Persepolis 92016 225550703 2008-07-14T07:30:00Z Kaaveh Ahangar 1517638 changing the image {{Cleanup|date=November 2006}} {{Unreferenced|date=November 2006}} :''This article is about the ancient city. For other uses, see [[Persepolis (disambiguation)]].'' {{Infobox World Heritage Site | WHS = Persepolis | Image = [[Image:Persepolis 06.jpg|thumb|center|300px|<center>''Panorama of Persepolis Ruins''</center>]] | State Party = [[Image:Flag of Iran.svg|22px]] [[Iran]] | Type = Cultural | Criteria = i, iii, vi | ID = 114 | Region = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] | Year = 1979 | Session = 3rd | Link = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/114 }} '''Persepolis''' ({{Audio|En-Persepolis Pronunciation.ogg|listen}} [[Old Persian]]: ''Pārsa'', Modern [[Persian language|Persian]]: تخت جمشید/پارسه, ''Takht-e Jamshid'' or ''Chehel Minar''<ref>[http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/persepolis/persepolis.html Persepolis<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>) was the ceremonial capital of the [[Persian Empire]] during the [[Achaemenid dynasty]]. Persepolis is situated some 70 km northeast of the modern city of [[Shiraz, Iran|Shiraz]] in the [[Fars Province]] of modern [[Iran]]. In contemporary Persian, the site is known as ''Takht-e Jamshid'' (Throne of [[Jamshid]]) and ''Parseh''. To the ancient Persians, the city was known as Pārsa, meaning "The City of Persians". Persepolis is the Greek interpretation of the name Πέρσης πόλις (''Persēs polis'': "Persian city"). ==Construction== [[Image:PersepolisMap.png|thumb|right|200px|Location of Persepolis]] Archaeological evidence shows that the earliest remains of Persepolis date from around 515 BC. [[André Godard]], the French archaeologist who excavated Persepolis in the early 1930s, believed that it was [[Cyrus the Great]] who chose the site of Persepolis, but that it was [[Darius the Great]] who built the terrace and the great palaces. [[Darius the Great|Darius]] ordered the construction of the [[Apadana|Apadana Palace]] and the Debating Hall (the Tripylon or three-gated hall), the main imperial Treasury and its surroundings. These were completed during the reign of his son, King [[Xerxes I]]. Further construction of the buildings on the terrace continued until the downfall of the [[Achaemenid dynasty]].<ref>2002. Guaitoli. M.T., & Rambaldi, S. Lost Cities from the Ancient World. White Star, spa. (2006 version published by Barnes & Noble. Darius I founded Persepolis in 500 BC as the residence and ceremonial centre of his dynasty. p. 164</ref> ==Archaeological Research== The first westerner to visit Persepolis was Antonio de Gouveia, from [[Portugal]], who wrote about [[cuneiform]] inscriptions following his visit in 1602. His first written report on Persia, the "Jornada", was published in 1606. The first scientific excavation at Persepolis was carried out by [[Ernst Herzfeld]] in [[1931]], commissioned by the [[Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]]. Herzfeld believed the reasons behind the construction of Persepolis were the need for a majestic atmosphere, a symbol for their empire, and to celebrate special events, especially the “[[Nowruz]]”. For historical reasons, Persepolis was built where the Achaemenid Dynasty was founded, although it was not the center of the empire at that time. Persepolitan architecture is noted for its use of wooden columns. Architects resorted to stone only when the largest cedars of [[Lebanon]] or teak trees of [[India]] did not fulfill the required sizes. Column bases and capitals were made of stone, even on wooden shafts, but the existence of wooden capitals is probable. The buildings at Persepolis include three general groupings: military quarters, the treasury, and the reception halls and occasional houses for the King. Noted structures include the Great Stairway, the Gate of Nations ([[Xerxes]]), the [[Apadana Palace]] of Darius, the [[Hall of a Hundred Columns]], the [[Tripylon Hall]] and [[Tachara Palace]] of Darius, the [[Hadish Palace]] of Xerxes, the palace of [[Artaxerxes]] III, the Imperial Treasury, the Royal Stables and the Chariot House. == Site == [[Image:Persepolis 1.JPG|right|thumb|200px|Persepolis (R)]] Persepolis is near the small river [[Pulwar]], which flows into the river [[Kur]] (Kyrus). The site includes a 125,000 square meter terrace, partly artificially constructed and partly cut out of a mountain, with its east side leaning on Kuh-e Rahmet ("the Mountain of Mercy"). The other three sides are formed by [[retaining wall]]s, which vary in height with the slope of the ground. From 5 to 13 meters on the west side there is a double stair, gently sloping, which leads to the top. To create the level terrace, depressions were filled with soil and heavy rocks, which were joined together with metal clips. Around 518 BC, construction of a broad stairway was begun , was planned to be the main entrance to the terrace 20 meters above the ground. The dual stairway, known as the Persepolitan stairway, was built in a symmetrical manner on the western side of the Great Wall. The 111 steps were 6.9 meters wide with treads of 31 centimetres and rises of 10 centimetres. Originally, the steps were believed to have been constructed to allow for nobles and royalty to ascend by horseback. New theories suggest that the purpose was to allow visiting dignitaries to walk up the stairs while keeping a regal appearance due to the small rise between each step. The top of the stairways led to a small yard in the north-eastern side of the terrace, opposite the Gate of Nations. Gray [[limestone]] was the main building material used in Persepolis. After natural rock had been levelled and the depressions filled in, the terrace was prepared. Major tunnels for sewage were dug underground through the rock. A large elevated water storage tank was carved at the eastern foot of the mountain. Professor Olmstead suggested the [[cistern]] was constructed at the same time that construction of the towers began. The uneven plan of the foundation of the terrace acted like a castle whose angled walls enabled its defenders to target any section of the external front. [[Diodorus]] writes that Persepolis had three walls with ramparts, which all had towers to provide protection space for the defense personnel. The first wall was 7 meters tall, the second, 14 meters and the third wall, which covered all four sides, was 27 meters in height, though no presence of the wall exists in modern times. ==Ruins== [[Image:AerialViewPersepolis.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Persepolis aerial view.]] Ruins of a number of colossal buildings, all constructed of dark-grey marble from the adjacent mountain, exist on the terrace. Fifteen of the pillars remain intact and standing. Three more pillars have been re-erected since 1970. Several of the buildings were never finished. ''F. Stolze'' has shown that some of the mason's rubbish has not been removed. These ruins, for which the name ''Chehel minar'' ("the forty columns or minarets") can be traced back to the [[13th century]], are now known as ''Takht-e Jamshid - تخت جمشید'' ("the throne of [[Jamshid]]"). Since the time of [[Pietro della Valle]], it has been beyond dispute that they represent the Persepolis captured and partly destroyed by [[Alexander the Great]]. Behind ''Takht-e Jamshid'' are three sepulchres hewn out of the rock in the hillside. The façades, one of which is incomplete, are richly decorated with reliefs. About 13 km NNE, on the opposite side of the Pulwar, rises a perpendicular wall of rock, in which four similar tombs are cut at a considerable height from the bottom of the valley. The modern Persians call this place ''[[Naqsh-e Rustam]] - نقش رستم'' or ''Nakshi Rostam'' ("the picture of [[Rostam]]"), from the Sassanian reliefs beneath the opening, which they take to be a representation of the mythical hero [[Rostam]]. It may be inferred from the sculptures that the occupants of these seven tombs were kings. An inscription on one of the tombs declares it to be that of [[Darius Hystaspis]], concerning whom [[Ctesias]] relates that his grave was in the face of a rock, and could only be reached by the use of ropes. Ctesias mentions further, with regard to a number of Persian kings, either that their remains were brought "to the Persians," or that they died there. ===The Gate of All Nations=== [[Image:PersepolistwoPersianSoldiers.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Two Persian Soldiers in Persepolis(R)]] The Gate of all Nations, referring to subjects of the empire, consisted of a grand hall that was almost 25 square metres, with four columns and its entrance on the Western Wall. There were two more doors, one to the south which opened to the Apadana yard and the other opened onto a long road to the east. Pivoting devices found on the inner corners of all the doors indicate that they were two-leafed doors, probably made of wood and covered with sheets of ornate metal. A pair of Lamassu's, bulls with the head of a bearded man, stand by the western threshold, and another pair, with wings and a Persian head (Gopät-Shäh), stand by the eastern entrance, to reflect the Empire’s power. Xerxes' name was written in three languages and carved on the entrances, informing everyone that he ordered it to be built. ===Apadana Palace=== [[Image:Persepolis Apadana noerdliche Treppe Detail.jpg|thumb|right|The Apadana Palace, northern stairway (detail)]] [[Darius the Great]] built the greatest and most glorious palace at Persepolis in the western side. This palace was named Apadana (the root name for modern "ayvan") and was used for the King of Kings' official audiences. The work began in 515 BC and was completed 30 years later, by his son Xerxes I. The palace had a grand hall in the shape of a square, each side 60m long with seventy-two columns, thirteen of which still stand on the enormous platform. Each column is 19m high with a square Taurus and plinth. The columns carried the weight of the vast and heavy ceiling. The tops of the columns were made from animal sculptures such as two headed bulls, lions and eagles. The columns were joined to each other with the help of [[oak]] and [[cedar]] beams, which were brought from [[Lebanon]]. The walls were covered with a layer of mud and [[stucco]] to a depth of 5cm, which was used for bonding, and then covered with the greenish stucco which is found throughout the palaces. At the western, northern and eastern sides of the palace there was a rectangular [[veranda]] which had twelve columns in two rows of six. At the south of the grand hall a series of rooms were built for storage. Two grand Persepolitan stairways were built, symmetrical to each other and connected to the stone foundations. To avoid the roof being eroded by rain vertical drains were built through the brick walls. In the four corners of Apadana, facing outwards, four towers were built. The walls were tiled and decorated with pictures of lions, bulls, and flowers. Darius ordered his name and the details of his empire to be written in gold and silver on plates, and to place them in covered stone boxes in the foundations under the Four Corners of the palace. Two Persepolitan style symmetrical stairways were built on the northern and eastern sides of Apadana to compensate for a difference in level. There were also two other stairways in the middle of the building. The external front views of the palace were embossed with pictures of the [[Persian Immortals|Immortals]], the Kings' elite guards. The northern stairway was completed during Darius' reign, but the other stairway was completed much later. ===The Throne Hall=== [[Image:Persepolis recreated.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Ruins of Throne Hall]] Next to the Apadana, second largest building of the Terrace and the final edifices, is the Throne Hall or the Imperial Army's hall of honour (also called the "Hundred-Columns Palace). This 70x70 square meter hall was started by [[Xerxes]] and completed by his son [[Artaxerxes]] I by the end of the fifth century BC. Its eight stone doorways are decorated on the south and north with reliefs of throne scenes and on the east and west with scenes depicting the king in combat with monsters. The northern portico of the building is flanked by two colossal stone bulls. In the beginning of Xerxes's reign the Throne Hall was used mainly for receptions for military commanders and representatives of all the subject nations of the empire, but later the Throne Hall served as an imperial museum. ===Other palaces and structures=== <!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Animalartworkpersepolis.jpg|right|thumb|180px|Animals etched in Persepolis]] --> There were other palaces built, these included the Tachara palace which was built under Darius I, the Imperial treasury which was started by Darius in 510 BC and finished by Xerxes in 480 BC. The Hadish palace by Xerxes I, which occupies the highest level of terrace and stand on the living rock. The Council Hall, the Tryplion Hall, The Palaces of D, G, H, Storerooms, Stables and quarters, Unfinished Gateway and a few Miscellaneous Structures at Persepolis near the south-east corner of the Terrace, at the foot of the mountain. ===Tombs of King of Kings=== [[Image:Persepolis The Persian Soldiers.jpg|thumb|200px|Apadana Hall, Persian and Median soldiers]] It is commonly accepted that [[Cyrus the Great]] was buried at [[Pasargadae]]. If there is any truth in the statement that the body of [[Cambyses II]] was brought home "to the Persians", his burying-place must be sought somewhere beside that of his father. Ctesias assumes that it was the custom for a king to prepare his own tomb during his lifetime. Hence the kings buried at ''Naghsh-e Rustam'' are probably [[Darius the Great]], [[Xerxes I]], [[Artaxerxes I]] and [[Darius II of Persia|Darius II]]. [[Xerxes II]], who reigned for a very short time, could scarcely have obtained so splendid a monument, and still less could the usurper [[Sogdianus]] (Secydianus). The two completed graves behind Takhti Jamshid would then belong to [[Artaxerxes II]] and [[Artaxerxes III]]. The unfinished one is perhaps that of [[Arses of Persia]], who reigned at the longest two years, or, if not his, then that of [[Darius III of Persia|Darius III]] (Codomannus), who is one of those whose bodies are said to have been brought "to the Persians." Another small group of ruins in the same style is found at the village of Hajjiäbäd, on the Pulwar, a good hour's walk above ''Takhti Jamshid''. These formed a single building, which was still intact 900 years ago, and was used as the [[mosque]] of the then existing city of [[Istakhr]]. Since [[Cyrus the great]] was buried in [[Pasargadae]], which is mentioned by [[Ctesias]] as his own city, and since, to judge from the inscriptions, the buildings of Persepolis commenced with [[Darius I of Persia|Darius I]], it was probably under this king, with whom the sceptre passed to a new branch of the royal house, that Persepolis became the capital of [[Iran|Persia]] proper. As a residence, however, for the rulers of the empire, a remote place in a difficult alpine region was far from convenient, and the real capitals were [[Susa]], [[Babylon]] and [[Ecbatana]]. This accounts for the fact that the Greeks were not acquainted with the city until it was taken and plundered by [[Alexander the Great]]. It has been universally admitted that "the palaces" or "the palace" burned down by Alexander are those now in ruins at ''Takhti Jamshid''. From Stolze's investigations it appears that at least one of these, the castle built by Xerxes, bears evident traces of having been destroyed by fire. The locality described by [[Diodorus]] after [[Cleitarchus]] corresponds in important particulars with Takhti Jamshid, for example, in being supported by the mountain on the east. ==Ancient texts== [[Image:Persian- Ancient Texts.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ancient texts found in Persepolis]] The relevant passages from ancient scholars on the subject are set out below: :([[Diodorus|Diod.]] 17.70.1-73.2) '' 17.70 (1) Persepolis was the capital of the Persian kingdom. Alexander described it to the Macedonians as the most hateful of the cities of Asia, and gave it over to his soldiers to plunder, all but the palaces. (2) +It was the richest city under the sun and the private houses had been furnished with every sort of wealth over the years. The Macedonians raced into it slaughtering all the men whom they met and plundering the residences; many of the houses belonged to the common people and were abundantly supplied with furniture and wearing apparel of every kind…. :72 (1) Alexander held games in honour of his victories. He performed costly sacrifices to the gods and entertained his friends bountifully. While they were feasting and the drinking was far advanced, as they began to be drunken a madness took possession of the minds of the intoxicated guests. (2) At this point one of the women present, Thais by name and Attic by origin, said that for Alexander it would be the finest of all his feats in Asia if he joined them in a triumphal procession, set fire to the palaces, and permitted women's hands in a minute to extinguish the famed accomplishments of the Persians. (3) This was said to men who were still young and giddy with wine, and so, as would be expected, someone shouted out to form up and to light torches, and urged all to take vengeance for the destruction of the [[Greek temple]]s. (4) Others took up the cry and said that this was a deed worthy of Alexander alone. When the king had caught fire at their words, all leaped up from their couches and passed the word along to form a victory procession [epinikion komon] in honour of Dionysius. :(5) Promptly many torches were gathered. Female musicians were present at the banquet, so the king led them all out for the [[komos]] to the sound of voices and flutes and pipes, Thais the courtesan leading the whole performance. (6) She was the first, after the king, to hurl her blazing torch into the palace. As the others all did the same, immediately the entire palace area was consumed, so great was the conflagration. It was most remarkable that the impious act of Xerxes, king of the Persians, against the acropolis at Athens should have been repaid in kind after many years by one woman, a citizen of the land which had suffered it, and in sport.'' :(Curt. 5.6.1-7.12) ''5.6 (1) On the following day the king called together the leaders of his forces and informed them that "no city was more mischievous to the Greeks than the seat of the ancient kings of Persia . . . by its destruction they ought to offer sacrifice to the spirits of their forefathers."… :7 (1) But Alexander's great mental endowments, that noble disposition, in which he surpassed all kings, that intrepidity in encountering dangers, his promptness in forming and carrying out plans, his good faith towards those who submitted to him, merciful treatment of his prisoners, temperance even in lawful and usual pleasures, were sullied by an excessive love of wine. (2) At the very time when his enemy and his rival for a throne was preparing to renew the war, when those whom he had conquered were but lately subdued and were hostile to the new rule, he took part in prolonged banquets at which women were present, not indeed those whom it would be a crime to violate, but, to be sure, harlots who were accustomed to live with armed men with more licence than was fitting. :(3) One of these, Thais by name, herself also drunken, declared that the king would win most favour among all the Greeks, if he should order the palace of the Persians to be set on fire; that this was expected by those whose cities the barbarians had destroyed. (4) When a drunken strumpet had given her opinion on a matter of such moment, one or two, themselves also loaded with wine, agreed. The king, too, more greedy for wine than able to carry it, cried: "Why do we not, then, avenge Greece and apply torches to the city?" 5) All had become heated with wine, and so thy arose when drunk to fire the city which they had spared when armed. The king was the first to throw a firebrand upon the palace, then the guests and the servants and courtesans. The palace had been built largely of cedar, which quickly took fire and spread the conflagration widely. (6) When the army, which was encamped not far from the city, saw the fire, thinking it accidental, they rushed to bear aid. (7) But when they came to the vestibule of the palace, they saw the king himself piling on firebrands. Therefore, they left the water which they had brought, and they too began to throw dry wood upon the burning building. :(8) Such was the end of the capital of the entire Orient. . . . :(10) The Macedonians were ashamed that so renowned a city had been destroyed by their king in a drunken revel; therefore the act was taken as earnest, and they forced themselves to believe that it was right that it should be wiped out in exactly that manner.'' :(Cleitarchus, [[Die Fragmente der griechischen Historiker|FGrHist]]. 137, F. 11 (= Athenaeus 13. 576d-e)) :''And did not Alexander the Great have with him Thais, the Athenian hetaira? Cleitarchus speaks of her as having been the cause for the burning of the palace at Persepolis. After Alexander's death, this same Thais was married to Ptolemy, the first king of Egypt.'' There is, however, one formidable difficulty. [[Diodorus]] says that the rock at the back of the palace containing the royal sepulchres is so steep that the bodies could be raised to their last resting-place only by mechanical appliances. This is not true of the graves behind ''[[Takhti Jamshid]]'', to which, as F. Stolze expressly observes, one can easily ride up; on the other hand, it is strictly true of the graves at ''[[Nakshi Rustam]]''. Stolze accordingly started the theory that the royal castle of Persepolis stood close by ''Nakshi Rustam'', and has sunk in course of time to shapeless heaps of earth, under which the remains may be concealed. The vast ruins, however, of ''Takhti Jamshid'', and the terrace constructed with so much labour, can hardly be anything else than the ruins of palaces; as for temples, the Persians had no such thing, at least in the time of Darius and Xerxes. Moreover, Persian tradition at a very remote period knew of only three architectural wonders in that region, which it attributed to the fabulous queen [[Humgi]] (Khumái)<!-- [[Atossa]]? -->the grave of Cyrus at [[Pasargadae]], the building at HäjjIãbãd, and those on the great terrace. It is safest therefore to identify these last with the royal palaces destroyed by Alexander. Cleitarchus, who can scarcely have visited the place himself, with his usual recklessness of statement, confounded the tombs behind the palaces with those of ''Nakshi Rustam''; indeed he appears to imagine that all the royal sepulchres were at the same place. ==Destruction== After invading Persia, [[Alexander the Great]] sent the main force of his army to Persepolis in the year 330 BC. By the [[Royal Road]], Alexander stormed the [[Persian Gates]] (in the modern [[Zagros Mountains]]), then quickly captured Persepolis before its [[treasury]] could be looted. After several months Alexander allowed his troops to loot Persepolis. A fire broke out in the eastern palace of [[Xerxes]] and spread to the rest of the city. It is not clear if it had been a drunken accident, or a deliberate act of revenge for the burning of the [[Acropolis of Athens]] during the [[Persian Wars|Second Hellenic-Persian War]]. Although many historians argue that while Alexander's army were celebrating with a [[symposium]] they decided to take revenge against Persians in which case it would be a combination of the two. The ''Book of Arda Wiraz'', a Zoroastrian work composed in the 3rd or 4th century CE, also describes archives containing "all the [[Avesta]] and Zand, written upon prepared cow-skins, and with gold ink" that were destroyed. ==After the fall of the Achaemenid Empire== [[Image:Persepolis engraving.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Persepolis, 1878 engraving by Frederick Stacpoole ARA (1813–1907).]][[Image:Persepolis 1827 No Border.jpg|thumb|left|Persepolis in 1827]][[Image:Persepolis graffiti.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Graffiti from western visitors.]] In [[316 BC]] Persepolis was still the capital of Persia as a province of the great [[Macedon|Macedonian]] Empire (see Diod. xix, 21 seq., 46 ; probably after [[Hieronymus of Cardia]], who was living about 316). The city must have gradually declined in the course of time; but the ruins of the [[Achaemenidae]] remained as a witness to its ancient glory. It is probable that the principal town of the country, or at least of the district, was always in this neighborhood. About [[200]] BC we find the city [[Istakhr]] (properly Stakhr), five kilometers north of Persepolis, as the seat of the local governors. There the foundations of the second great Persian Empire were laid, and Istakhr acquired special importance as the center of priestly wisdom and orthodoxy. The [[Sassania]]n kings have covered the face of the rocks in this neighborhood, and in part even the Achaemenian ruins, with their sculptures and inscriptions, and must themselves have built largely here, although never on the same scale of magnificence as their ancient predecessors. The Romans knew as little about Istakhr as the Greeks had done about Persepolis--and this in spite of the fact that for four hundred years the Sassanians maintained relations, friendly or hostile, with the empire. [[Image:Parsa7.jpg|thumb|right|270px|Persepolis ruins after 2500 years]] At the time of the Arabian conquest Istakhr offered a desperate resistance, but the city was still a place of considerable importance in the first century of [[Islam]], although its greatness was speedily eclipsed by the new metropolis [[Shiraz]]. In the [[10th century]] Istakhr had become an utterly insignificant place, as may be seen from the descriptions of [[Istakhri]], a native (c. 950), and of [[Mukaddasi]] (c. 985). During the following centuries Istakhr gradually declines, until, as a city, it ceased to exist. This fruitful region, however, was covered with villages till the frightful devastations of the 18th century; and even now it is, comparatively speaking, well cultivated. The "castle of Istakhr" played a conspicuous part several times during the Muslim period as a strong fortress. It was the middlemost and the highest of the three steep crags which rise from the valley of the [[Kur]], at some distance to the west or north-west of ''[[Nakshi Rustam]]''. We learn from Asian writers that one of the Buyid (Buwaihid) [[sultan]]s in the 10th century of the Flight constructed the great cisterns, which may yet be seen, and have been visited, amongst others, by James Morier and E. Flandin. W. Ouseley points out that this castle was still used in the 16th century, at least as a state prison. But when Pietro della Valle was there in 1621 it was already in ruins. ==Modern events== The [[UNESCO]] declared the citadel of Persepolis a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1979. Persepolis is also one of the 80 treasures featured on ''[[Around the World in 80 Treasures]]'' presented by [[Dan Cruickshank]]. In [[1971]], Persepolis was the main staging ground for the [[2,500 year celebration of Iran's monarchy]]. ===Sivand Dam controversy=== There has been growing concern regarding the proposed [[Sivand Dam]], named after the nearby town of [[Sivand]]. Despite planning that has stretched over 10 years, Iran's own [[Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran|Iranian Cultural Heritage Organization]] was not aware of the broader areas of flooding during much of this time.{{Fact|date=January 2008}} Its placement between both the ruins of Pasargadae and Persepolis has many archaeologists and Iranians worried that the dam will flood these UNESCO World Heritage sites, although scientists involved with the construction say this is impossible because the sites sit well above the planned waterline. Of the two sites, Pasargadae is the one considered the most threatened. The broadly shared concern by archaeologists is the effect of the increase in humidity caused by the lake; experts from the Ministry of Energy however believe it would be compensated by controlling the water level of the dam reservoir. All agree that humidity created by it will speed up the gradual destruction of Pasargadae. Construction of the dam began April 19, 2007. ==Panoramic view== [[Image:Persepolis-Panorama.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Panoramic view from Persepolis]] [[Image:PersepolisPanorama2007.jpg|center|800px|thumb|Panoramic view from Persepolis]] ==See also== [[Image:Persépolis. La Garde.jpg|thumb|200px|Persian guards]] *[[Persian Empire]] *[[Achaemenid dynasty]], Iran's first Empire and the creator of Persepolis. *[[Darius I the Great]], King of Persia. *[[Cyrus the Great]], King of Persia. *[[David Stronach]] *[[Erich Schmidt (archaeologist)|Erich Schmidt]] *[[Persepolis (comic)]] *[[Naqshe Rostam]] {{Commonscat|Persepolis}} ==External links== *Virtual Reconstruction of Persepolis: [http://www.3dparse.com 3dparse] *Virtual Reconstruction of, amongst others, Persepolis: [http://www.persepolis3d.com/frameset.html persepolis3D] *[http://www.virtualtourengine.com/tour.aspx?id=17&langindex=1 Persepolis Before Incursion] (Virtual tour project) *[http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=persepolis,+iran&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=29.934947,52.890544&spn=0.004844,0.01075&t=k&om=0 Persepolis Satellite view @ Google Maps] * [http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/PA/IRAN/PAAI/PAAI.html Persepolis Photographs] and [http://oi.uchicago.edu/research/projects/per/ Introduction to the Persian Expedition], [[Oriental Institute]] of the [[University of Chicago]]. *[http://www.letsgoiran.com/persepolis/persepolis-travel-guide Persepolis Photos and videos] *[http://www.iraninfo.dk/persepolis-recreated-filmen-om-genskabelse-af-persepolis-2.html PERSEPOLIS RECREATED Documentary Movie - ] -*** Reconstruction of Persepolis *[http://www.livius.org/pen-pg/persepolis/persepolis.html Photos and a map of Persepolis] *[http://www.livius.org/a/iran/persepolis/persepolis.html Picture archive of Persepolis] *[http://www.persepolis3d.com 3D reconstructed pictures and movies of Persepolis] * [http://www.chn.ir/en/news/?section=2&id=6166 Secret of staircase of G-Palace in Persepolis revealed], [[Cultural Heritage News Agency]], February 13, 2006. *[http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/PUB/SRC/OIP/117/OIP117.html ''Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets''] - by Mark B. Garrison and Margaret C. Root, at the [http://oi.uchicago.edu Oriental Institute webpage] *[http://persepolistablets.blogspot.com/ Persepolis Fortification Archive Project] * Farzin Rezaeian, and Hossein Hazarati, ''Persepolis Recreated'', a video documentary made in 2004:<br /> [http://www.youtube.com/v/nCwxJsk14e4&hl=en&rel=0&border=1 Part I] (8 min 38 sec), [http://www.youtube.com/v/LGeJRTw7mW8&hl=en&rel=0&border=1 Part II] (9 min 52 sec), [http://www.youtube.com/v/rIPHEb9lWXA&hl=en&rel=0&border=1 Part III] (8 min 52 sec), [http://www.youtube.com/v/VXLaeZnJzVY&hl=en&rel=0&border=1 Part IV] (10 min 29 sec), [http://www.youtube.com/v/gqQH56JcEhE&hl=en&rel=0&border=1 Part V] (3 min 22 sec). ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== * Curtis, J. and Tallis, N. (eds). (2005). ''Forgotten Empire: The World of Ancient Persia.'' University of California Press. ISBN 0520247310. * Wilber, Donald Newton. (1989). ''Persepolis: The Archaeology of Parsa, Seat of the Persian Kings''. Darwin Press. Revised edition ISBN 0878500626. </br> {{World Heritage Sites in Iran}} {{coor title dms|29|56|04|N|52|53|29|E|region:IR_type:landmark}} {{Iranian Architecture}} [[Category:518 BC establishments]] [[Category:Persepolis]] [[Category:World Heritage Sites in Iran]] [[Category:Iranian culture]] [[Category:Destroyed landmarks]] [[Category:Iranian architecture]] [[Category:6th century BC architecture]] {{Link FA|es}} {{Link FA|fr}} {{Link FA|sv}} [[ar:تخت جمشيذ]] [[bg:Персеполис]] [[ca:Persèpolis]] [[cs:Persepolis]] [[da:Persepolis]] [[de:Persepolis]] [[el:Περσέπολη]] [[es:Persépolis]] [[fa:تخت جمشید]] [[fr:Persépolis]] [[ko:페르세폴리스]] [[hr:Perzepolis]] [[id:Persepolis]] [[it:Persepoli]] [[he:פרספוליס (עיר)]] [[ka:პერსეპოლისი]] [[la:Persepolis]] [[lt:Persepolis]] [[hu:Perszepolisz]] [[mk:Персеполис]] [[ms:Persepolis]] [[nl:Persepolis]] [[ja:ペルセポリス]] [[no:Persepolis]] [[pl:Persepolis]] [[pt:Persépolis]] [[ro:Persepolis]] [[ru:Персеполь]] [[simple:Persepolis]] [[sk:Perzepolis]] [[sr:Персепољ]] [[fi:Persepolis]] [[sv:Persepolis]] [[tr:Persepolis]] [[ur:تخت جمشید]] [[zh:波斯波利斯]]