Perm
389777
223531693
2008-07-04T14:01:13Z
217.209.200.249
/* Sister cities */
{{Infobox Russian city
|EnglishName=Perm
|RussianName=Пермь
|Skyline=Perm, Sibirskay Street, 6.jpg
|SkylineLegend=Sibirskaya Street
|LatDeg=58
|LatMin=0
|LatSec
|LonDeg=56
|LonMin=19
|LonSec
|LocatorMap=Perm in Russia.png
|LocatorMapLegend=Perm on the map of Russia
|CoatOfArms=Coat of Arms of Perm.png
|CityDay=[[June 12]]
|Flag=Flag of Perm.png
|FederalSubject=[[Perm Krai]]
|MunStatus=Urban okrug
|InJurisdictionOf=[[Perm Krai]]
|AdmCtrOf=[[Perm Krai]], [[Permsky District]]
|LeaderType=City Head
|LeaderName=Igor Shubin
|Legislature=[[Perm City Duma|City Duma]]
|Charter=[[Charter of Perm]]
|Area_km2=799.68
|AreaRank
|Population=1001653
|PopulationRank=13th
|FoundationDate=[[May 15]], [[1723]]
|Event1=Town status
|Event1Date=[[October 29]], [[1781]]
|Event2=Renamed ''Molotov''
|Event2Date=1940
|Event3=Renamed ''Perm''
|Event3Date=[[October 2]], [[1957]]
|PostalCode=614xxx
|DialingCode=342
|Website=http://www.gorodperm.ru/
}}
{{Dablink|This article is about the city in [[Russia]]. For the hairstyle, see [[perm (hairstyle)]]. For other uses, see [[perm (disambiguation)]]}}
'''Perm''' ({{lang-ru|Пермь}}, {{pronounced|pʲɛrmʲ}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] and administrative center of [[Perm Krai]], [[Russia]]. It is situated on the banks of the [[Kama River]], in European part of Russia near the [[Ural Mountains]].
Perm is one of the largest cities in [[Russia]], [[list of cities and towns in Russia by population|thirteenth most populous]], with 990,200 (2007 est.)<ref name="Perm demography">[http://old.gorodperm.ru/files/perm_2006.doc Perm citizens] — The Official website of Perm Administration.</ref> inhabitants, down from 1,001,653 recorded in [[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]] and 1,090,944 recorded in [[Soviet Census (1989)|1989 Census]]. The city is served by [[Bolshoye Savino Airport]] but also hosts [[Bakharevka]] air base.
The word "Perm" is '[[Komi]] in origin. "Parma" is translated from [[Komi-Permyak language]] as a hilly place, covered with woods.
In [[geology]], the [[Permian]] period takes its name from the region.
==Geography==
[[Image:Kama River1.jpg|left|thumb|Kama River near Perm]]
Perm covers an area of 799,68 square km. It takes the third place among Russian cities, after [[Moscow]] and [[Saint-Petersburg]].
The city of Perm is located on the bank of the [[Kama River]]. The Kama is the main tributary of the [[Volga|Volga River]] and the one of the deepest and most picturesque rivers of Russia. The Kama is the water-way which grants the [[Urals]] access to the [[White|White Sea]], [[Baltic|Baltic Sea]], [[Azov|Sea of Azov]], [[Black|Black Sea]], and [[Caspian|Caspian Sea]]. Kama divides the city into two parts, Central part and right-banked part. The city stretches for a 70 km along the Kama and 40 km across of it. All latitudional streets settles down along the river, all meridional streets across of it.
The city is situated on hills. The distinguishing feature of the city's relief is the large quantity of small rivers and brooks. The largest of them are the [[Mulyanka River|Mulyanka]], [[Yegoshikha River|Yegoshikha]], Motoviliha (all are in left bank of Kama River), and Gaiva (in right bank of Kama River).
==History==
During the early [[Middle Ages]], the region of Perm was populated by [[pagan]] [[Finno-Ugric]] tribes who lived to the southeast of the legendary [[Bjarmaland]] and northeast of [[Volga Bulgaria]]. Between the 13th and 14th centuries, Russian [[fur trade]]rs and [[Russian Orthodox Church|Christian missionaries]] from [[Novgorod]] and later [[Moscow]] founded the first settlements in the area. [[Saint Stephen of Perm]] is credited with the conversion of the local population to Christianity in the late 14th century. In the 15th century, the Perm region, because of its highly profitable fur trade, was an object of a bitter rivalry between Novgorod and Moscow, and in 1472 Perm was finally annexed by the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]]. In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, soldiers, merchants, Christian monks, and priests were followed by [[Tsarist]] administration officials and [[peasant]] settlers from the western Russia.
Perm was first mentioned as a village, [[Yegoshikha Village|Yegoshikha]], in 1647; however, the history of the modern city of Perm starts with the development of the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] region by Tsar [[Peter I of Russia]]. [[Vasily Tatishchev]], appointed by the Tsar as a chief manager of Ural factories, founded Perm together with another major center of the Ural region, [[Yekaterinburg]].
Perm was founded on [[May 15]] (May 4 in [[Julian calendar]]), [[1723]], and has had town status since 1781. By 1797, it was already an administrative center of the [[gubernia]] with the same name.
In the 19th century, Perm became a major trade and industrial center with a population of more than 20,000 people in the 1860s, with several [[metallurgy]], [[paper]], and [[steamboat]] producing factories, including one owned by a British entrepreneur. In 1870, an opera theatre was opened in the city, and in 1871 the first [[phosphorus|phosphoric]] factory in Russia was built. In 1916, [http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=001&search=on Perm State University]—a major educational institution in modern Russia—was opened.
After the outbreak of the [[Russian Civil War]], Perm became a prime target for both sides because of its military [[munitions]] factories. In December 1918 the Siberian [[White movement|White Army]] under [[Anatoly Pepelyayev]] (who acknowledged the authority of the [[Omsk]] Government of [[Aleksandr Kolchak]]), took Perm. In 1919 the city was retaken by the [[Red Army]].
[[Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia|Grand Duke Mikail Alexandrovich]] was executed in the outskirts of Perm with his secretary Nicholas Johnson on [[June 12]], [[1918]] on the orders of the Perm [[Cheka]]. Their bodies were never recovered. A few weeks later on [[July 7]], [[1918]], [[Andronic Nikolsky]], the Archbishop Of Perm, was also murdered by the [[Bolsheviks]] in the city. In 2000, the Russian Orthodox Church glorified him as Hieromartyr Andronik, Archbishop Of Perm, one of the Russian New Martyrs and Confessors.
<gallery caption='Early color photograph of [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]], year 1910'>
Image:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - City of Perm. General view (1910).jpg|General view of City of Perm. (1910).
Image:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskie Gorki (1910).jpg|General view of the city of Perm from Gorodskie Gorki (1910)
Image:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii - Razguliai, outskirts of the city of Perm (1910).jpg|Razguliai, outskirts of the city of Perm(1910)
Image:Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png| Mary Magdalene Church of the city Perm.(1910)
Image:Prokudin-Gorsky - Perm. Summertime location of the exchange.jpg| Summertime location of the exchange in the city Perm.(1910)
Image:Prokudin-Gorskii - Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm.jpg|Prokudin-Gorskii - Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm (1910)
Image:Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg|Kama river near Perm (1910)
Image:Prokudin-Gorsky - Perm. Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration.jpg|Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm. (1910)
</gallery>
===Soviet Times===
In the 1930s, Perm grew as a major industrial city, and [[aviation]], [[shipbuilding]], and [[chemical]] factories were built there. The process continued after the 1940s and virtually every major industry became represented by numerous factories in Perm. To this day almost 80% of the city's population is employed in manufacturing. During the [[Great Patriotic War]] ([[World War II]]), Perm was a vital center of [[tank]] production in the [[Soviet Union]].
From 1940 until 1957 the city was named Molotov ({{lang|ru|Мо́лотов}}), after [[Vyacheslav Molotov]].
==Modern city==
[[Image:TGC-9 Headquarters.jpg|thumb|[[TGC-9]]]]
The city is a major administrative, industrial, scientific, and cultural center. The leading industries include machinery, [[arms industry|defence]], [[petroleum|oil]] production (about 3% of Russian output), oil [[refining]], [[chemical]] and petrochemical, [[timber]] and [[wood]] processing and the [[food]] industry.
==Administrative divisions==
[[Image:Administrative divisions of Perm (en).svg|left|thumb|Administrative divisions]]
[[Image:Administration of Perm City.jpg|thumb|Building of the Perm Administration]]
Perm is divided into seven city districts:
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"
!City District||Population ([[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]])
|-
| [[Dzerzhinsky City District, Perm|Dzerzhinsky]] ({{lang|ru|Дзержи́нский}}) || 153,403
|-
| [[Industrialny City District, Perm|Industrialny]] ({{lang|ru|Индустриа́льный}}) || 160,039
|-
| [[Kirovsky City District, Perm|Kirovsky]] ({{lang|ru|Ки́ровский}}) || 126,960
|-
| [[Leninsky City District, Perm|Leninsky]] ({{lang|ru|Ле́нинский}}) || 57,569
|-
| [[Motovilikhinsky City District, Perm|Motovilikhinsky]] ({{lang|ru|Мотови́лихинский}}) || 176,564
|-
| [[Ordzhonikidzevsky City District, Perm|Ordzhonikidzevsky]] ({{lang|ru|Орджоники́дзевский}}) || 111,631
|-
| [[Sverdlovsky City District, Perm|Sverdlovsky]] ({{lang|ru|Свердло́вский}}) || 215,487
|}
==Culture==
The Perm Opera and Ballet House is the one of the best in Russia. There are many other theatres in Perm such as the Drama theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Theatre for Young Spectators, the Theatre "Near Bridge" and so on.
[[Image:Perm Opera and Ballet Theatre, 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Perm Opera and Ballet House]]]]
==Education==
Perm is scientific center. Some of institutes combine into Perm scientific center of ural branch [[Russian Academy of Sciences]].
Perm is a home to several major [[university|universities]] including [[Perm State University]] <ref>http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008</ref>, Perm State Technical University <ref>http://www.pstu.ru/</ref>, Perm State Teachers' Training University, Perm State Medical Academy <ref>http://www.psma.ru/psmabeta2/english/</ref>, Perm State Pharmaceutical Academy <ref>http://www.psfa.ru/english/</ref>, Perm State Agricultural Academy, The Institute of Art and Culture, Perm State Choreographic School<ref>http://balletschool.perm.ru/eng/</ref>, Perm branch of state university Higher school of economics <ref>http://www.hse.perm.ru/</ref> and others. There are also three military schools in Perm.
==Transport==
Perm is an important railway junction on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] with lines radiating to [[Central Russia]], north part of [[Ural]], far east of [[Russia]].
[[Kama]] River is an important link in the unifying deep-water system of the European part of Russia. The river connects city with European water-routes. It is possible to ship cargo from Kama river area to the sea ports of [[White sea|White]], [[Baltic sea|Baltic]], [[Azov sea|Azov]], [[Black sea|Black]] and [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] seas without reloading. <ref name="Transport in Perm">[http://perm.ru/eng/region/transportation/ Transport infrastructure] — Perm regional server.</ref>
There is one international airport in Perm [[Bolshoye Savino Airport|Bolshoye Savino]] (Big Savino).
Perm is also served by the smaller Airport "Bakharevka".
Perm's public transit network includes [[streetcar]] (tram), [[bus]], and [[trolleybus]] routes.
==Sister cities==
Perm is the sister city of ([[town twinning|twinned]] with):
*{{flagicon|United States}} [[Louisville, Kentucky]], [[United States]] ([[1994]])
*{{flagicon|UK}} [[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] ([[1995]])
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Duisburg]], [[Germany]] ([[2007]])
*{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Cherkasy]], [[Ukraine]]
==Sport==
*[[FC Amkar Perm]], the [[football (soccer)|football]] club based in Perm, playing in the [[Russian Premier League]]
*[[Molot-Prikame Perm]], [[ice hockey]] club playing in the [[Russian Hockey Super League]]
*[[PBC Ural Great]], the [[basketball]] club based in Perm, playing in the [[Russian Basketball Super League]]
==Media==
==Notable citizens==
:'''See:''' [[:Category:People from Perm]]
The following people were either born in Perm or made names for themselves while residing there.
*[[Viktor Astafiyev|Viktor Petrovich Astafiyev]], a Russian writer of short stories and novels;
*[[Tatiana Borodina]], opera soprano;
*[[Sergei Diaghilev]], [[ballet]] impresario;
*[[Alexey Victorovich Ivanov]], a modern Russian writer;
*[[Fyodor Gral]], a doctor.
[[Image:Monument to Fyodor Gral (close-up).jpg|thumb|Monument to Fyodor Gral]]
*[[Alexandra Kosteniuk]], [[chess]] [[International Grandmaster|Grandmaster]];
*[[Dmitry Mamin-Sibiryak]], a Russian author;
*[[Nikolai Moiseev]], a [[astronomer]];
*[[Fyodor Petrov]] was a Soviet artillery designer;
*[[Victor Pokhmelkin]], a Russian opposition politician;
*[[Natasha Poly]], a Russian [[supermodel]].
*[[Alexander Stepanovich Popov]], physicist who was the first to demonstrate the practical application of electromagnetic waves ([[radio]]);
*[[Arkadiy Shvetsov|Arkadiy Dmitrievich Shvetsov]], a Soviet aircraft engine designer;
*[[Nikolai Slavyanov]], the inventor of new method in arc [[welding]];
*[[Peter Berngardovich Struve]], a Russian political economist, philosopher and editor;
*[[Yuri Trutnev]], a Minister of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation;
*[[Andrey Voronikhin|Andrey Nikoforovich Voronikhin]], a Russian architect and painter. As a representative of [[classicism]] he was also one of the founders of the monumental Russian [[Empire style]];
*[[Konstantin Zyryanov]], a Russian [[footballer]].
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==Climate==
==Tourism==
==Municipalities==
==Economy==
==Architecture==
==Museums==
==Sport and recreation==
==Night life==-->
==See also==
*[[Saint Stephen of Perm]]
*[[Yegoshikha River]]
*[[Great Perm]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}
==External links==
{{commonscat}}
*[http://perm.ru/eng/ Perm regional server]
*[http://www.duma.perm.ru/english/ The Official Website of the Perm Municipal Duma]
*[http://www.gorodperm.ru/en/default.asp Official website]
*[http://invest.permtpp.ru/en/main/ Perm Chamber of Commerce and Industry]
*[http://www.photoperm.ru/?s=0&c=0&lang=eng The Western Ural Photographic Album]
*[http://www.permonline.ru/~museum/romanov/ Virtual museum of Romanov in Perm]
*[http://www.permonline.ru/english/perm/history.htm History of Perm]
*[http://www.kommersant.com/tree.asp?rubric=5&node=406&doc_id=-62 Perm and Perm Region Information on Kommersant Publishing webpage (also, see all other Russian subjects of the Federation)]
*[http://www.permian.ru/ The city of Perm - The poem of the town]
*[http://www.psu.ru/?a=0&lang=Eng&m=008 Perm State University]
**[http://www.forum-psu.ru/ Forum of Perm State University] {{ru icon}}
*[http://welcome-ural.ru/urals/30/193/ Perm for travelers] Sights of Perm and Perm's region
*[http://www.uraltourism.com/perm.php General info on the city of Perm]
*[http://www.pimg.ru/en/ "The Perm Days"] is the regional newspaper issued in English language. That is an investment, business, tourist guide for foreign guests of [[Perm Krai]].
{{Cities and towns in Perm Krai}}
[[Category:Perm| ]]
[[Category:Settlements established in 1723]]
{{Link FA|ru}}
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