Peer-to-peer 24107 226171492 2008-07-17T03:52:19Z Kgfleischmann 2092791 reverted nonsense edits of 203.213.195.11 {{Cleanup| date=March 2008 }} :''For other uses of the term see [[Peer-to-peer (disambiguation)]]'' :''For peer-to-peer networks used for file sharing see [[File sharing]]'' [[Image:P2P-network.svg|thumb|200px|A peer-to-peer based network.]] [[Image:Server-based-network.svg|thumb|200px|A server based network (not peer-to-peer).]] A '''peer to peer''' (or '''P2P''') [[computer network]] uses diverse connectivity between participants in a network and the cumulative [[bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]] of network participants rather than conventional centralized resources where a relatively low number of [[Server (computing)|server]]s provide the core value to a service or application. P2P networks are typically used for connecting [[Node (telecommunications)|nodes]] via largely ''[[wikt:ad hoc|ad hoc]]'' connections. Such networks are useful for many purposes. Sharing content files (see [[file sharing]]) containing audio, video, data or anything in digital format is very common, and realtime data, such as [[Voice over IP|telephony]] traffic, is also passed using P2P technology. A pure P2P network does not have the notion of [[Client (Computing)|clients]] or servers but only equal '''''[[Peer group (computer networking)|peer]]''''' [[node (networking)|node]]s that simultaneously function as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network. This model of network arrangement differs from the [[client-server]] model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that is not P2P is an [[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] server where the client and server programs are quite distinct, the clients initiate the download/uploads, and the servers react to and satisfy these requests. The earliest P2P network in widespread use was the [[Usenet]] [[news server]] system, in which peers communicated with one another to propagate [[Usenet news]] articles over the entire Usenet network. Particularly in the earlier days of Usenet, [[UUCP]] was used to extend even beyond the [[Internet]]. However, the news server system also acted in a client-server form when individual users accessed a local news server to read and post articles. The same consideration applies to [[SMTP]] email in the sense that the core email relaying network of [[Mail transfer agent]]s is a P2P network while the periphery of [[Mail user agent]]s and their direct connections is client server. Some networks and channels such as [[Napster]], [[OpenNAP]] and [[Internet Relay Chat|IRC]] [[Depot channel|server channels]] use a client-server structure for some tasks (e.g. searching) and a P2P structure for others. Networks such as [[Gnutella]] or [[Freenet]] use a P2P structure for all purposes, and are sometimes referred to as true P2P networks, although Gnutella is greatly facilitated by directory servers that inform peers of the network addresses of other peers. P2P architecture embodies one of the key technical concepts of the Internet, described in the first Internet [[Request for Comments]], RFC 1, "Host Software" dated [[7 April]] [[1969]]. More recently, the concept has achieved recognition in the general public in the context of the absence of central indexing [[Server (computing)|server]]s in architectures used for exchanging multimedia files. The concept of P2P is increasingly evolving to an expanded usage as the relational dynamic active in distributed networks, i.e. not just computer to computer, but human to human. [[Yochai Benkler]] has coined the term "commons-based peer production" to denote collaborative projects such as free software. Associated with peer production are the concept of peer governance (referring to the manner in which peer production projects are managed) and peer property (referring to the new type of licenses which recognize individual authorship but not exclusive property rights, such as the [[GNU General Public License]] and the [[Creative Commons]] licenses). ==Classifications of P2P networks== P2P networks can be classified by what they can be used for: * file sharing * telephony * media streaming (audio, video) * discussion forums Other classification of P2P networks is according to their degree of centralization. In 'pure' P2P networks: * Peers act as equals, merging the roles of clients and server * There is no central server managing the network * There is no central router Some examples of pure P2P [[application layer]] networks designed for [[file sharing]] are [[Gnutella]] and [[Freenet]]. There also exist countless hybrid P2P systems: * Has a central server that keeps information on peers and responds to requests for that information. * Peers are responsible for hosting available resources (as the central server does not have them), for letting the central server know what resources they want to share, and for making its shareable resources available to peers that request it. * Route terminals are used as addresses, which are referenced by a set of indices to obtain an absolute address. e.g. * Centralized P2P network such as [[Napster]] * Decentralized P2P network such as [[KaZaA]] * Structured P2P network such as [[Content addressable network|CAN]] * Unstructured P2P network such as [[Gnutella]] * Hybrid P2P network (Centralized and Decentralized) such as [[JXTA]] (an open source P2P protocol specification) ==Advantages of P2P networks== An important goal in P2P networks is that all clients provide resources, including [[Bandwidth (computing)|bandwidth]], storage space, and computing power. Thus, as nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases. This is not true of a client-server architecture with a fixed set of servers, in which adding more clients could mean slower data transfer for all users. The distributed nature of P2P networks also increases robustness in case of failures by replicating data over multiple peers, and -- in pure P2P systems -- by enabling peers to find the data without relying on a centralized index server. In the latter case, there is no [[Reliable system design|single point of failure]] in the system.<ref> [http://www.solyrich.com/p2p-pros-cons.asp Advantages of peer-to-peer networks] </ref> ==Unstructured and structured P2P networks== The P2P [[overlay network]] consists of all the participating peers as network nodes. There are links between any two nodes that know each other: i.e. if a participating peer knows the location of another peer in the P2P network, then there is a directed edge from the former node to the latter in the overlay network. Based on how the nodes in the overlay network are linked to each other, we can classify the P2P networks as unstructured or structured. An unstructured P2P network is formed when the overlay links are established arbitrarily. Such networks can be easily constructed as a new peer that wants to join the network can copy existing links of another node and then form its own links over time. In an unstructured P2P network, if a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the query has to be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. The main disadvantage with such networks is that the queries may not always be resolved. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that search will be successful. Since there is no correlation between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Flooding also causes a high amount of signaling traffic in the network and hence such networks typically have very poor search efficiency. Most of the popular P2P networks such as [[Gnutella]] and [[FastTrack]] are unstructured. Structured P2P network employ a globally consistent protocol to ensure that any node can efficiently route a search to some peer that has the desired file, even if the file is extremely rare. Such a guarantee necessitates a more structured pattern of overlay links. By far the most common type of structured P2P network is the [[distributed hash table]] (DHT), in which a variant of [[consistent hashing]] is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer, in a way analogous to a traditional [[hash table]]'s assignment of each key to a particular array slot. Some well known DHTs are [[Chord project|Chord]], [[Pastry (DHT)|Pastry]], [[Tapestry (DHT)|Tapestry]], [[Content addressable network|CAN]], and [[Tulip Overlay|Tulip]]. Not a DHT-approach but a structured P2P network is [[HyperCuP]]. ==US legal controversy== {{seealso|File sharing and the law}} In Sony Corp. v. Universal Studios, 464 U.S. 417 (1984), the Supreme Court found that Sony's new product, the Betamax, did not subject Sony to secondary copyright liability because it was capable of substantial non-infringing uses. Decades later, this case became the jumping-off point for all peer-to-peer copyright infringement litigation. The first peer-to-peer case was A&M Records v. Napster, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001). In the Napster case, the 9th Circuit considered whether Napster was liable as a secondary infringer. First, the court considered whether Napster was contributorily liable for copyright infringement. To be found contributorily liable, Napster must have engaged in "personal conduct that encourages or assists the infringement." <ref>A&M Records v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1019 (9th Cir. 2001) ''citing'' Matthew Bender & Co. v. West Publ'g Co., 158 F.3d 693, 706 (2d Cir. 1998)</ref> The court found that Napster was contributorily liable for the copyright infringement of its end-users because it "knowingly encourages and assists the infringement of plaintiffs' copyrights."<ref>Napster, at 1020.</ref> The court goes on to analyze whether Napster was vicariously liable for copyright infringement. The standard applied by the court is whether Napster "has the right and ability to supervise the infringing activity and also has a direct financial interest in such activities."<ref>Napster, at 1022, ''citing'' Gershwin Publ'g Corp. v. Columbia Artists Mgmt., Inc, 443 F.2d 1159, 1162 (2d Cir. 1971.</ref> The court found that Napster did receive a financial benefit, and had the right and ability to supervise the activity, meaning that the plaintiffs demonstrated a likelihood of success on the merits of their claim of vicarious infringement.<ref>Napster, at 1024.</ref> The court denied all of Napster's defenses, including its claim of fair use. The next major peer-to-peer case was MGM v. Grokster, 514 U.S. 913 (2005). In this case, the Supreme Court found that even if Grokster was capable of substantial non-infringing uses, which the Sony Court found was enough to relieve one of secondary copyright liability, Grokster was still secondarily liable because it induced its users to infringe. <ref>MGM v. Grokster, 514 U.S. 913, 940 (2005).</ref> Around the world in 2006, an estimated five billion songs, equating to 38,000 years in music were swapped on peer-to-peer websites, while 509 million were purchased online <ref>[http://www.ibisworld.com/pressrelease/pressrelease.aspx?prid=127: June 2008, The Tables Have Turned: Rock Stars – Not Record Labels – Cashing In On Digital Revolution], ''IBISWorld''</ref>. ==Computer science perspective== Technically, a completely pure P2P application must implement only peering protocols that do not recognize the concepts of "server" and "client". Such ''pure'' peer applications and networks are rare. Most networks and applications described as P2P actually contain or rely on some non-peer elements, such as [[Domain Name System|DNS]]. Also, real world applications often use multiple protocols and act as client, server, and peer simultaneously, or over time. Completely decentralized networks of peers have been in use for many years: two examples are [[Usenet]] (1979) and [[FidoNet]] (1984). Many P2P systems use stronger peers (super-peers, super-nodes) as servers and client-peers are connected in a star-like fashion to a single super-peer. Sun added classes to the Java technology to speed the development of P2P applications quickly in the late 1990s so that developers could build decentralized real time chat applets and applications before Instant Messaging networks were popular. This effort is now being continued with the [[JXTA]] project. P2P systems and applications have attracted a great deal of attention from computer science research; some prominent research projects include the [[Chord project]], the [[PAST storage utility]], the [[P-Grid]], a self-organized and emerging overlay network and the [[CoopNet content distribution system]] (see below for external links related to these projects). ==Application of P2P network outside computer science== * Bioinformatics: P2P networks have also begun to attract attention from scientists in other disciplines, especially those that deal with large datasets such as [[bioinformatics]]. P2P networks can be used to run large programs designed to carry out tests to identify drug candidates. The first such program was begun in 2001 the Centre for Computational Drug Discovery at [[Oxford University]] in cooperation with the National Foundation for Cancer Research. There are now several similar programs running under the auspices of the [[United Devices Cancer Research Project]]. On a smaller scale, a self-administered program for computational biologists to run and compare various bioinformatics software is available from [http://www.bcgsc.bc.ca/chinook/ Chinook]. [http://www.proteomecommons.org/dev/dfs/ Tranche] is an open-source set of software tools for setting up and administrating a decentralized network. It was developed to solve the bioinformatics data sharing problem in a secure and scalable fashion. * Academic Search engine: The [[sciencenet]] P2P search engine provides a free and open search engine for scientific knowledge. [[sciencenet]] is based on [[yacy]] technology. Universities / research institutes can download the free java software and contribute with their own peer(s) to the global network. [http://liebel.fzk.de/collaborations/sciencenet-search-engine-based-on-yacy-p2p-technology Liebel-Lab] @ Karlsruhe institute of technology KIT. * Education and Academia: Due to the fast distribution and large storage space features, many organizations are trying to apply P2P networks for educational and academic purposes. For instance, Pennsylvania State University, MIT and Simon Fraser University are carrying on a project called LionShare designed for facilitating file sharing among educational institutions globally. *Military: The U.S. Department of Defense has already started research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy. In November, 2001, Colonel Robert Wardell from the Pentagon told a group of P2P software engineers at a tech conference in Washington, DC: "You have to empower the fringes if you are going to... be able to make decisions faster than the bad guy".<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=washtech/techthursday/columns/dotcom&contentId=A59099-2001Nov7 Walker, Leslie. ''Uncle Sam Wants Napster!'' The Washington Post, November 8, 2001]</ref> Wardell indicated he was looking for P2P experts to join his engineering effort. In May, 2003 Dr. Tether. Director of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency testified that U.S. Military is using P2P networks. Due to security reasons, details are kept classified. * Business: P2P networks have already been used in business areas, but it is still in the beginning stages. Currently, Kato et al’s studies indicate over 200 companies with approximately $400 million USD are investing in P2P network. Besides File Sharing, companies are also interested in Distributing Computing, Content Distribution, e-marketplace, Distributed Search engines, Groupware and Office Automation via P2P networks. There are several reasons why companies prefer P2P sometimes, such as: Real-time collaboration--a server cannot scale well with increasing volume of content; a process which requires strong computing power; a process which needs high-speed communications, etc. At the same time, P2P is not fully used as it still faces a lot of security issues. * TV: Quite a few applications available to delivery TV content over a P2P network ([[P2PTV]]) * Telecommunication: Nowadays, people are not just satisfied with “can hear a person from another side of the earth”, instead, the demands of clearer voice in real-time are increasing globally. Just like the TV network, there are already cables in place, and it's not very likely for companies to change all the cables. Many of them turn to use the internet, more specifically P2P networks. For instance, [[Skype]], one of the most widely used internet phone applications is using P2P technology. Furthermore, many research organizations are trying to apply P2P networks to cellular networks. ==Security== ===Anonymity=== {{main|Anonymous P2P}} Some P2P protocols (such as [[Freenet]]) attempt to hide the identity of network users by passing all traffic through intermediate nodes. ===Encryption=== Some P2P networks encrypt the traffic flows between peers. This may help to: *make it harder for an ISP to detect that peer-to-peer technology is being used (as some artificially limit bandwidth) *hide the contents of the file from eavesdroppers *impede efforts towards law enforcement or censorship of certain kinds of material *authenticate users and prevent 'man in the middle' attacks on protocols *aid in maintaining anonymity ==Networks, protocols and applications== {{Cleanup-section|date=October 2007}} <!-- Please don't forget to add new multiple network applications also to the list below for that. Please use the Format: * <network/protocol>: <list of applications using that network> Note that all networks and protocols are in alphabetical order except very similar applications which are listed in one entry with the most important one first, determining the place of this very similar applications in the list. Adding external links to entries in this list is inappropriate. Links for a given client should be in that client's article. --> ===Other types of peer-to-peer applications=== *[[File sharing]] (using application layer protocols as [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]]) *[[VoIP]] (using application layer protocols as [[Session Initiation Protocol|SIP]]) *[[Streaming media]] *[[Instant messaging]] * Software publication and distribution * Media publication and distribution (radio, video) ===Networks and protocols=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Network or Protocol ! Use ! Applications |- | [[Ares Galaxy|Ares]] || [[File sharing]] || [[Ares Galaxy]], [[Warez P2P]] |- | [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] || [[File sharing]]/Software distribution/Media distribution || [[ABC (Yet Another BitTorrent Client)|ABC]], [[AllPeers]], [[Azureus]], [[BitComet]], [[BitLord]], [[BitTornado]], [[BitTorrent (software)|BitTorrent]], [[Burst!]], [[Deluge (BitTorrent client)|Deluge]], [[FlashGet]], [[G3 Torrent]], [[Halite Client|Halite]], [[KTorrent]], [[LimeWire]], [[MLDonkey]], [[Opera (web browser)|Opera]], [[QTorrent]], [[rTorrent]], [[TorrentFlux]], [[Transmission (BitTorrent)|Transmission]], [[Tribler]], [[µTorrent]], [[Thunder]], [[Shareaza]] |- | [[CSpace]] || [[File sharing]], text chat, remote desktop || a peer-to-peer based communications system |- | [[Direct connect file-sharing application|Direct Connect]] || [[File sharing]] || [[DC++]], [[NeoModus Direct Connect]], [[DC++#SababaDC|SababaDC]], [[DC++#BCDC++|BCDC++]], [[DC++#ApexDC++|ApexDC++]], [[DC++#StrongDC++|StrongDC++]] |- | [[Domain name system|Domain Name System]] || [[Internet]] information retrieval || See [[Comparison of DNS server software]] |- | [[eDonkey network|eDonkey]] || [[File sharing]] || [[aMule]], [[eDonkey2000]] (discontinued), [[eMule]], [[eMule Plus]], [[FlashGet]], [[iMesh]], [[Jubster]], [[lMule]], [[MLDonkey]], [[Morpheus (computer program)|Morpheus]], [[Pruna]], [[xMule]], [[Shareaza]] |- | [[FastTrack]] || [[File sharing]] || [[giFT]], [[Grokster]], [[iMesh]] (and its variants stripped of [[adware]] including [[iMesh Light]]), [[Kazaa]] (and its variants stripped of adware such as [[Kazaa Lite]]), [[KCeasy]], [[Mammoth]], [[MLDonkey]], [[Poisoned]] |- | [[Freenet]] || [[Distributed data store]] || [[Entropy (network)|Entropy]] (on its own network), Freenet |- | [[G3 Protocal|G3]] || [[File sharing]] || [[FilesWire (Web based P2P)]], [[DeskWire]] |- | [[GNUnet]] || [[File sharing]], chat || GNUnet, (GNUnet-gtk) |- | [[Gnutella]] || [[File sharing]] || [[Acquisition (software)|Acquisition]], [[BearShare]], [[Cabos]], [[FrostWire]], [[Gnucleus]], [[Grokster]], [[gtk-gnutella]], [[iMesh]], [[Kiwi Alpha]], [[LimeWire]], [[MLDonkey]], [[Morpheus (computer program)|Morpheus]], [[MP3 Rocket]], [[Poisoned]], [[Swapper]], [[XoloX]], [[Shareaza]] |- | [[Gnutella2]] || [[File sharing]] || [[Adagio (software)|Adagio]], [[Gnucleus]], [[Kiwi Alpha]], [[MLDonkey]], [[Morpheus (computer program)|Morpheus]], [[TrustyFiles]], [[Shareaza]] |- | [[Kad Network]] || [[File sharing]] || [[aMule]], [[eMule]], [[MLDonkey]] |- | [[JXTA]] || Peer applications || [[Collanos|Collanos Workplace]] ([[collaborative software|Teamwork software]]), Sixearch |- | Krawler || Social network || [[Krawler Networks|Krawler[x]]] |- | [[MANOLITO]]/MP2P || [[File sharing]] || [[Blubster]], [[Piolet]] |- | MFPnet || [[File sharing]] || [[Amicima|amiciPhone]] (no longer available) |- | [[Napster]] || [[File sharing]] || [[Napigator]], [[Napster]] |- | [[NeoEdge]] || [[File sharing]] || [[MostFun Game Player]], [[NeoARM game delivery]] |- | [[OpenNap]] || [[File sharing]] || [[WinMX]], [[Utatane]], [[XNap]], [[Napster]] |- | [[P2PTV]] || Video stream or [[file sharing]] || [[TVUPlayer]], [[Joost]], [[CoolStreaming]], [[Cybersky-TV]], [[TVants]], [[PPLive]], [[Kontiki]], [[LiveStation]] |- | [[PDTP]] || [[Streaming media]] or [[file sharing]] || [[PDTP]] |- | [[Peercasting]] || Multicasting streams || [[PeerCast]], [[IceShare]], [[FreeCast]], [[Rawflow]] |- | [[Pichat]] || [[Online chat|Chat]], [[Collaborative software|Collaboration]] || a peer-to-peer chat platform |- | [[Usenet]] || Distributed discussion || See [[list of news clients]] |- | [[WPNP]] || [[File sharing]] || [[WinMX]] |- | [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] Peer-to-Peer || Distributed peer application development, collaboration <ref name="WinP2P"> [http://download.microsoft.com/download/8/C/1/8C1A2CB7-5F1C-4A66-9044-AAE94FCC25FC/P2P_SDK_FAQ.htm Windows Peer-to-peer SDK FAQ] </ref> || Shipped with Advanced Networking Pack for [[Windows XP]] <ref> [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/817778 Overview of the Advanced Networking Pack for Windows XP] </ref>, Windows XP SP2, [[Windows Vista]]. This is a Windows component that runs only over [[IPv6]] and provides a 'meta' peer-to-peer network that applications can utilize. It does not have file sharing support but third-parties can develop one. <ref name="WinP2P" /> It also includes the [[Peer Name Resolution Protocol]] that allows dynamic domain name publication and resolution of names to endpoints. [[Windows Meeting Space]] and the ''People Near Me'' feature of Windows Vista use this protocol. It can be used to setup a Windows Internet Computer Name (WICN) using ''[[netsh]] p2p''. <ref> [http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/network/bb545868(en-us).aspx Windows Peer-to-Peer Networking] </ref> |} <!-- Note: "other networks" is not appropriate for external links. Adding them will result in them being promptly deleted. If you feel your external link is relevant, add it to the appropriate section (External Links). --> * Other networks: [[ANts P2P]], [[Applejuice]], [[Audiogalaxy]], [[Avalanche (P2P)|Avalanche]], [[CAKE]], [[Chord peer-to-peer lookup service|Chord]], [[The Circle]], [[Coral Content Distribution Network|Coral]], [[Dijjer]], [[FileTopia]], [[Groove Virtual Office|Groove]], [[Hamachi]], [[iFolder]], [[konspire2b]], [[Madster|Madster/Aimster]], [[MUTE]], [[OpenFT]], [[P-Grid]], [[Internet relay chat|IRC]], [[JXTA]], [[MojoNation]], [[Mnet]], [[Octoshape]], [[Omemo]], [[Overnet]], [[Peersites]], [[Perfect Dark (P2P)|Perfect Dark]], [[Scour]], [[SharingZone]], [[Skype]], [[Solipsis]], [[soribada]], [[Soulseek]], [[SPIN (software)|SPIN]], [[Swarmcast]], [[WASTE]], [[Winny]] An earlier generation of peer-to-peer systems were called "metacomputing" or were classed as "middleware". These include: [[Legion (software)|Legion]], [[Globus Toolkit|Globus]] ===Multi-network applications=== {{main|Comparison of file sharing applications}} <!-- <Format>: Applications Network or Protocol Operating systems License Note they *are* in alphabetical order... --> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Applications ! Network or Protocol ! Operating systems ! License |- | [[aMule]] | [[eDonkey network]], [[Kad network]] | [[Cross-platform]] | [[GNU General Public License|GPL]] |- | [[DC++]] | BCDC++ | Windows | GPL |- | [[eMule]] | eDonkey network, Kad network | [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] | GPL |- | [[giFT]] | eDonkey network, [[FastTrack]], Gnutella | Cross-platform | GPL |- | [[Gnucleus]] | Gnutella, Gnutella2 | Windows | GPL |- | [[Gtk-Gnutella]] | Gnutella | [[Linux]] | GPL |- | [[iMesh]] | FastTrack, [[eDonkey network]], Gnutella, Gnutella2 (All Prior to Version 6.0 Only) | Windows | Proprietary |- | [[KCeasy]] | Ares, FastTrack, Gnutella, [[OpenFT]] | Windows | GPL |- | [[Kiwi Alpha]] | Gnutella, Gnutella2 | Windows | Proprietary |- | [[MLDonkey]] | BitTorrent, [[Direct Connect (file sharing)|Direct Connect]], eDonkey network, FastTrack, Gnutella, Gnutella2, Kad Network, OpenNap, [[SoulSeek]], [[HTTP]]/[[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] | Cross-platform | GPL |- | [[Morpheus (computer program)|Morpheus]] | Gnutella, Gnutella2, BitTorrent | Windows | Proprietary |- | [[Shareaza]] | [[Gnutella]], [[Gnutella2]], [[eDonkey network|eDonkey]], [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]], [[HTTP]]/[[File Transfer Protocol|FTP]] | Windows | GPL |- | [[Vagaa]] | BitTorrent, eDonkey, Kad | Windows | Proprietary |- | [[Zultrax]] | Gnutella, ZEPP | Windows | Proprietary |- |} ==History== *July, 1999: publication of [[Freenet]] protocol *September, 1999: creation of [[Napster]] *November, 1999: first release of [[Direct Connect (file sharing)|Direct Connect]] client *[[March 14]], [[2000]]: first release of [[Gnutella]] *[[September 6]], [[2000]]: first release of [[eDonkey2000]] *March, 2001: introduction of the [[FastTrack (protocol)|FastTrack]] protocol *April, 2001: design of the [[BitTorrent (protocol)|BitTorrent]] protocol *May, 2001: first release of [[WPNP|WinMX Peer Network Protocol]] *July, 2001: shutdown of [[Napster]] *[[November 6]], [[2001]]: first release of [[GNUnet]] *March, 2002: publication of the [[Kademlia]] DHT *November, 2002: start of the [[Gnutella2]] project ==See also== <div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> *[[Ad hoc#Ad hoc computer network|Ad hoc network]] *[[Ambient network]] *[[Anonymous P2P]] *[[Byzantine Fault Tolerance]] *[[Client-server]] *[[Comparison of P2P applications]] *[[Compulsory license]] *[[Computer cluster]] *[[Decentralized computing]] *[[Distributed hash table]] *[[File sharing]] *[[Friend-to-friend]] (or [[Friend-to-friend|F2F]]) *[[Friend-to-friend with third party storage]] *[[Grid computing]] *[[Mobile VoIP]] *[[Overlay network]] *[[Phynd]] *[[Private P2P]] *[[Servent]] *[[Swarm intelligence]] *[[P2P-Next]] </div> ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== {{Commonscat|P2P}} * [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/issue/5624-2008-999689997-678759 Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing], Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. Khan and Adam Wierzbicki, Volume 31, Issue 2, February 2008 * Ross J. Anderson. [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/rja14/eternity/eternity.html The eternity service]. In ''Pragocrypt 1996'', 1996. * Marling Engle & J. I. Khan. [http://www.medianet.kent.edu/techreports/TR2006-11-01-p2pvuln-EK.pdf Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions], May 2006 * Carsten Rossenhövel, [http://www.internetevolution.com/document.asp?doc_id=148803&f_src=flfone Peer-to-Peer Filters: The Big Report]. Internet Evolution, March 2008 * Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. [http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.html A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies]. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004. * Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, [http://crypto.stanford.edu/DRM2002/darknet5.doc The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution]. In ''2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management'', November 2002. * Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, [http://www.idea-group.com/downloads/excerpts/Subramanian01.pdf Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking]. In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology, Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005 * Ralf Steinmetz, Klaus Wehrle (Eds). [http://www.peer-to-peer.info/ Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications]. ISBN 3-540-29192-X, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 3485, September 2005. * Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), [http://www.igi-pub.com/books/details.asp?ID=4635 Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology], ISBN 1-59140-429-0, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, USA, 2005. *[[Shuman Ghosemajumder]]. [http://shumans.com/p2p-business-models.pdf Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models]''. [[MIT Sloan School of Management]], 2002. * Silverthorne, Sean. ''[http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?]''. [[Harvard Business School|Harvard Business School Working Knowledge]], 2004. [[Category:Business law]] [[Category:File sharing networks]] [[Category:Distributed data sharing]] [[Category:Electronic commerce]] <!-- interwiki --> [[af:Eweknienetwerk]] [[ar:الند للند]] [[bg:P2P]] [[ca:D'igual a igual]] [[cs:Peer-to-peer]] [[da:Peer-to-peer]] [[de:Peer-to-Peer]] [[el:Peer-to-peer]] [[es:Peer-to-peer]] [[eo:Samtavola ŝutado]] [[eu:P2P]] [[fa:همتا به همتا (رایانه)]] [[fr:Pair à pair]] [[gl:Peer-to-peer]] [[ko:P2P]] [[hr:Peer to peer]] [[id:P2P]] [[it:Peer-to-peer]] [[he:עמית לעמית]] [[lv:Vienādranga tīkls]] [[lt:P2P]] [[hu:Peer-to-peer]] [[ms:Rakan-ke-rakan]] [[nl:Peer-to-peer]] [[ja:Peer to Peer]] [[no:Peer-to-peer]] [[pl:P2P]] [[pt:P2P]] [[ru:Одноранговая сеть]] [[sq:Peer-to-peer]] [[sk:Peer-to-peer]] [[sr:P2P]] [[fi:Vertaisverkko]] [[sv:P2P-nätverk]] [[vi:Mạng đồng đẳng]] [[tr:Peer-to-peer]] [[uk:Peer-to-peer]] [[yi:קאלעג צו קאלעג]] [[zh:點對點技術]]