; London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN *''Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan,'' by Gary Leupp; Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN * ''Cartographies of desire: male-sexuality in Japanese discourse, ,'' by Gregory Pflugfelder, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999. ISBN * ''Japanese pederasty and homosexuality,'' by K.A. Adams, in the ''Journal of Psychohistory,'' 2002 Summer;30(1):54-66 ;The New World *''The Politicization of Pederasty Among the Colonial Yucatecan Maya,'' by John C. Fout in the ''Journal of the History of Sexuality,'' Vol. 8, 1997 ;Muslim Lands * Abu 'Abdur-Rahman as-Sulami. ''Early Sufi Women, Dhikr an-niswa al-muta'abbidat as-sufiyyat.'' Louisville, KY: Fons Vitae, 1999, pp. 78-79 * Philip F. Kennedy. ''The Wine Song in Classical Arabic Poetry: Abu Nuwas and the Literary Tradition.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. ISBN * Khaled El-Rouayheb. ''The Love of Boys in Arabic Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500 - 1800''. Middle Eastern Literatures; January 2005, vol.8, no.1. * Lacey, E.A. (Trans.) ''The Delight of Hearts: Or, What You Will Not Find in Any Book.'' Gay Sunshine Press, 1988. * Emilio Garcia Gomez. (Ed.) ''In Praise of Boys: Moorish Poems from Al-Andalus'' Translated from the Spanish by Erskine Lane. Gay Sunshine Press, 1975. * Mukhtar, M. H. ''Tarbiyat-e-Aulad aur Islam [The Upbringing of Children in Islam].'' dar-ut-Tasneef, Jamiat ul-Uloom Il-Islamiyyah allama Banuri Town Karachi. English translation by Rafiq Abdur Rahman. Transl. esp. Chapter 11: ''Responsibility for Sexual Education.'' * Murray, Stephen O., and Will Roscoe, et al. ''Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature.'' New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN * Ritter, Hellmut. ''Das Meer der Seele'', 1955 (English translation ''The Ocean of the Soul'', 2003), Chapters 24–26. * Peter Lambourn Wilson. ''Contemplation of the Unbearded - The Rubaiyyat of Awhadoddin Kermani.'' Paidika, Vol.3, No.4 (1995). * Yoginder Sikand. ''A Martyr for Love - Hazrat Sayed Sarmad, a Sufi gay mystic.'' Perversions, Vol.1, No.4. Spring 1995. * Maarten Schild. ''The Irresistible Beauty of Boys - Middle Eastern attitudes about boy-love.'' Paidika, Vol.1, No.3. * Roth, Norman. ''"The Care and Feeding of Gazelles" - mediaeval Hebrew and Arabic Love Poetry.'' Poetics of Love in the Middle Ages, 1989. * Roth, Norman. ''Fawn of My Delights - boy-love in Hebrew and Arabic Verse.'' Sex in the Middle Ages. 1991. * Roth, Norman. ''Boy-love in Mediaeval Arabic Verse." ''Paidika'' Vol.3, No.3, 1994. * Williamson, Casey R.. ''Where did that boy go? - the missing boy-beloved in post-colonial Persian literature.'' * Wright, J., and Everett Rowson. ''Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature''. 1998. * 'Homosexuality' & other articles in the ''[http://www.iranica.com/ Encyclopædia Iranica]'' ==External links== *[http://www.infopt.demon.co.uk/social19.htm Intergenerational and Egalitarian Models] *[http://www.androphile.org/ The World History of Male Love] * [http://www.sacredantinous.com The Sacred Antinous] - Erotically-charged, explicitly illustrated, queer-themed historical fiction about Antinous and Hadrian #{{note|Andrews Kalpakli}}Andrews,Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005 ''The Age of Beloveds: Love and theBeloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society'',(p.11)Duke University Press. #{{note|bauserman}}Bauserman,R. & Rind, B. 1997. "Psychological Correlates of Male Child andAdolescent Sexual Experiences with Adults: A Review of the Nonclinical Literature," ''Archives of Sexual Behavior'' 26:105-141. #{{note|beitchman1}}Beitchman,J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., and Akman, D. 1991."A Review of the Short-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''ChildAbuse & Neglect'' 15:537-556. #{{note|beitchman2}}Beitchman,J. H., Zucker, K. J., Hood, J. E., DaCosta, G. A., Akman, D. and Cassavia, E. 1992. "A Review of the Long-term Effects of Child Sexual Abuse," ''Child Abuse & Neglect'' 16:101-118. #{{note|brown}}Browne,A. and Finkelhor, D. 1986. "Initial and Long-term Effects: A Review ofthe Research" in D. Finkelhor (Ed.), ''A Sourcebook on Child Sexual Abuse (pp. 143-179). London: Sage. #{{note|constantine}}Constantine, L. L. 1981. "The Effects of Early Sexual Experience: A Review and Synthesis of Research" In L. L. Constantine and F. M. Martinson (Eds.),''Children and Sex'' (pp. 217-244). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. #{{note|kilpatrick}}Kilpatrick,A. 1987. "Childhood Sexual Experiences: Problems and Issues in Studying Long-range Effects," ''The Journal of Sex Research'' 23:173-196. #{{note|rind}}Rind,B., Bauserman, R., and Tromovitch, P. 1998. "A Meta-Analytic Examination of Assumed Properties of Child Sexual Abuse Using College Samples," ''Psychological Bulletin'' 124(1):22-53. {{LGBT-footer |history=yes |culture=yes |rights=yes}} [[Category:Pederasty|*]] [[Category:Adolescence]] [[Category:Greek loanwords]] [[Category:History of education]] [[Category:Marriage]] [[Category:Sexuality and society]] [[Category:Sexual orientation and society]] [[br:Pederastiezh]] [[bg:Педерастия]] [[da:Pæderasti]] [[de:Päderastie]] [[et:Pederastia]] [[es:Pederastia]] [[fr:Pédérastie]] [[gd:Pàisd'-mhiannachd]] [[it:Pederastia]] [[lt:Pederastija]] [[nl:Pederastie]] [[ja:少年愛]] [[no:Pederasti]] [[pl:Pederastia]] [[pt:Pederastia]] [[ro:Pederastie]] [[ru:Педерастия]] [[scn:Jarrusu]] [[sk:Pederastia]] [[fi:Pederastia]] [[sv:Pederasti]] [[zh:孌童戀]]