Pencil 24508 225911407 2008-07-15T23:51:22Z Bjankuloski06en 810949 {{Refimprove|date=March 2008}} :''This article is about the handwriting instrument. For other uses, see [[Pencil (disambiguation)]]. [[Image:Pencils hb.jpg|thumb|220px|Two HB Pencils]] A '''pencil''' is a [[writing]] or [[drawing]] instrument consisting of a thin stick of [[pigment]] (usually [[graphite]], but can also be coloured pigment or [[charcoal]]) and [[clay]], usually encased in a thin wood cylinder, though paper and plastic sheaths are also used. Pencils are distinct from [[pen]]s, which use a liquid marking material. ==History== [[Image:PENCILWI.JPG|thumb|220px|Old Soviet colour pencils with box (circa 1959)]] The [[archetypal]] '''''pencil''''' may have been the [[ancient Rome|ancient Roman]] [[stylus]], which was a thin metal stick, often made from [[lead]] and used for scratching on [[papyrus]], a form of early paper. The word ''pencil'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''pencillus'' which means "little tail." ===Discovery of graphite deposit=== Some time prior to 1665 (some sources say as early as 1600), an enormous deposit of [[graphite]] was discovered at the site of [[Seathwaite Fell]] near [[Borrowdale]], [[Cumbria]], [[England]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.phy.mtu.edu/~jaszczak/borrowdale.html |title= Graphite from the Plumbago Mine, Borrowdale, England |publisher=Department of Physics at Michigan Technological University |accessdate=2008-03-27}} </ref>. The locals found that it was very useful for marking [[sheep]]. This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. This was and remains the only large scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cumbria-industries.org.uk/wad.htm |title= Lakeland's Mining Heritage |publisher=www.cumbria-industries.org.uk |accessdate=2008-03-27}}</ref> [[Chemistry]] was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called ''plumbago'' (Latin for "lead ore").<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/plumbago |title=Definition of Plumbago |publisher=Answers.com |accessdate=2007-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/plumbago |title=Definition of Plumbago |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |accessdate=2007-04-21}}</ref> The black core of pencils is still sometimes referred to as "lead," even though it never contained the [[Chemical element|element]] [[lead]]. The value of graphite was soon realized to be enormous, mainly because it could be used to line the moulds for [[cannon]] balls, and the mines were taken over by the [[The Crown|Crown]] and guarded. Graphite had to be smuggled out for use in pencils. Because graphite is soft, it requires some form of case. Graphite sticks were at first wrapped in string or in [[Leather|sheepskin]] for stability. The news of the usefulness of these early pencils spread far and wide, attracting the attentions of artists all over the "known world." Although deposits of graphite had been found in other parts of the world, they were not of the same purity and quality as the Borrowdale find, and had to be crushed to remove the impurities, leaving only graphite powder.{{Fact|date=March 2008}} England continued to enjoy a [[monopoly]] on the production of pencils until a method of reconstituting the graphite powder was found. The distinctively square English pencils continued to be made with sticks cut from natural graphite into the 1860s. Today, the town of [[Keswick, Cumbria|Keswick]], near the original findings of block graphite, has a pencil [[museum]]. The first attempt to manufacture graphite sticks from powdered graphite was in [[Nuremberg]], [[Germany]], in 1662. It used a mixture of graphite, [[sulfur|sulphur]], and [[antimony]]. Pencil "lead" is graphite ([[carbon]]) and not the chemical element [[lead]]. Residual graphite from a pencil stick is not poisonous, and graphite is harmless if consumed.<ref>[http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC33124 Graphite - Identification, toxicity, use, water pollution potential, ecological toxicity and regulatory information]</ref> ===Wood holders added=== It was the [[Italians]] who first thought of [[wood]]en holders. An Italian couple in particular, named Simonio and Lyndiana Bernacotti, were believed to be the ones to create the first blueprints for the modern [[carpentry pencil]] for the purpose of marking their carpentry pieces; however, their version was instead a flat, oval, more compact type of pencil. They did this at first by hollowing out a stick of [[juniper]] wood. Shortly thereafter, a superior technique was discovered: two wooden halves were carved, a graphite stick inserted, and the two halves then glued together&mdash;essentially the same method in use to this day. English and German pencils were not available to the [[France|French]] during the [[Napoleonic wars]]. It took the efforts of an officer in [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]]'s army to change this. In 1795 [[Nicholas Jacques Conté]] discovered a method of mixing powdered graphite with [[clay]] and forming the mixture into rods that were then fired in a [[kiln]]. By varying the ratio of graphite to clay, the hardness of the graphite rod could also be varied. This method of manufacture which had been earlier discovered by the Austrian [[Joseph Hardtmuth]] of [[Koh-I-Noor (company)|Koh-I-Noor]] in 1790 remains in use. American colonists imported pencils from Europe until after the [[American Revolution]]. [[Benjamin Franklin]] advertised pencils for sale in his ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' in 1729, and [[George Washington]] used a three-inch pencil when he surveyed the [[Ohio Territory]] in 1762. It is said that William Munroe, a cabinetmaker in [[Concord, Massachusetts]], made the first American wood pencils in 1812. This was not the only pencil-making in Concord. According to [[Henry Petroski]], [[transcendentalist]] philosopher [[Henry David Thoreau]] discovered how to make a good pencil out of inferior graphite using clay as the binder; this invention was prompted by his father's pencil factory in Concord, which employed graphite found in [[New Hampshire]] in 1821 by Charles Dunbar. [[Image:Pencil manufacture.svg|thumb|right|200px|Pencil manufacturing. The top sequence shows the old method that required pieces of graphite to be cut to size; the lower sequence is the new, current method using rods of graphite and clay.]] Munroe's method of making pencils was painstakingly slow, and in the neighbouring town of [[Acton, Massachusetts|Acton]], a pencil mill owner named Ebenezer Wood set out to automate the process at [[Nashoba Brook Pencil Factory Site|his own pencil mill located at Nashoba Brook along the old Davis Road]]. He used the first circular saw in pencil production. He constructed the first hexagon- and octagon-shaped pencil cases that we have today. Ebenezer did not patent his invention and shared his techniques with whoever asked. One of those was [[Eberhard Faber]] of New York, who became the leader in pencil production. [[Joseph Dixon]], an inventor and entrepreneur involved with the [[Tantiusques]] granite [[Mining|mine]] in [[Sturbridge, Massachusetts]], developed a means to [[mass production|mass produce]] pencils. By 1870, The [[Joseph Dixon Crucible Company]] was the world’s largest dealer and consumer of graphite and later became the contemporary [[Dixon Ticonderoga]] pencil and art supplies company.<ref>[http://www.dixonusa.com/index.cfm/fuseaction=history.dixon Dixon Ticonderoga Company]</ref><ref>[http://www.thetrustees.org/pages/368_tantiusques.cfm Tantiusques Graphite Mine]</ref> === Eraser attached === [[Image:LipmanPencilEraserPatent.jpg|thumb|220px|Drawing of pencil with an attached eraser from its patent application.]]On [[March 30]], [[1858]], [[Hymen Lipman]] received the first [[patent]] for attaching an [[eraser]] to the end of a pencil.<ref>http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=19783 US Patent 19783 Combination of Lead-Pencil and Eraser by L. Lipman</ref> In 1862 Lipman sold his patent to Joseph Reckendorfer for $100,000, who went to sue the pencil manufacturer Faber for infringement.<ref> Petroski, Henry (1990). ''The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57422-2; ISBN 0-679-73415-5, page 171</ref> In 1875 the Supreme Court of the United States ruled against Reckendorfer declaring the patent invalid.<ref>http://supreme.justia.com/us/92/347/case.html Reckendorfer v. Faber 92 U.S. 347 (1875)</ref> ==Manufacture== Modern pencils are made industrially by mixing finely ground graphite and clay powders, adding water, forming long [[spaghetti]]-like strings, and firing them in a [[kiln]] (thermally insulated chambers). The resulting strings are dipped in [[oil]] or molten [[wax]], which seeps into the tiny holes of the material, resulting in smoother writing. A juniper or [[incense-cedar]] plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a "slat", and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. ==Grading & classification== [[Image:TwoHBpencils2 and2 5.jpg|thumb|220px|Two HB pencils. One is labelled #2 and the other #2 1/2.]] Many pencils across the world and almost all in Europe are graded on the European system using a continuüm from "H" (for hardness) to "B" (for blackness), as well as "F" (for fine point). The standard writing pencil is graded '''HB'''. According to Petroski this system might have been developed in the early 1900s by Brookman, an English pencil maker. It used "B" for black and "H" for hard; a pencil's grade was described by a sequence or successive Hs or Bs such as '''BB''' and '''BBB''' for successively softer leads, and '''HH''' and '''HHH''' for successively harder ones.<ref>Petroski 1990, page 157</ref> Today a set of pencils ranging from a very hard, light-marking pencil to a very soft, black-marking pencil usually ranges from hardest to softest as follows. {| align=center style="text-align:center" |- style="height:10px" | style="background:#DDDDDD; width:25px" | || style="background:#CCCCCC; width:25px" | || style="background:#C7C7C7; width:25px" | || style="background:#BBBBBB; width:25px" | || style="background:#B7B7B7; width:25px" | || style="background:#AAAAAA; width:25px" | || style="background:#999999; width:25px" | || style="background:#888888; width:25px" | || style="background:#777777; width:25px;" | || style="background:#666666; width:25px" | || style="background:#555555; width:25px" | || style="background:#4A4A4A; width:25px" | || style="background:#444444; width:25px" | || style="background:#3A3A3A; width:25px" | || style="background:#333333; width:25px" | || style="background:#2a2a2a; width:25px" | || style="background:#222222; width:25px" | || style="background:#1a1a1a; width:25px" | || style="background:#111111; width:25px" | || style="background:#000000; width:25px"| |- | 9H || 8H || 7H || 6H || 5H || 4H || 3H || 2H || H || F || HB || B || 2B || 3B || 4B || 5B || 6B || 7B || 8B || 9B |- | colspan=3, style="text-align:left"|Hardest|| colspan=5|→ ||colspan=4|Medium||colspan=5|→||colspan=3 style="text-align:right"|Softest |} <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:pencilGrades.png|left|300px]] --> Koh-i-noor offers twenty grades from 10H to 8B for its 1500 series<ref>http://www.koh-i-noor.cz/main/main.php?pageid=3211&lang=4&=&filter=&cat=24&position=30 Koh-i-noor Catalog: Graphite Pencis</ref>; Derwent produces twenty grades from 9H to 9B for its Graphic pencils<ref>http://www.pencils.co.uk/products/derwent.aspx?sid=3&p=1 Derwent Graphic, retrieved Aug 21, 2007</ref> and Staedtler produces nineteen from 9H to 8B for its Mars Lumograph pencils.<ref>http://www.staedtler.com/Mars_Lumograph_gb.Staedtler?ActiveID=2213 Staedtler Mars Lumograph Pencils, retrieved Aug 21, 2007</ref> The main market for such wide range of grades are artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black. Engineers prefer harder pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead. This is reflected in the way pencils are packaged and marketed. For example, for its Graphic pencils Derwent offers three packages of 12 pencils each: Technical (with hard grades from 9H to B), Sketching (with soft grades H to 9B), and Designer (with medium grades 4H to 6B). Pencils graded using this system are used to measure the hardness and resistance of varnishes and paints. The resistance of a coating (also known as its pencil hardness) is determined as the grade of the hardest pencil that does not mark the coating when pressed firmly against it at a 45 degree angle.<ref>This testing method is approved by the [[ISO]] as standard ISO 15184:1998 Paints and varnishes -- Determination of film hardness by pencil test http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_tc_browse.htm?commid=47996. See http://www.pra-world.com/technical/testingphysicalhardness.htm for a description of the test. Unfortunately the hardness of pencils are not standardized. For this reason the standard specifies various brands of pencils that are to be used in this test.</ref><ref> Simmons, Mac, "The Pencil Hardness Test", Woodwork, April 2000, p76, available at http://www.pencilpages.com/articles/simmons.htm, retrieved Sept. 13, 2007</ref> Another common method uses numbers to designated the grade of a pencil. It was originally created by Conté and adopted in the United States by Thoreau in the 19th century.<ref>Petroski claims that Conté used integer numbers that started at 1, with higher numbers indicating softer leads, while Thoreau used higher numbers to designate harder leads (Petroski, 1990, page 157). It is believed that Thoreau developed independently his method of mixing clay and graphite, and his use of numbers to designate grades is evidence that he was at least aware of Conté methods and tried to reverse engineer them. Thoreau offered pencils graduated from 1 to 4 in the middle 1800s (Petroski, 1990, page 119), see also {{cite episode |transcripturl=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi339.htm |series=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |serieslink=The Engines of Our Ingenuity |number=339 |title=Thoreau's Pencils |airdate=1989 |credits=John H. Lienhard |network=NPR |station=KUHF-FM Houston}}</ref> The following table shows approximate equivalences between the different systems<ref>Petroski, 1990, page 230)</ref>: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tone !! U.S. !! !! style="text-align:right" | World |- |style="background:#444444;"| || #1 || = || style="text-align:right" | B |- |style="background:#555555;"| || #2 || = || style="text-align:right" | HB |- |style="background:#666666;"| ||#2½ * || = || style="text-align:right" | F |- |style="background:#777777;"| ||#3 || = || style="text-align:right" | H |- |style="background:#888888;"| || #4 || = || style="text-align:right" | 2H |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> Also seen as 2-4/8, 2.5, 2-5/10. Although widely accepted, not all manufacturers follow it; for example, Faber-Castell uses a different equivalence table in its Grip 2001 pencils: 1=2B, 2=B, 2 1/2=HB, 3=H, 4=2H. The various graphite pencil grades are achieved by altering the proportion of graphite to clay: the more clay the harder the pencil.<ref>http://www.staedtler.com/upload/graphite_video_eng_16461.mpg "Staedtler Pencil", video, retrieved Aug 21, 2007.</ref><ref>Petroski, 1990)</ref><ref>http://www.pencils.co.uk/heritage.aspx?id=6&sid=1 Derwent Manufacturing Process, retrieved Aug 21, 2007</ref> Two pencils of the same grade but different manufacturers will not necessarily make a mark of identical tone nor have the same hardness.<ref>Petroski claims that pencil grades vary "depending upon the manufacturer, when the pencils are made, and the source of graphite and clay. One analyst found that graphitic carbon content, for example, to vary from about 30 to about 65 in a variety of different pencils bearing the same designation." Petroski, 1990, page 229</ref> ==Colour of pencils== [[Image:Colouring pencils.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Colouring pencils.]] The majority of pencils made in the [[United States]] are painted [[yellow]].<ref>75% of the 2.8 billion pencils made in the United States are painted yellow (Steve Ritter "Pencils & Pencil Lead", Chemical & Engineering News, Volume 79, Number 42 page 35, Oct 15, 2001 http://pubs.acs.org/cen/whatstuff/stuff/7942sci4.html).</ref> According to [[Henry Petroski]]<ref>Petroski, 1990, pages 162-163</ref>, this tradition began in 1890 when the L. & C. Hardtmuth Company of [[Austria-Hungary]] introduced their [[Koh-I-Noor (company)|Koh-I-Noor]] brand, named after the [[Koh-i-Noor|famous diamond]]. It was intended to be the world's best and most expensive pencil, and at a time when most pencils were either painted in dark colours or not at all, the Koh-I-Noor was yellow. As well as simply being distinctive, the colour may have been inspired by the [[Austria-Hungary#Flags and heraldry of Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian flag]]; it was also suggestive of [[the Orient]], at a time when the best-quality graphite came from [[Siberia]]. Other companies then copied the yellow colour so that their pencils would be associated with this high-quality brand, and chose brand names with explicit Oriental references, such as Mikado (renamed Mirado<ref>Eagle Pencil Company applied for the trademark [[Mirado]] in 1947 (US Trademark 71515261). It is common belief that this was an attempt to disassociate the pencil brand from Japan, as one of the meanings of [[Mikado]] is emperor of Japan. Petroski (Petroski, 1990) states that Eagle Pencil Company changed the name after the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor]].</ref><ref>Mikado/Mirado pencils were originally made by [[Eagle Pencil Company]]--today [[Berol]]--but it can also be found today under the trademark [[Papermate]] and [[Sanford]] as Sanford owns Berol and the trademark Papermate http://www.brandnamepencils.com/brands/eagle/mikado174.shtml Mirado Pencil</ref>) and Mongol.<ref>http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/eberhard-faber/mongol.htm Eberhard Faber Pencil Gallery.</ref><ref>Originally made by [[Eberhard Faber]] the Mongol trademark is now owned by Sanford http://timberlines.blogspot.com/2005/08/mongolized.html Timberlines Blog "Mongolized" Aug 31, 2005, retrieved Aug 23, 2007</ref> Not all countries use yellow pencils; however, [[Germany|German]] pencils, for example, are often [[green]], based on the trademark colours of [[Faber-Castell]], a major German stationery company. Pencils are commonly round, [[hexagonal]] or sometimes [[triangle|triangular]] in section. Colouring pencils (i.e., those with a coloured lead) are generally the same colour as the lead. ==Pencil types== ===According to the material used to make them=== ;Graphite pencils:These are the most common types of pencils. They are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black. Their composition allows for the smoothest strokes. ;Charcoal pencils:They are made of charcoal and provide fuller blacks than graphite pencils, but tend to smudge easily and are more abrasive than graphite. Sepia-toned and white pencils are also available for [[duotone]] techniques. ;Crayon pencils:Commonly known as '''coloured pencils''', these have wax cores with pigment and other fillers. Multiple colours are often blended together. The versatility of a set of crayon pencils can be determined by the number of unique colours it contains.<ref name="wax pencil">http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/waac/wn/wn19/wn19-3/wn19-308.html Categories of Wax-Based Drawing Media</ref> ;[[Grease pencil]]s:Also known as '''China markers'''. They write on virtually any surface (including glass, plastic, metal and photographs). The most commonly found grease pencils are encased in paper (Berol and Sanford Peel-off), but they can also be encased in wood (Staedtler Omnichrom).<ref name="wax pencil" /> ;Watercolour pencils:These are designed for use with [[watercolour]] techniques. The pencils can be used by themselves for sharp, bold lines. Strokes made by the pencil can also be saturated with water and spread with brushes.<ref name="wax pencil" /> === According to their use === [[Image:Speciality artists pencils 051907.jpg|right|thumb|220px|Two "woodless" graphite pencils, two charcoal pencils, and two grease pencils.]] ;[[Carpenter's pencil]]s:These are pencils that have two main properties: their shape prevents them from rolling, and their lead is strong.<ref>http://www.pencilpages.com/articles/carpentr.htm Doug Martin, 2000, "Carpenter's Pencils", retrieved Aug 23, 2007</ref> The oldest surviving pencil is a German carpenter's pencil dating from the 17th Century and now in the Faber-Castell collection.<ref>http://www.faber-castell.com.au/docs/default-news.asp?id=19463&domid=1010&sp=E&addlastid=&m1=14248&m2=16959&m3=19364&m4=19463 "History Pencils & Historic Packaging" Faber Castell Australia, retrieved Aug 23, 2007</ref><ref>http://www.pencilpages.com/gallery/oldest.htm "Oldest Known Pencil in Existence", retrieved Aug 23, 2007.</ref> ;Copying pencils:These are graphite pencils with an added dye that creates an indelible mark. They were invented in the late 1800s for [[press]] copying and as a practical substitute for fountain pens. Their markings are often visually indistinguishable from those of standard graphite pencils, but when moistened their markings dissolve into a coloured ink, which is then pressed into another piece of paper.<ref>http://aic.stanford.edu/sg/bpg/annual/v17/bp17-05.html The Copying Pencil: Composition, History, and Conservation Implications by Liz Dube</ref><ref>http://blog.awm.gov.au/lambert/?p=95 The Magic of Purple Pencil, retrieved Aug 23, 2007</ref><ref>http://www.penciltalk.org/2006/03/l-c-hardmuth-koh-i-noor-kopierstift-1561 L. & C. Hardmuth Koh-I-Noor Kopierstift 1561, retrieved Aug 23, 2007</ref> There were used until the early 1900s when ball pens slowly replaced them. ;Erasable colour pencils:Unlike wax-based coloured pencils, these can be easily erased. Their main use is in sketching, where the objective is to create an outline using the same colour that other media (such as wax pencils, or watercolour paints) would fill<ref>http://www.mccannas.com/sketch/supply.htm Art Supplies</ref> or when the objective is to scan the colour sketch.<ref>http://www.digitalartsonline.co.uk/tutorials/index.cfm?FeatureID=1625 Sketch to Paint in Photoshop</ref> Some animators prefer col-erase to graphite pencils because they don't smudge as easily, and the different colours allow for better separation of objects in the sketch.<ref>http://smacktalk.smackjeeves.com/03-paperpencilserasers/ Tools of the Trade Papers Pencils and Erases</ref> Copy-editors find them useful too, as their markings stand out more than graphite but can be erased.<ref>http://www.pencilrevolution.com/2005/10/writing-in-color/ See comment "As a professional copy-editor..."</ref> ;Non-reproducing:or [[Non-photo blue]] pencils make marks that are not reproduced by photocopiers<ref>http://www.epinions.com/content_285308063364 Sanford Col-Erase Copy Not Pencils--You Can't Copy This Baby!</ref> (Sanford's Copy-not or Staedtler's Mars Non-photo) or by [[whiteprint]] copiers (Staedtler's Mars Non-Print). ;Stenographer's pencil:also known as '''steno pencil'''. These pencils are expected to be very reliable, and their lead is break proof. Sometimes steno pencils are sharpened at both ends.<ref>http://www.penciltalk.org/2006/06/reporter-pencils Paper and Pencil Blog "Reporter Pencils" retrieved Aug 23, 2007.</ref> ;Golf pencil:Golf pencils are usually short (a common length is 9cm) and very cheap. They are also known as '''library pencils''', as many libraries offer them as disposable, unspillable, writing instruments. === According to their shape === * Triangular * Hexagonal * Round * Bendable (flexible plastic) === Mechanical pencils === {{main|Mechanical pencils}} [[Image:Mechanical pencil lead spilling out 051907.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Pencil lead for mechanical pencils.]] There are also pencils which use mechanical methods to push lead through a hole at the end. The erasers are also removable (and thus replaceable), and usually cover a place to store replacement leads. Mechanical pencils are popular for their longevity and the fact that they never need sharpening. Lead types are based on thickness. Common sizes are 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9, 1.1, and 1.6 [[millimetre]]s. The 2.0 mm size is commonly used in designing, artwork, and engineering, but is not commonly used outside these fields due to its high cost. === Other types === * The Quadrachromic Pencil is a slightly enlarged pencil with four colours equally partitioned on the tip. The use of each colour while drawing is accomplished by rotating the pencil between the fingers. * Penny pencil ==Notes== {{reflist|2}} ==References== * Petroski, Henry (1990). ''The Pencil: A History of Design and Circumstance''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-57422-2; ISBN 0-679-73415-5. * Petroski, Henry. "H. D. Thoreau, Engineer." ''American Heritage of Invention and Technology'', Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 8-16. * Acton Convservation Commission, Early American Pencils. 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