Peterborough
23906
226044038
2008-07-16T16:03:48Z
Nortonius
6687082
no offence Chrisieboy, but it *is* Medieval Latin - you won't find "burgus" in a Classical Latin dictionary, cos it's from Old English, i.e. it's "medieval"
{{otheruses1|the city in the United Kingdom}}
{| border=1 cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" width=270 style=margin-left:10px
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!colspan=2 align=center bgcolor="#ff9999"|City of Peterborough
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|colspan=2 align=center|[[Image:EnglandPeterborough.png]]<br />''Shown within [[England]]''
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!colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Geography
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|width="45%"|Status||[[Unitary authority|Unitary]], [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] (1541)<ref>Beckett, John V. [http://books.google.com/books?id=jqqSSOyjBEoC&printsec=frontcover ''City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002''] (p.14) Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2005</ref>
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|[[Regions of England|Government Region]]||[[East of England]]<ref>The nine [[Government Office]] regions formed in 1994, were adopted in place of the eight [[Historical and alternative regions of England|standard statistical regions]] in 1999. East Anglia is now defined as Level 2 [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics]]. See [http://ec.europa.eu/comm/eurostat/ramon/nuts/codelist_en.cfm?list=nuts Hierarchical list of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics and the statistical regions of Europe] The [[European Commission]], Statistical Office of the European Communities (retrieved [[6 January]] [[2008]])</ref>
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|[[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial County]]||[[Cambridgeshire]]
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|[[Historic counties of England|Historic County]]||[[Northamptonshire]]
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|[[Surface area|Area]]<br>Total ({{EnglishStatisticsYear}})||[[List of English districts by area|Ranked 140th]]<br>343.38 km²
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|[[British national grid reference system|OS grid reference]]||{{gbmappingsmall|TL185998}}
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|[[ONS coding system|ONS code]]||00JA
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!colspan=2 bgcolor="#ff9999"|Demographics
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|[[Population]]<br>Total ({{EnglishStatisticsYear}})<br>[[Density]]||[[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS=00JA}}]]<br>{{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS=00JA}}<br>{{EnglishDistrictDensity|ONS=00JA}} / km²
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|[[Ethnicity]]||87.7% White<br> 7.6% Asian <small>or Asian British</small><br> 2.0% Black <small>or Black British</small><br> 1.0% Chinese or Other<br> 1.7% Mixed Race<ref>[http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276842&c=peterborough&d=13&e=13&g=404542&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1206568994605&enc=1&dsFamilyId=1812 2005 Population Estimates] [[Office for National Statistics]], June 2005</ref>
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|colspan=2 align=center|[[Image:Arms-peterborough.jpg|200px|The Arms of Peterborough City Council]]<br>Peterborough City Council<ref>Grant of arms by [[letters patent]] sealed by Garter, Clarenceux and Norroy & Ulster Kings of Arms dated [[6 September]] [[1960]]</ref>
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|[[Local government in England#Councils and councillors|Leadership]]||Leader and Cabinet
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|[[Elections in the United Kingdom|Control]]||{{EnglishDistrictControl|ONS=00JA}}
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|[[MPs elected in the UK general election, 2005|Members of Parliament]]||[[Stewart Jackson]] and [[Shailesh Vara]]
|}
'''Peterborough''' ({{pronEng|ˈpiːtəˌbərə}} {{Audio|en-uk-Peterborough.ogg|listen}}) is a [[cathedral city]] and [[unitary authority area]] in the [[East of England]], with a projected population of 161,800 as of 2007.<ref>[http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506/cmhansrd/cm060719/text/60719w1831.htm#0607208000180 House of Commons Hansard Written Answers] HC Deb. [[19 July]] [[2006]] (vol.449) cc.517-518W</ref> For [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial]] purposes it is in the [[Counties of England|county]] of [[Cambridgeshire]]. The [[Town Hall]] is {{convert|75|mi|km|0}} north of [[London]] at [[Charing Cross]]. The city is situated on the [[River Nene]], which flows into the [[North Sea]] approximately 30 miles (48 km) to the north-east. The local topography is notoriously flat and low-lying, and in some places lies below sea level. The area known as [[the Fens]] falls to the east of Peterborough. The City of Peterborough includes the outlying settlement at [[RAF Wittering]], and as a unitary authority borders [[Northamptonshire]] and [[Rutland]] to the west, [[Lincolnshire]] to the north, and Cambridgeshire to the south and east.
Human settlement in the area dates back to before the [[Bronze Age]], as can be seen at the [[Flag Fen]] archaeological site to the east of the current city centre. This site also shows evidence of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] occupation. The [[History of Anglo-Saxon England|Anglo-Saxon]] period saw the establishment of a [[Abbey|monastery]], which later became [[Peterborough Cathedral]]. The population grew rapidly following the arrival of the railways in the nineteenth century, and Peterborough became an industrial centre, particularly noted for its brick manufacture. Following the [[Second World War]], growth was limited until designation as a [[New towns in the United Kingdom|New Town]] in the 1960s. The population is once again undergoing rapid expansion and a £1 billion regeneration of the city centre and immediately surrounding area is underway. In common with much of the [[United Kingdom]], industrial employment has fallen, with new jobs tending to be in financial services and distribution.
==History==
===Early history===
Present-day Peterborough is merely the latest in a series of settlements which have at one time or other benefited from the site where the Nene leaves permanently drained land for the Fens. Remains of Bronze Age settlement and what is thought to be religious activity can be seen at the Flag Fen archaeological site to the east of the city centre. The Romans established the fortified garrison town of [[Durobrivae (Water Newton)|Durobrivae]] on [[Ermine Street]] to the west of the current city around AD 43. This was first mentioned in the [[Antonine Itinerary]] of the late second century.<ref>Parthey, Gustav and Pinder, Moritz (eds.) ''Itinerarivm Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanum: ex libris manu scriptis'' [http://www.roman-britain.org/geography/itinerary.htm Iter Britanniarvm] (Iter V: Item a Londinio Luguvalio ad vallum mpm clvi ''sic'') Friederich Nicolaus, Berlin, 1848. See also Reynolds, Thomas ''Iter Britanniarum or that part of the itinerary of Antoninus which relates to Britain with a new comment'' J. Burges, Cambridge, 1799</ref>
Peterborough (from the [[Medieval Latin]] "Burgus sancti Petri") is shown by its original name [[Medeshamstede]] to have been an [[Angles|Anglian]] settlement before AD 655 when Saxwulf, a monk, founded the monastery on land granted to him for that purpose by [[Peada of Mercia|Peada]], King of [[Mercia]]. The [[Peterborough Chronicle]], or later [[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]], which contains unique information about the [[history of England]] after the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]], was composed here by monks.<ref>[[Bodleian Library|Bodleian]], MS. Laud 636 (E), see Ingram, James Henry (trans.) ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1823 ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/657 facsimilie of the 1847 Everyman's Library ed. with additional readings from the translation of John Allen Giles] from [[Project Gutenberg]], retrieved [[19 September]] [[2007]])</ref> According to some [[philologist]]s, this is the only prose history in English between the conquest and the later fourteenth century.<ref>[[J. A. W. Bennett|Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter]] ''Middle English Literature'' (ed. and completed by Douglas Gray) Oxford University Press, 1986</ref> The town's name was altered to Burgh between AD 992 and 1005 after Abbot Kenulf had built a [[defensive wall]] around the minster; but it does not appear to have been a [[borough]] until the twelfth century. The burgesses received their first charter from "Abbot Robert" — probably Robert of Sutton (1262–1273).<ref name=chisholm>[[Hugh Chisholm|Chisholm, Hugh]] (ed.) ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' [[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition|(11th ed.)]] vol.21 Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain)</ref>
[[Image:Peterborough Front.JPG|thumb|left|300px|The [[Cathedral architecture of Western Europe#West front|West Front]], Peterborough Cathedral (1118–1238)]]
When [[English civil war|civil war]] broke out, Peterborough was divided between supporters of King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]] (known as [[Cavalier]]s) and supporters of the [[Long Parliament]] (known as [[Roundhead]]s). The city lay on the border of the [[Eastern Association]] of counties which sided with Parliament, and the war reached Peterborough in 1643 when soldiers arrived in the city to attack Royalist strongholds at [[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]] and [[Crowland]]. The Royalist forces were defeated within a few weeks and retreated to [[Burghley House]], where they were captured and sent to [[Cambridge]].<ref>Davies, Elizabeth et al. [http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-9547 ''Peterborough: A Story of City and Country, People and Places''] (pp.18-19) Peterborough City Council and Pitkin Unichrome, 2001</ref> While the Parliamentary soldiers were in Peterborough, however, they ransacked the cathedral, destroying the [[Lady Chapel]], [[chapter house]], [[cloister]], high altar and choir stalls, as well as mediæval decoration and records.<ref>King, Richard John [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Great_Britain/England/_Topics/churches/_Texts/KINCAT*/Peterborough/1.html ''Handbook to the Cathedrals of England''] (p.77) John Murray, London, 1862</ref>
Historically the [[Dean (religion)|dean]] and [[Chapter (religion)|chapter]], who succeeded the [[abbot]] as [[lords of the manor]], appointed a high [[bailiff]], and the [[constables]] and other borough officers were elected at their [[court leet]]; but the [[municipal borough]] was [[Boroughs incorporated in England and Wales 1835 - 1882|incorporated]] in 1874 under the government of a [[mayor]], six [[aldermen]] and eighteen [[councillors]].<ref>Under the [[Municipal Corporations Act 1835]] (5 & 6 Wm. IV c.76), Charter of Incorporation dated [[17 March]] [[1874]]</ref> Among the privileges claimed by the abbot as early as the thirteenth century was that of having a prison for felons taken in the [[Soke of Peterborough|Soke]]. In 1576 Bishop Scambler sold the [[Lord Paramount|lordship]] of the hundred of ''Nassaburgh'', which was coextensive with the Soke, to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]], who gave it to [[Lord Burghley]], and from that time until the nineteenth century he and his descendants, the Earls and [[Marquess of Exeter|Marquesses of Exeter]], had a separate gaol for prisoners arrested in the Soke.<ref name=chisholm/> The abbot formerly held four [[fairs]], of which two, St. Peter's Fair, granted in 1189 and later held on the second Tuesday and Wednesday in July, and the Brigge Fair, granted in 1439 and later held on the first Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday in October, were purchased by the [[municipal corporation|corporation]] from the [[Ecclesiastical Commissioners]] in 1876. The Bridge Fair, as it is now known, granted to the abbey by King [[Henry VI of England|Henry VI]], survives.<ref>"At the bridge of Peterborough by the River Nene, as well in the county of Huntingdon as in the county of Northampton, on all sides of the bridge"</ref> Prayers for the opening of the fair were once said at the morning service in the cathedral, followed by a civic proclamation and a sausage lunch at the Town Hall which still takes place. The Mayor traditionally leads a procession from the Town Hall to the fair where the proclamation is read, asking all persons to "behave soberly and civilly, and to pay their just dues and demands according to the laws of the realm and the rights of the City of Peterborough."<ref>Tebbs, Herbert F. ''Peterborough: A History'' (p.125) The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979</ref>
===Modern history===
Railway lines began operating locally during the 1840s, but it was the 1850 opening of the [[Great Northern Railway (Great Britain)|Great Northern Railway's]] main line from [[London]] to [[York]], that transformed Peterborough from a market town to an industrial centre. [[Brownlow Cecil, 2nd Marquess of Exeter|Lord Exeter]] had opposed the railway passing through [[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], so Peterborough, situated between two main terminals at London and [[Doncaster]], increasingly developed as a regional hub.<ref>Brooks, John [http://www.towns.org.uk/market-towns-projects/Market-Towns-Food-and-Tourism-Guides~3.pdf A Flavour of the Welland] (p.12) The Welland Partnership and Jarrold Publishing, Norwich, 2004</ref>
[[Image:Burghley1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Burghley House (1555–1587), seat of the Marquess of Exeter, hereditary Lord Paramount of Peterborough]]
Coupled with vast local clay deposits, the railway enabled large scale brick making and distribution to take place. The area was the UK's leading producer of bricks for much of the twentieth century. Brick making had been a small seasonal craft since the early nineteenth century, but during the 1890s successful experiments at [[Fletton, Peterborough|Fletton]] using the harder clays from a lower level had resulted in a much more efficient process.<ref>Davies (pp.23-24)</ref> The dominance of London Brick in the market during this period gave rise to some of the country's most well known landmarks, all built using the ubiquitous Fletton.<ref>[http://www.hanson.co.uk/samples/pdfs/Brick%20and%20cladding/London%20brick%20130%20years%20of%20history.pdf London Brick: 130 Years of History 1877–2007] Hanson Building Products, 2007</ref> [[Perkins Engines]] was established in Peterborough in 1932 by [[Frank Perkins]], creator of the Perkins Diesel Engine. Thirty years later it employed more than a tenth of the population of Peterborough, mainly at [[Eastfield, Peterborough|Eastfield]].<ref>Baker, Anne Pimlott [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/48099?docPos=6 Perkins, Francis Arthur (1889–1967)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/48099}}, retrieved [[24 September]] [[2007]])</ref> Baker Perkins had relocated from London to [[Westwood, Peterborough|Westwood]], now the site of [[Peterborough (HM Prison)|HMP Peterborough]], in 1903, followed by Peter Brotherhood to [[Walton, Peterborough|Walton]] in 1906; both manufacturers of industrial machinery they too became major employers in the city.<ref>Davies (pp.26-27)</ref> [[British Sugar]] remains headquartered in [[Woodston, Peterborough|Woodston]], although the [[sugar beet]] factory, which opened there in 1926, was closed in 1991.<ref>[http://www.britishsugar.co.uk/RVEf0888db1fee94b65a660493aa115d694,,.aspx The History of British Sugar] British Sugar (retrieved [[5 January]] [[2008]])</ref>
Designated a [[New towns in the United Kingdom|New Town]] in 1967, [[Peterborough Development Corporation]] was formed in partnership with the city and county councils to house London's [[London overspill|overspill]] population in new ''townships'' sited around the existing urban area.<ref>Under the New Towns Act 1965 (1965 cap.59) cf. [http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1988/Uksi_19881410_en_1.htm The Peterborough Development Corporation (Transfer of Property and Dissolution) Order 1988] (SI 1988/1410), the designation was made on [[21 July]] [[1967]], see the {{LondonGazette|issue=44377|startpage=8515|date=[[1 August]] [[1967]]}}</ref> There were to be four townships: at [[Bretton, Peterborough|Bretton]], [[Orton, Peterborough|Orton]], [[Paston, Peterborough|Paston]]/[[Werrington, Peterborough|Werrington]] and [[Castor, Cambridgeshire|Castor]]. The last of these was never built, but a fourth township, called [[Hampton, Peterborough|Hampton]], is now taking shape south of the city. It was decided that the city should have a major indoor shopping centre at its heart. Planning permission was received in the late summer of 1976 and [[Queensgate shopping centre|Queensgate]], which contains over 90 stores and includes parking for 2,300 cars, was opened by Queen [[Beatrix of the Netherlands]] in 1982. 34 miles (55 km) of urban roads were planned and a network of high-speed roads, known as ''parkways'', was constructed.<ref>Hancock, Tom ''Greater Peterborough Master Plan'' Peterborough Development Corporation, 1971</ref>
Peterborough's population grew by 45.4% between 1971 and 1991. New service-sector companies like [[Thomas Cook]] and Pearl Assurance were also attracted to the city, ending the dominance of the manufacturing industry as employers. An [[urban regeneration company]] named [[Opportunity Peterborough]], under the chairmanship of Lord Mawhinney, was set up by the [[Office of the Deputy Prime Minister]] in 2005 to oversee Peterborough's future development.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/news/EXPANSION-A-billion-reasons-to.959657.jp EXPANSION: A billion reasons to be cheerful] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[2 March]] [[2005]]</ref> Between 2006 and 2012 a £1 billion re-development of the city centre and surrounding areas is planned. The master plan provides guidelines on the physical shaping of the city centre over the next 15–20 years. Proposals are already progressing for the north of Westgate, the south bank and the station quarter, where [[Network Rail]] is preparing a major mixed use development.<ref name=plan>[http://www.gpp-peterborough.org.uk/regions/documents/ThePlanforPeterboroughCityCentreFebruary2005.pdf The Plan for Peterborough City Centre] Peterborough City Council, East of England Development Agency and [[English Partnerships]], February 2005</ref> Whilst recognising that the reconfiguration of the relationship between the city and station was critical, [[English Heritage]] found the current plans for Westgate unconvincing and felt more thought should be given to the vitality of the historic core.<ref>[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/UrbanPanelReviewPaperforPeterboroughMarch2006.pdf Urban Panel Review Paper for Peterborough] [[Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England]] and [[Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment]], [[16 March]] [[2006]]</ref>
==Administration==
===Politics===
The city formed a [[parliamentary borough]] returning two [[Member of Parliament|members]] from 1541, with the rest of the Soke being part of [[Northamptonshire]] parliamentary county. The [[Great Reform Act]] did not affect the borough, although the remaining, rural portion of the Soke was transferred to the northern division of Northamptonshire.<ref>Formally the Representation of the People Act 1832 (2 & 3 Will. IV c.45)</ref> In 1885 the borough's representation was reduced to one member,<ref>Under the [[Redistribution of Seats Act 1885]] (48 & 49 Vict. c.23)</ref> and in 1918 the boundaries were adjusted to include the whole Soke.<ref>Youngs, Frederic A. ''Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England'' Volume II: Northern England (Part III: Parliamentary Constituencies) Royal Historical Society, London, 1991</ref> The serving member for [[Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)|Peterborough]] is the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], [[Stewart Jackson]] <small>MP</small>, who defeated [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour's]] [[Helen Clark (UK politician)|Helen Clark]] in the [[United Kingdom general election, 2005|2005 general election]]. In 1997 the [[North West Cambridgeshire (UK Parliament constituency)|North West Cambridgeshire]] constituency was formed, incorporating parts of the city and neighbouring Huntingdonshire. The serving member is the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]], [[Shailesh Vara]] <small>MP</small>, who succeeded the (then) [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Rt Hon]] [[Doctor of Philosophy|Dr.]] [[Knight Bachelor|Sir]] [[Brian Mawhinney]], former [[Secretary of State for Transport]] and [[Chairman of the Conservative Party]], in 2005. Mawhinney, who had previously served as Member of Parliament for Peterborough from 1979, was created [[life peer|Baron]] Mawhinney of Peterborough in the county of Cambridgeshire later that year. Peterborough and North West Cambridgeshire are included in the [[East of England (European Parliament constituency)|East of England]] constituency for [[elections]] to the [[European Parliament]]. It currently elects seven [[Member of the European Parliament|members]] using the [[d'Hondt method]] of [[party-list proportional representation|party-list]] [[proportional representation]].
===Local government===
[[Image:PB TownHall.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Town Hall, Peterborough (1930–1933)]]
From 1889 the ancient [[Soke of Peterborough]] formed an [[administrative counties of England|administrative county]] in its own right with boundaries similar, although not identical, to the current unitary authority.<ref>Under the [[Local Government Act 1888]] (51 & 52 Vict. c.41)</ref> The area however remained geographically part of [[Northamptonshire]] until 1965, when the Soke of Peterborough was merged with [[Huntingdonshire]] to form the county of [[Huntingdon and Peterborough]].<ref>The Huntingdon and Peterborough Order 1964 (SI 1964/367), see [[Local Government Commission for England (1958–1967)]], ''Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area (Report No.3)'', [[31 July]] [[1961]] and ''Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area (Report No.9)'', [[7 May]] [[1965]]</ref> Following a review of [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local government]] in 1974, Huntingdon and Peterborough was abolished and the current [[districts of England|district]] created by the merger of the Municipal Borough of Peterborough with [[Peterborough Rural District|Peterborough]] [[Rural District]], [[Barnack Rural District]], [[Thorney Rural District]], [[Old Fletton Urban District|Old Fletton]] [[Urban District]] and part of the [[Norman Cross Rural District]], which had each existed since 1894.<ref>Under the [[Local Government Act 1894]] (56 & 57 Vict. c.73)</ref> This became part of the [[metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England|non-metropolitan county]] of [[Cambridgeshire]].<ref>Under the [[Local Government Act 1972]] (1972 cap.70), see [http://www.wikilivres.info/wiki/index.php/The_English_Non-metropolitan_Districts_(Definition)_Order_1972 The English Non-Metropolitan Districts (Definition) Order 1972] (SI 1972/2039) Part 5: County of Cambridgeshire</ref> [[Letters patent]] were granted which continued the style of the [[city status in the United Kingdom|city]] over the greater area.<ref>Issued under the [[Great Seal of the Realm]] dated [[25 June]] [[1974]], see the {{LondonGazette|issue=46334|startpage=7419|date=28 June 1974}}</ref> In 1998 the city became autonomous of Cambridgeshire [[county council]] as a [[unitary authority]], but it continues to form part of that [[counties of England|county]] for [[ceremonial counties of England|ceremonial]] purposes.<ref>[http://www.hmso.gov.uk/si/si1996/Uksi_19961878_en_1.htm The Cambridgeshire (City of Peterborough) (Structural, Boundary and Electoral Changes) Order 1996] (SI 1996/1878), see [[Local Government Commission for England (1992)]], ''Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire'', October 1994 and ''Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin'', December 1995</ref> The leader and cabinet model of decision-making, first adopted by the [[city council]] in 2001, is similar to [[Her Majesty's Government|national government]].<ref>Under the [[Local Government Act 2000]] (2000 cap.22), see [http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/157437 Modular constitutions for English local authorities] [[Department for Environment, Transport and the Regions]], February 2001</ref>
[[Policing in the United Kingdom|Policing]] in the city remains the responsibility of [[Cambridgeshire Constabulary]]; and [[Fire service in the United Kingdom|firefighting]], the responsibility of [[Cambridgeshire Fire and Rescue Service]]. Nowadays the Peterborough Volunteer Fire Brigade, one of few of its kind, effectively functions as a retained fire station.<ref>Walton, Jemma [http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/features?articleid=3063217 Meet Peterborough's Volunteer Fire Brigade team] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[26 July]] [[2007]]</ref> The [[Royal Anglian Regiment]] serves as the county regiment for Cambridgeshire. Peterborough formed its first territorial army unit, the 6th Northamptonshire Rifle Volunteer Corps, in 1860.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/features/-Volunteer-soldiers-mark-unit39s.3942089.jp Volunteer soldiers mark unit's centenary year] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[03 April]] [[2008]]</ref>
===Health service===
Peterborough [[Primary Care Trust]] guides primary care services (general practitioners, dentists, opticians and pharmacists) in the city, directly provides adult social care and services in the community such as [[Health visitor|health visiting]] and [[physiotherapy]] and also funds hospital care and other specialist treatments. Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals [[NHS Foundation Trust]] is one of the country's top performing NHS acute trusts.<ref>[http://www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/_db/_documents/NHS_Performance_Ratings_2005-2006.pdf The annual health check: assessing and rating the NHS] (pp.22, 34 & 69) [[Healthcare Commission|Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection]], October 2006</ref> In 2004 it became one of the first ten [[National Health Service|NHS]] foundation trusts in England. A £300 million health investment plan will see the transfer of the city's two hospitals to a single site by building a modern, flexible facility more suited to modern healthcare. The full planning application for the redevelopment of the [[Edith Cavell Hospital]] was approved by the council in 2006. Planning permission for the development of an integrated care centre on the existing site of the Fenland Wing at Peterborough District Hospital was granted in 2003.<ref>[http://www.healthplan.org.uk/ Greater Peterborough Health Investment Plan] Peterborough and Stamford Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough Primary Care Trust and Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Mental Health Partnership Trust (retrieved [[23 April]] [[2007]])</ref> Following merger of the Cambridgeshire, then East Anglian Ambulance Services, the [[East of England Ambulance Service]] NHS Trust is responsible for the provision of statutory [[Emergency medical services in the United Kingdom|emergency medical services]] in Peterborough.
===Public utilities===
The council's budget for the financial year 2008/9 is £236.9 million.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/PDF/council-ctax-CouncilTaxSumm2008-09.pdf Council Tax Summary and A–Z Guide] Peterborough City Council, [[1 April]] [[2008]]</ref> The main source of non-school funding is the formula grant, which is paid by government to local authorities based on the services they provide. The remainder, to which the [[police authority|police]] and [[fire authority|fire]] authorities (and parish council where this exists) set a precept, is raised from [[council tax]] and [[Business rates in England and Wales|business rates]]. Mains water and sewerage services are provided by [[Anglian Water]], a former [[Public ownership|nationalised industry]] and [[natural monopoly]], [[Privatisation|privatised]] in 1989 and regulated by [[OFWAT]].
Following deregulation, the consumer has a choice of energy supplier. [[Electricity]] was formerly provided by [[Eastern Electricity]], which was privatised in 1990. In 2002 the [[Electricity retailing|supply business]] was sold to [[Powergen]] and the [[Electricity distribution|distribution rights]] sold to [[EDF Energy]]. [[Natural gas]] was (and still is) supplied by [[Centrica plc#British Gas|British Gas]], which was privatised in 1986. Distribution and, as with electricity, [[Electricity transmission|transmission]], is the responsibility of the [[National Grid plc|National Grid]], having been demerged as Transco in 1997. These industries are regulated by [[OFGEM]]. [[Peterborough Power Station]] is a 360 MWe gas-fired plant in [[Fengate, Peterborough|Fengate]] operated by [[Centrica]] Energy.
[[British Telecommunications]], privatised in 1984, provides fixed [[Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line|ADSL]] enabled (8 Mbps) telephone lines. The [[subscriber trunk dialling]] code for Peterborough is [[all figure dialling|01733]], deriving from 73 for PE. [[Local loop unbundling]], giving other [[internet service provider]]s direct access, is completed at four out of 12 [[telephone exchanges|exchanges]]. The city is cabled by [[Virgin Media]].<ref>[http://www.samknows.com/broadband/countydetail.php?county=132 Broadband availability details for Peterborough] Samknows (retrieved [[28 August]] [[2007]])</ref> These businesses are regulated by [[OFCOM]].
==Economy==
===Regeneration===
Peterborough is currently experiencing an economic boom compared to the rest of the country, believed in part to be due to the regeneration plan running to 2012. In 2005 economic growth was on average 5.5%, whilst in Peterborough it was 6.9%, the highest in the UK.<ref>[http://www.gpp-peterborough.org.uk/webpages/documents/GPPStrategyA406finalmay5.pdf Peterborough's Community Strategy] Greater Peterborough Partnership, Progress Report Summary 2006</ref>
This is a chart of trend of regional [[gross value added]], an important measure in the estimation of [[gross domestic product]], of Peterborough at current basic prices, with figures in millions of [[pounds sterling]]:<ref>Marais, John [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf Regional Gross Value Added 1989–2003] (pp.240-253) [[Office for National Statistics]], December 2006</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Regional GVA<ref name="fn_4">Components may not sum to totals due to rounding</ref> || Agriculture<ref name="fn_1">Includes hunting and forestry</ref> || Industry<ref name="fn_2">Includes energy and construction</ref> || Services<ref name="fn_3">Includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured</ref>
|-
| 1995 || '''1,821''' || 16 || 552 || 1,254
|-
| 2000 || '''2,387''' || 12 || 580 || 1,795
|-
| 2003 || '''2,932''' || 15 || 727 || 2,189
|}
Recent figures, plotting growth from 1995 to 2004, reveal that Peterborough has become the most successful economy among unitary authorities in the East of England. The chart also reveals that the city's economy is growing faster than the East of England average and any other economy in the region.<ref>Hastings, David and Swadkin, Claire [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/elmr/02_07/downloads/ELMR02_07REI.pdf Regional economic indicators with a focus on the differences in regional economic performance] Economic and Labour Market Review, vol.1 no.2 (pp.52-64) February 2007</ref> Peterborough leads the UK’s business population growth, with a 3.78% increase between April and September 2006, according to [[Royal Mail]]'s Business Barometer.<ref>[http://www.news.royalmailgroup.com/news/articlec.asp?id=1880&brand=royal_mail Peterborough leads UK’s business population growth, according to Royal Mail’s Business Barometer] [[Royal Mail]], [[19 January]] [[2007]]</ref> It has a strong economy in the environmental goods and services sector and has the largest cluster of environmental businesses in the UK.<ref>[http://www.encluster.org Peterborough Environment Cluster] The UK Centre for Economic and Environmental Development (retrieved [[20 December]] [[2007]])</ref>
In 1994 Peterborough was designated one of four environment cities in the UK and it is now working to become the UK's acknowledged environment capital.<ref>[http://www.gpp-peterborough.org.uk/new_07/environcapital.html Peterborough - the UK's Environment Capital] Greater Peterborough Partnership (retrieved [[20 December]] [[2007]])</ref>
===Employment===
According to the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]], the workplace population of 90,656 is divided into 60,118 people who live in Peterborough and 30,358 people who commute in. A further 13,161 residents commute out of the city to work.<ref>[http://www.eastofenglandobservatory.org.uk/WebDocuments/Public/approved/user_9/Peterborough%20UA%20Profile.pdf Commuting Profile for Peterborough] East of England Regional Assembly, [[11 April]] [[2005]]</ref> Earnings in Peterborough are lower than average. [[Median]] earnings are £9.77 per hour, less than the regional median of £11.69 and the national median hourly rate of £11.26.<ref>[http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/2038431844/report.aspx?town=peterborough NOMIS Official Labour Market Statistics] [[Office for National Statistics]] (retrieved [[31 March]] [[2006]])</ref> As part of the government's [[M11 Corridor|M11 corridor]], Peterborough is committed to creating 17,500 jobs with the population growing to 200,000 by 2020.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/template/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=845&ArticleID=1397046 EMPLOYMENT: Projects promise jobs to end worrying trend] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[23 March]] [[2006]]</ref>
Future employment will also be created through the plan for the city centre launched by the council in 2003. Predictions of the levels and types of employment created were published in 2005.<ref name=plan/> These include 1,421 jobs created in retail; 1,067 created in a variety of leisure and cultural developments; 338 in three hotels; and a further 4,847 jobs created in offices and other workspaces. Recent relocations of large employers include both [[Tesco]] (1,070 employees) and [[Debenhams]] (850 employees) distribution centres.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/template/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=845&ArticleID=1001768 JOBS: Boom Time] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[18 April]] [[2005]]</ref> A further 2,500 jobs are to be created in the £140 million Gateway warehouse and distribution park, this is expected to compensate for the 6,000 job losses as a result of the decline in manufacturing, anticipated in a report cited by the cabinet member for economic growth and regeneration in 2006.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/template/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=845&ArticleID=1762722 BUSINESS: Distribution park will bring 2,500 jobs to city] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[12 September]] [[2006]]</ref>
With traditionally low levels of unemployment, Peterborough is a popular destination for workers and has seen significant growth through migration since the post-war period. The leader of the council said he believed Peterborough had taken up to 80% of the 65,000 people who had arrived in [[East Anglia]] from the [[Baltic states]].<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/template/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=845&ArticleID=1714979 LIMIT PLEA: Fears over immigrants] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[23 August]] [[2006]]</ref> To help cope with this influx the council has put forward plans to construct an average of 1,300 homes each year until 2021.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-230 Housing Strategy Statement] Peterborough City Council, July 2004</ref> Demand for short term employees remains high and the market supports up to 20 high street recruitment agencies at any given time.
==Transport==
{{See also|Road Transport in Peterborough}}
[[Peterborough railway station|Peterborough]] is a major stop on the [[East Coast Main Line]], 45–50 minutes journey time from central London, with high-speed intercity services from [[London King's Cross|King's Cross]] to [[Edinburgh Waverley railway station|Edinburgh Waverley]] operated by [[National Express East Coast]] at around a 20 minute frequency and slower commuter services terminating at Peterborough operated by [[First Capital Connect]]. It is a major railway junction where a number of cross-country routes converge. [[East Midlands Trains]] operate the [[Peterborough to Lincoln Line]], with through services to Doncaster and a route from [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]] to [[Norwich]] or Cambridge via the main line north of Peterborough; [[CrossCountry]] operate the [[Birmingham to Peterborough Line]] and with [[National Express East Anglia]], the [[Ely to Peterborough Line]], with through services to Cambridge and [[Stansted Airport]] operated by the former and services to Ipswich and London Liverpool Street operated by the latter.<ref>[http://nationalrail.co.uk/stations/PBO.html Station Facilities for Peterborough] [[National Rail]] Enquiries, [[28 November]] [[2006]]</ref> Peterborough has a [[Peterborough Business Airport|business airport]] with a paved runway at [[Holme, Cambridgeshire|Holme]] and a [[Peterborough/Sibson Airport|recreational airfield]] hosting a parachute school at [[Stibbington|Sibson]].
The [[River Nene]], made navigable from the port at [[Wisbech]] to [[Northampton]] by 1761,<ref>Under the Nene Navigation Acts 1714 (12 Anne c.7), 1725 (11 Geo. I c.19), 1756 (29 Geo. II c.69) and 1794 (34 Geo. III c.85)</ref> passes through the city centre and a rather pretty green bridge carries the railway over the river. It was built in 1847 by [[Lewis Cubitt]], who was more famous for his bridges in Australia, India and South America. Apart from some minor repairs in 1910 (the steel bands and cross braces around the fluted legs) the bridge remains just the way he built it. Now a listed structure, it is the oldest surviving cast-iron railway bridge in the UK.<ref>Labrum, Edward A. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Offfz1NSDt0C&printsec=frontcover ''Civil Engineering Heritage: Eastern and Central England''] (pp.78-79) Thomas Telford, London, 1994. See also Cossey, F. Cast Iron Railway Bridge at Peterborough in [[Kenneth Hudson|Hudson, Kenneth]] (ed.) ''Industrial Archaeology'' vol. 4 (pp.138-147) David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 1967</ref> By the Town Bridge, the Customs House, built in the early eighteenth century, is a visible reminder of the city's past function as an inland port.<ref>Brandon, David and Knight, John ''Peterborough Past: The City and The Soke'' (p.54) Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 2001</ref> The [[Environment Agency]] navigation starts at the junction with the Northampton arm of the [[Grand Union Canal]] and extends for 91 miles (147 km) ending at Bevis Hall just upstream of Wisbech. The tidal limit used to be Woodston Wharf until the Dog-in-a-Doublet [[Lock (water transport)|lock]] was built five miles (8 km) downstream in 1937.<ref>[http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/subjects/navigation/747415/788356/150334/ River Nene] The Environment Agency (retrieved [[29 August]] [[2007]])</ref>
The A1/A1(M) broadly follows the path of the historic [[Great North Road (United Kingdom)|Great North Road]] from [[St. Paul's Cathedral]] at the heart of London, through Peterborough (Junction 17), continuing north a further 335 miles (539 km) to central Edinburgh. In 1899 the [[British Electric Traction|British Electric Traction Company]] sought permission for a [[tram]]way joining the northern suburbs with the city centre. The system, which operated under the name Peterborough Electric Traction Company, opened in 1903 and was abandoned in favour of motor buses in 1930, when the company was merged into the [[Eastern Counties Omnibus Company]].<ref>Brandon and Knight (pp.47-49)</ref> Today, bus services in the city are operated by several companies including the [[Stagecoach Group]] ([[Stagecoach Cambridgeshire|Cambus and Viscount]]) and [[Delaine Buses]]. Despite its large-scale growth, Peterborough has the fastest peak and off-peak travel times for a city of its size in the UK, due to the construction of the [[Peterborough#Modern history|parkways]]. The [[Local Transport Plan]] anticipates expenditure totalling around £180 million for the period up to 2010 on major road schemes to accommodate development.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-4536 The Second Local Transport Plan] Peterborough City Council, March 2006</ref>
The Peterborough Millennium [[Green Wheel]] is a 50 mile (80 km) network of cycleways, footpaths and bridleways which provide safe, continuous routes around the city with radiating spokes connecting to the city centre. The project has also created a sculpture trail, which provides functional, landscape artworks along the Green Wheel route and a Living Landmarks project involving the local community in the creation of local landscape features such as mini woodlands, ponds and hedgerows.<ref>[http://lifeandhealth.guardian.co.uk/guides/cycling/story/0,,2022726,00.html Cycle Guide: The Green Wheel] The Guardian, [[3 March]] [[2007]]</ref> Another long distance footpath, the [[Hereward Way]], runs from [[Oakham]] in [[Rutland]], through Peterborough, to [[East Harling]] in [[Norfolk]].
==Demographics==
===Ethnicity===
[[Image:Pbguildhall.jpg|thumb|right|220px|The Guildhall or [[Market Cross|Butter Cross]] (1669–1671), Cathedral Square, Peterborough]]
Peterborough is home to one of the largest concentrations of [[Italian diaspora|Italian]] immigrants in the UK. This is mainly as a result of [[workforce|labour]] recruitment in the 1950s by the [[London Brick Company]] in the southern [[Italy|Italian]] regions of [[Apulia|Puglia]] and [[Campania]]. By 1960 approximately 3,000 Italian men were employed by London Brick, mostly at the [[Fletton, Peterborough|Fletton]] works.<ref>Colpi, Terry ''The Italian Factor: The Italian Community in Great Britain'' (p.149) Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1991</ref> In 1962 the [[Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo|Scalabrini Fathers]], who first arrived in 1956, purchased an old school and converted it into a church named after the [[patron saint]] of workers [[Saint Joseph|San Giuseppe]]. By 1991 over 3,000 [[baptism|christenings]] of [[Italian Briton|second-generation]] [[Italian people|Italians]] had been carried out there.<ref>Colpi (p.235)</ref> The population of Peterborough has grown much faster than the national average over the last few years, mainly as a result of immigration. In the late twentieth century the main source of immigration has been from [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries such as [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. A more recent issue is that an unknown number of eastern Europeans from [[accession states]] have moved to Peterborough since 2004. This may mean that the population figures, based on the [[United Kingdom Census 2001|2001 census]], are an underestimate.<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/E0DEA099-0B7A-42A2-A459-055AB91FA9A8/0/PeterboroughProfile.pdf 2001 Census Profile of Peterborough] Cambridgeshire County Council, June 2003</ref> The [[East of England Regional Assembly]] estimate that 16,000 eastern Europeans are now living in the city, one in ten of the population.<ref>Reid, Sue [http://www.mailonsunday.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=402024&in_page_id=1770 The town the Poles took over] The Mail on Sunday, [[24 August]] [[2006]]</ref> Modern Peterborough is a rapidly developing city and one that continues to change. The change has not been without problems however. In May 2004 groups of Pakistani residents clashed with [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]] and [[Iraqi]] [[asylum seekers]]. In the "running street battles," houses and cars were set alight and windows were smashed. Some people were hospitalised. The fighting occurred in the multicultural [[Millfield, Peterborough|Millfield]] area of the city.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/3731735.stm Patrols to quell violent clashes] BBC News, [[20 May]] [[2004]] 20:01 [[British Summer Time|BST]]</ref> In July of that year, a festival set up by the Indian community to celebrate the city's diversity turned violent. Pakistanis and Iraqis clashed over the weekend, leaving a man in hospital and large gangs fighting.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/cambridgeshire/3926423.stm Ethnic groups clash at festival] BBC News, [[26 July]] [[2004]] 12:02 [[British Summer Time|BST]]</ref> Since then, race relations have improved significantly.
East Anglia is the leading destination for new migrants and half of the 83,000 who have registered to work in the region have settled in Cambridgeshire. According to a report published by the police in 2007 "the hidden scale of migration into the county is demonstrated by the different number of languages officers and staff deal with, which now exceeds 100. [[Translation]] costs linked to dealing with incidents and crime are close to £1 million a year." The report says the migrant communities have led to a change in the nature of crime in the county, with an increase in [[Driving under the influence|drink-driving]] offences, knife crime and an international dimension added to activities such as running [[cannabis]] factories and [[Trafficking in human beings|human trafficking]]. The number of foreign nationals arrested in the north of the county rose from 894 in 2003 to 2,435 in 2006, but the report also says "inappropriately negative" community perceptions about migrant workers often complicate routine incidents, raising tensions and turning them "critical;" the fact that many new migrants are crowded into privately rented accommodation, often in multiple occupation, is a potentially destabilising factor in many communities, raising problems of [[Noise pollution|noise]], parking, waste disposal, petty [[robbery]], household disputes and [[assault]]s against women in mixed houses.<ref>[http://www.cambs.police.uk/images/newsitem/download/190907growth.pdf The changing demography of Cambridgeshire: implications for policing] Cambridgeshire Constabulary and Cambridgeshire Police Authority, [[19 September]] [[2007]]</ref> Julie Spence <small>[[OBE]]</small>, the [[Chief Constable]], was careful to add there was "little evidence that the increased numbers of migrant workers have caused significant or systematic problems in respect of community safety or cohesion." She also emphasised that the dramatic change in the county's profile — from a rural county in which four years ago 95% of teenagers were [[White people|white]] to one of the country's major ethnically mixed growth points — has had a positive impact in development and jobs. Cambridgeshire's population is one of the fastest growing in Britain and is projected to rise by a further 12.5% or 94,000 by 2016, mostly fulled by 69,000 eastern European migrants.<ref>Travis, Alan [http://www.guardian.co.uk/immigration/story/0,,2172825,00.html Ministers to assess migrant groups' impact on public services] The Guardian, [[20 September]] [[2007]]</ref> On [[11 March]] [[2008]], the [[BBC]] broadcast ''The Poles are Coming!'', a controversial documentary by award-winning filmmaker [[Tim Samuels]], as part of its ''White Season''.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/white/poles.shtml The Poles are Coming!] Is white working class Britain becoming invisible? A season of programmes on BBC Two (retrieved [[19 March]] [[2008]])</ref>
The number of languages in use is growing and diversity is spreading where previously few languages other than [[English language|English]] were spoken. Peterborough now offers classes in [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi]] in its primary schools.<ref>[http://www.cilt.org.uk/pdf/pubs/positively_plurilingual.pdf Positively Plurilingual: The contribution of community languages to UK education and society] (p.6) CILT the National Centre for Languages, 2006</ref> As the city expands the council has introduced a new statutory development plan.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-289 Peterborough Local Plan (First Replacement)] Peterborough City Council, July 2005</ref> Its aim is to accommodate an additional 22,000 homes, 18,000 jobs and over 40,000 people living in Peterborough by 2020. The newly developing [[Hampton, Peterborough|Hampton]] township will be completed, there will be a 1,500 home development at [[Stanground, Peterborough|Stanground]] and a further 1,200 home development at [[Paston, Peterborough|Paston]].
===Religion===
[[Image:Peterborough precinct.JPG|thumb|right|220px|Norman gateway below the chapel of St. Nicholas (1177–1194), Minster Precincts]]
[[Christianity]] has the largest following in Peterborough, in particular the [[Church of England]], with a significant number of parish churches and a cathedral. Recent immigration to the city has also seen the established [[Roman Catholic]] population increase substantially.<ref>Walton, Jemma [http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleID=2082268&SectionID=4419 How immigration has led to the rebirth of the Catholic Church] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[27 February]] [[2007]]</ref> Other [[Christian denomination|denominations]] are also in evidence; the latest church to be constructed is a £7 million "superchurch" which can seat up to 1,800 worshippers.<ref>Sandall, Jonathan [http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/viewarticle.aspx?sectionid=845&ArticleID=1780833 Peterborough superchurch to open] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[21 September]] [[2006]]</ref> In comparison with the rest of the country, Peterborough has a lower proportion of [[Christians]], [[Buddhists]], [[Hindus]], [[Jews]] and [[Sikhs]]. However, the city has a higher percentage of [[Muslims]] and people with no religion than the national average.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/pdf/pet-ff-pop-Ethnicity_Profile_Contents_and_Section_1-2.pdf Ethnicity and Religion in Peterborough] Cambridgeshire County Council, October 2004</ref> The majority of Muslims reside in the [[Millfield, Peterborough|Millfield]] and [[New England, Peterborough|New England]] areas of the city, where two large mosques (including the [[Faidhan-e-Madina Mosque]]) are based. Peterborough also has both Hindu (Bharat Hindu Samaj) and Sikh (Singh Sabha Gurdwara) temples in these areas.
The [[Anglican]] [[Anglican Diocese of Peterborough|Diocese of Peterborough]] covers roughly 1,200 square miles (3,100 km²), including the whole of Northamptonshire, Rutland, and the Soke of Peterborough (the area to the north of the River Nene). [[historic counties of England|Historically]] in Huntingdonshire, the parts of the city south of the river fall within the [[Diocese of Ely]], which covers the remainder of Cambridgeshire and western Norfolk. However, the current [[Bishop of Peterborough]] has been appointed [[Assistant Bishop]] in the Diocese of Ely, with pastoral care for these [[parishes]] delegated to him by the [[Bishop of Ely]].<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=845&ArticleID=832244 RELIGION: Bishops bridge boundaries aboard boat] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[2 August]] [[2004]]</ref><ref>[http://www.ely.anglican.org/news_events/media/press/details.html?id=26 Bridging the divide in a city] Diocese of Ely, Ref. 0471, [[29 July]] [[2004]]</ref> The city falls wholly within the [[Roman Catholic]] [[Diocese of East Anglia]], which has its seat at the [[St John the Baptist Cathedral, Norwich|Cathedral Church]] of Saint [[John the Baptist]], Norwich.
==Culture==
===Education===
Peterborough has one independent boarding school; [[Peterborough High School]], formerly Westwood House. The school caters for girls up to 18 and boys up to 11. Peterborough's state schools are currently undergoing immense change. Five of the city's 15 [[secondary schools]] were closed in July 2007 and are to be demolished over the coming years. [[John Mansfield School|John Mansfield]], Hereward (formerly Eastholm) and [[Deacon's School|Deacon's]] were replaced with the flagship [[Thomas Deacon Academy]], designed by [[Norman Foster, Baron Foster of Thames Bank|Lord Foster of Thames Bank]] which opened in September 2007. [[The Voyager School]], which has specialist media arts status, replaced Bretton Woods and Walton comprehensive. The schools that remain will be extended and enlarged. Over £200 million is to be spent and the changes on-going to 2010.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-5618 Secondary School Review] Peterborough City Council (retrieved [[15 April]] [[2007]])</ref> [[The King's School, Peterborough|The King's School]] is one of seven schools established, or in some cases re-endowed and renamed, by King [[Henry VIII of England|Henry VIII]] during the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]] to pray for his soul.<ref>Orme, Nicholas [http://www.oxforddnb.com/public/themes/95/95744.html School founders and patrons in England, 597–1560] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, October 2006</ref> In 2006, 39.4% of Peterborough [[local education authority]] pupils attained five grades A* to C, including English and Mathematics, in the [[General Certificate of Secondary Education]], lower than the national average of 45.8%.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/6250433.stm How different LEAs performed] BBC News, [[19 January]] [[2007]] 17:21 [[GMT]]</ref>
The city has its own [[Further Education]] colleges, [[Peterborough Regional College]] (established in 1946 as Peterborough Technical College) and Peterborough College of Adult Education. Peterborough Regional College attracts over 15,000 students each year from the UK and abroad and is currently ranked in the top five per cent of colleges in the UK.<ref>Nasta, Tony [http://www.ofsted.gov.uk/reports/pdf/?inspectionNumber=265202&providerCategoryID=524288&fileName=\\school\\130\\s3_130613_20061017.pdf Statutory Inspection of Peterborough Regional College] under Section 3 of the School Inspections Act 1996 (1996 cap.57) [[Office for Standards in Education]] and Adult Learning Inspectorate, [[17 October]] [[2006]]</ref> The city is currently without a university, since [[Loughborough University]] closed its Peterborough campus in 2003.<ref>[http://www.eera.gov.uk/Documents/About%20EERA/Policy/Planning%20and%20Transport/PlanHome/PlanTranStud/GeoStud/Pete/Stage1/PeteFin/finalreport.pdf Peterborough Sub-Regional Study: Final Report] 3.2.3 Improving further and higher education provision (p.19) Llewelyn Davies for the [[East of England Regional Assembly]], November 2003</ref> Consequently it is the second largest centre of population in the UK (after [[Swindon]]) without its own higher education institution. In 2006 however, Peterborough Regional College was in talks with [[Anglia Ruskin University]] to develop a new university campus for the city.<ref>[http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/news/archive/peterborough.html Major step towards university for Peterborough] Anglia Ruskin University, [[22 February]] [[2006]]</ref><ref>[http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/news/archive/peterborough_10m.html £10 million boost for university facility in Peterborough] Anglia Ruskin University, [[11 December]] [[2006]]</ref> The college and the university have now officially completed the legal contracts for the creation of a new joint venture company. The formation marks the culmination of legal negotiations and securing of funds required in order to build the new higher education centre.<ref>[http://www.anglia.ac.uk/ruskin/en/home/news/archive/Peterborough_signing.html Legal deal signed and sealed facilitates the 'emergence' of new University Centre in Peterborough] Anglia Ruskin University, [[3 April]] [[2007]]</ref>
===The arts===
Peterborough enjoys a wide range of events including the annual East of England Show, [[Peterborough Festival]] and [[CAMRA]] beer festival, which takes place on the river embankment in late August.<ref>[http://www.enjoyengland.com/destinations/find/east-of-england/cambridgeshire/peterborough.aspx Destination Guide for Peterborough] [[English Tourist Board]] (retrieved [[20 April]] [[2007]])</ref>
[[Image:RAH frieze, Peterborough Cathedral.jpg|thumb|right|220px|A section of the Triumph of Arts and Sciences at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] (1867–1871), depicting Peterborough Cathedral]]
The Key Theatre, built in 1973, is situated on the embankment, next to the River Nene. The theatre provides entertainment, enlightenment and education by reflecting the rich culture Peterborough has to offer. The programme is made up of home-grown productions, national touring shows, local community productions and one-off concerts. There is disabled access, an infrared hearing system for the deaf and hard of hearing and there are also regular signed performances.<ref>
''The Key Times'' is the theatre's newspaper, available free of charge from the last Saturday of each month</ref> In 1937 the [[Odeon Cinemas|Odeon Cinema]] opened on Broadway, where it operated successfully for more than half a century. In 1991 the Odeon showed its last film to the public and was left to fall into a state of disrepair, until 1997, when a local entrepreneur purchased the building as part of a larger project, including a restaurant and art gallery. Today The Broadway is one of the largest theatres in the region and offers a selection of live entertainment, including music, comedy and films.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/viewarticle.aspx?sectionid=845&articleid=420793 First Glimpse of Mecca to Movies] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[18 April]] [[2001]]</ref> The Embassy Theatre, now a public house, also opened here in 1937, later becoming a cinema.<ref>[http://www.arthurlloyd.co.uk/Peterborough/50.htm 50th Anniversary 1937–1987 Souvenir Brochure] Cannon Cinema, Peterborough, 1987</ref> The John Clare Theatre within the new central library, again on Broadway, is home to the Peterborough Film Society. One of the region's leading venues, The Cresset in [[Bretton, Peterborough|Bretton]], provides a wide range of events for the residents of the city and beyond, including theatre, comedy, music and dance. Peterborough has a 13-screen [[Showcase Cinemas|Showcase Cinema]], an ice rink and two indoor swimming pools open to the general public. A diverse range of restaurants can be found throughout the city, including [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] & [[Cantonese cuisine|Cantonese]], [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] & [[Nepalese]], [[Cuisine of Thailand|Thai]] and many [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] restaurants. In the closing months of 2006, [[Polish cuisine|Polish]], [[Japanese cuisine|Japanese]] and [[Mexican]] restaurants were all opened.
Peterborough has recently been used as the setting for two popular novels, ''A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian'' by Marina Lewycka<ref>[http://www.orangeprize.co.uk/opf/books.php4?bookid=180 Orange Broadband prize for Fiction] 2005 shortlist title ''A Short History of Tractors in Ukrainian'' by Marina Lewycka (336 pp. Viking, London, 2005) Orange Home UK (retrieved [[26 January]] [[2008]])</ref> and ''A Spot of Bother'' by Mark Haddon.<ref>Ness, Patrick [http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/generalfiction/0,,1858405,00.html Pleasant incidents] (review of ''A Spot of Bother'' by Mark Haddon, 390 pp. Jonathan Cape, London, 2006) The Guardian, [[26 August]] [[2006]]</ref>
===Sport===
[[Peterborough United Football Club]], known as ''The Posh'', has been the local football team since 1934. The ground is situated at [[London Road stadium|London Road]] on the south bank of the [[River Nene]]. Peterborough United have a proud history of cup giant-killings.<ref>Plummer, Russell Peterborough United on the FA Cup Trail, [http://www.theposh.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10427~149280,00.html Part 1: Sixty Years of Highlights in the Greatest Knockout Event] and [http://www.theposh.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10427~149310,00.html Part 2: Sunderland Disaster to Glory in Defeat at Old Trafford] Peterborough United Football Club, 03 & [[4 January]] [[2002]]</ref> They set the record for the highest number of league goals (134, [[Terry Bly]] alone scoring 52) in 1960/1; their first season in the [[Football League]], in which they won the [[Football League Fourth Division|Fourth Division]] title. The club's highest standing to date was tenth place in the [[Football League First Division|First Division]], then the second tier of English football, in 1992/3.<ref>[http://www.theposh.premiumtv.co.uk/page/History/0,,10427~397399,00.html Posh Stats and Records] Peterborough United Football Club, [[9 May]] [[2007]]</ref> Irish property developer [[Darragh MacAnthony]] was appointed chairman in 2006 and is now owner, having undertaken a lengthy purchase from [[Barry Fry]] who remains director of football. MacAnthony has promised to move ''The Posh'' to a new all-seater stadium.<ref>Conn, David [http://football.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1930815,00.html#article_continue Posh fans wary of pitfalls on road to the Premiership] The Guardian, [[25 October]] [[2006]]</ref>
As well as [[association football|football]], Peterborough has teams competing in [[rugby union|rugby]], [[cricket]], [[field hockey|hockey]], [[ice hockey]], [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]] and [[athletics (track and field)|athletics]]. Although [[Cambridgeshire County Cricket Club|Cambridgeshire]] is not a first-class cricket county, [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] staged some home matches in the city between 1906 and 1974. Peterborough Town Cricket Club and the City of Peterborough Hockey Club compete at their shared ground in Westwood;<ref>Peterborough Town changed its name for the 2006/7 season following a merger with Peterborough Athletic Hockey Club, see [http://www.cityofpeterboroughhc.org.uk/index.htm Peterborough Town Sports Club] for more details</ref> whereas the city's oldest and most successful rugby team, Peterborough Rugby Union Football Club, now play at Fortress [[Fengate, Peterborough|Fengate]].<ref>Bath, David [http://www.prufc.com/rugger.pdf A History of Rugby Union in the Peterborough Area with special reference to the history of Peterborough Rugby Union Football Club] An extended version of a paper delivered to the Peterborough Burgh Society, October 2002</ref>
Peterborough City Rowing Club moved from its riverside setting to the current Thorpe Meadows location in 1983. The spring and summer regattas held there attract rowers and scullers from competing clubs all over the country. Every February the adjacent River Nene is host to the head of the river race, which again attracts hundreds of entries.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/ViewArticle.aspx?SectionID=846&ArticleID=1341594 ROWING: Hunt and Gilbert strike gold for City] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[7 February]] [[2006]]</ref> Peterborough Athletic Club train and compete at the embankment athletics arena. In 2006, after 10 years, the Great Eastern Run returned to the racing calendar, around 3,000 runners raced through the flat streets of Peterborough for the half-marathon, supported by thousands of spectators along the course.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-10916 The Story Behind The Return of The Great Eastern Run] Peterborough City Council (retrieved [[30 September]] [[2007]])</ref>
[[Peterborough Phantoms]] are the city's ice hockey team, playing in the [[English Premier Ice Hockey League|English Premier League]] at the East of England Ice Rink. [[Motorcycle speedway]] is also a popular sport in Peterborough, with race meetings held at the East of England Showground. The team, known as the [[Peterborough Panthers]], have operated regularly in the [[Speedway Elite League|Elite League]].<ref>[http://www.peterboroughspeedway.net/index.php?module=htmlpages&func=display&pid=15 Club Honours] Peterborough Speedway Showcase (retrieved [[19 March]] [[2008]])</ref> The Showground hosts the annual British Motorcycle Federation Rally each May.
===Media===
There is a major radio [[Peterborough Transmitter|transmitter]] at [[Morborne]], approximately eight miles (13 km) west of Peterborough, for national [[FM radio]] ([[BBC Radio]]s 1–4 and [[Classic FM (UK)|Classic FM]]) and [[BBC Radio Cambridgeshire]]. This facility includes a 505 feet (154 m) high guyed radio mast which collapsed in 2004 after a fire and has since been re-built.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/3970807.stm Mast fire 'could be deliberate'] BBC News, [[1 November]] [[2004]] 08:39 [[GMT]]</ref><ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/viewarticle.aspx?sectionid=845&ArticleID=880287 FIRE: Mast blaze brings radio blackout] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[1 November]] [[2004]]</ref> Another transmission site at [[Gunthorpe, Peterborough|Gunthorpe]] in the north east of the city transmits [[AM radio|AM]]/[[Mediumwave|MW]] and local FM radio. The site is only 10 feet (3 m) above sea level and has a 270 feet (83 m) high active insulated guyed mast situated on it.
Peterborough has four local radio stations and one regional station. [[Hereward FM]], the original [[independent local radio]] station, still holds a large section of the market on 102.7 MHz. Hereward's sister station, [[Classic Gold 1332]], is now part of the national [[Classic Gold]] network; [[Lite FM 106.8]] is the second commercial radio station and Radio Cambridgeshire, which also has a studio in the city, broadcasts local output in place of countywide programming on 95.7 MHz at peak listening times. [[Kiss 105-108]] is the regional station for the East of England, broadcasting on 107.7 MHz in Peterborough. [[NOW Peterborough]] is the local [[Digital radio in the United Kingdom|DAB]] multiplex; [[BBC DAB National]] and the national commercial multiplex, [[Digital One]], are also available in the city.<ref>[http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/rau/newsroom/news-release/01/pr161.htm Radio Authority awards local digital multiplex licence for Peterborough] [[Radio Authority]], News Release 161/01, [[9 November]] [[2001]]</ref> Peterborough is in the [[Anglia Television]] transmission area for [[ITV]], with a small studio in the city. This is broadcast with [[BBC Television|BBC]] [[BBC One|One]] and [[BBC Two|Two]] [[BBC East|(East)]], [[Channel 4]] and [[Five (channel)|Channel 5]] from [[Sandy Heath]]. The [[Digital switchover in the United Kingdom|digital switchover]] will take place in 2011 in the East of England. Shopping channel [[Ideal World]] is broadcast nationwide from studios in [[Fengate, Peterborough|Fengate]], Peterborough.
The [[Peterborough Evening Telegraph]] or ''ET'' (established 1948) is the city's newspaper, published Monday to Saturday with jobs, property, motors and entertainment supplements. The Evening Telegraph is now owned by East Midlands Newspapers Ltd., part of [[Johnston Press]] Plc.<ref>[http://www.johnstonpress.co.uk/jpplc/ourbusiness/publishingdivision/division.jsp?ref=25 East Midlands Newspapers] Johnston Press, Edinburgh (retrieved [[18 September]] [[2007]])</ref> Its website, Peterborough Today, is updated six days a week. The ''ETs'' sister paper, the Peterborough Citizen (1898), and the [[Peterborough Herald and Post]] (1989, a replacement for the Peterborough Standard, established 1872) are weekly papers delivered free to many homes in the city. The Herald and Post is owned by Midland Weekly Media Ltd., part of [[Trinity Mirror]] Plc.<ref>[http://www.trinitymirror.com/brands/regionals/midlands/mwm/ Midland Weekly Media] Trinity Mirror, London (retrieved [[18 September]] [[2007]])</ref> The publisher [[Emap]], which specialises in the production of magazines and the organisation of business events and conferences, traces its origins back to Peterborough in 1854.<ref>Newton, David ''Men of Mark: Makers of East Midland Allied Press'' Emap, Peterborough, 1977</ref> As Mayor of Peterborough, Sir [[Richard Winfrey]] founder of what would become the East Midland Allied Press, was perhaps the last person to read the [[Riot Act]] in 1914.<ref>Walton, Jemma [http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/lookingback?articleid=2954882 Part 2: 'Fen men to the marrow' who have served us down through the years] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[14 June]] [[2007]]</ref>
Peterborough has been used as a location for various television programmes and films. In 1995 [[Pierce Brosnan]] <small>[[OBE]]</small> filmed train crash sequences for the 17th [[James Bond]] film, [[GoldenEye]], at the former sugar beet factory. In 1983 opening scenes for the 13th 007 film, [[Octopussy]], starring Sir [[Roger Moore]], were filmed at Orton Mere. A music video for the song [[Breakthru (song)|BreakThru]] by the band [[Queen (band)|Queen]] was also shot on the preserved Nene Valley Railway in 1989. A scene for the film [[The Da Vinci Code (film)|The Da Vinci Code]] was filmed at Burghley House during five weeks secret filming in 2006; and actor, [[Lee Marvin]], found himself camping in Ferry Meadows during the filming of [[The Dirty Dozen]]: Next Mission in 1985.<ref>[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/features/Peterborough-on-the-big-screen.4185238.jp Peterborough on the big screen] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[13 June]] [[2008]]</ref>
==Places of interest==
[[Image:LongthorpeTower.jpg|thumb|right|220px| Longthorpe Tower (1310), a Grade I [[listed building]]]]
The Cathedral Church of [[Saint Peter]], [[Paul of Tarsus|Saint Paul]] and [[Saint Andrew]], whose statues look down from the three high gables of the West Front, was originally founded as a [[monastery]] in AD 655 and re-built in its present form between 1118 and 1238. It has been the seat of the [[Bishop of Peterborough]] since the [[Diocese]] was created in 1541. [[Peterborough Cathedral]] is known for its imposing early [[English Gothic architecture|English Gothic]] West Front which, with its three enormous arches, is without [[Cathedral architecture of Western Europe|architectural precedent]] and with no direct successor. The Cathedral has the distinction of having had two queens buried beneath its paving, [[Katherine of Aragon]] and [[Mary, Queen of Scots]]. The remains of Queen Mary were later removed to [[Westminster Abbey]] by her son [[James I of England|James I]] when he became King of England.<ref>Sweeting, Walter Debenham ''The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See'' (pp.3-35) G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 ([http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13618 facsimile of the 1926 reprint of the 2nd ed. of Bell's Cathedrals] from [[Project Gutenberg]], retrieved [[23 April]] [[2007]])</ref>
The general layout of Peterborough is attributed to Martin de Vecti who, as abbot from 1133 to 1155, rebuilt the settlement on dry limestone to the west of the monastery, rather than the often-flooded marshlands to the east. Abbot Martin was responsible for laying out the market place and the wharf beside the river. Peterborough's magnificent seventeenth century Guildhall, built shortly after the [[The Restoration|restoration]] of King [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], is supported by columns, to provide an open ground floor for the butter and poultry markets which used to be held there. The Market Place was renamed Cathedral Square and the adjacent Gates Memorial Fountain moved to Bishop's Road Gardens in 1963, when the weekly market was transferred to the site of the old cattle market.<ref>Skinner, Julia (with particular reference to the work of Robert Cook) ''Did You Know? Peterborough: A Miscellany'' (pp.33, 25 & 16) The Francis Frith Collection, Salisbury, 2006</ref> The city has a large [[Victorian era|Victorian]] park containing formal gardens, children's play areas, an aviary, bowling green, tennis courts, pitch and putt course and tea rooms. The Park has been awarded the Green Flag, the national standard for parks and green spaces, by the [[Civic Trust]].<ref>[http://www.greenflagaward.org.uk/downloads/GreenFlagAwardWinnersBrochure.pdf Green Flag Award Winners] (p.13) The Civic Trust, [[21 July]] [[2006]]. [http://www.peterborough.net/civicsociety/index.asp Peterborough Civic Society] is registered with the Civic Trust</ref> The Lido, a striking building with elements of [[art deco]] design, was opened in 1936 and is one of the few survivors of its type still in use.<ref>Brandon and Knight (pp.111-112)</ref>
[[Image:Museum icon.png|Museum (free)]] Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, built in 1816, housed the city's first infirmary from 1857 to 1928. The museum has a collection of some 227,000 objects, including local archaeology and social history, from the products of the Roman pottery industry to Britain's oldest known murder victim; a collection of marine fossil remains from the [[Jurassic]] period of international importance; the manuscripts of [[John Clare]], the ''Northamptonshire Peasant Poet'' as he was commonly known in his own time;<ref>Grainger, Margaret ''A Descriptive Catalogue of the John Clare Collection'' Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, 1973</ref> and the Norman Cross collection of items made by French prisoners of war. These prisoners were kept at [[Norman Cross]] on the outskirts of Peterborough from 1797 to 1814, in what is believed to be the world's first purpose built prisoner of war camp. The art collection contains an impressive variety of paintings, prints and drawings dating from the 1600s to the present day. Peterborough Museum also holds regular temporary exhibitions, weekend events and guided tours.
[[Image:HH icon.png|Historical House]] [[Burghley House]] to the north of Peterborough, near [[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], was built and mostly designed by [[William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley|Sir William Cecil]], later 1st Baron Burghley, who was [[Lord High Treasurer]] to Queen [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth I]] for most of her reign.<ref>Leatham, Victoria ''Burghley: The Life of a Great House'' The Herbert Press, London, 1992. See also Becker, Alida [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDC1639F934A15751C1A964958260 This Old House] (review of ''Life at Burghley: Restoring One of England's Great Houses'' by the same author) The New York Times, [[27 December]] [[1992]]</ref> The [[country house]], with a park laid out by [[Lancelot 'Capability' Brown]] in the eighteenth century, is one of the principal examples of sixteenth century English architecture.<ref>[[Roger Turner (garden designer)|Turner, Roger]] ''Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape'' (pp.110-112) Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 1999</ref> The estate, still home to his descendants, hosts the [[Burghley Horse Trials]], an annual three day [[eventing|event]].
[[Image:EH icon.png|English Heritage]] [[Longthorpe Tower]], a fourteenth century three-storey tower and fortified manor house in the care of [[English Heritage]], is situated about two miles (3 km) west of the city centre. A [[Scheduled Monument|scheduled ancient monument]] protected by law, it contains the finest and most complete set of domestic paintings of the period in northern Europe.<ref>Salter, Mike ''The Castles of East Anglia'' (p.21) Folly Publications, Malvern, 2001</ref> Nearby [[Thorpe Hall]] is one of the few mansions built in the [[Commonwealth of England|Commonwealth]] period. A maternity hospital from 1943 to 1970, it was acquired by the [[Sue Ryder Foundation]] in 1986 and is currently in use as a hospice.<ref>Brandon and Knight (p.17)</ref>
[[Image:Museum icon (red).png|Museum]] [[Flag Fen]], the [[Bronze Age]] archaeological site, was discovered in 1982 when a team led by Dr. [[Francis Pryor]] carried out a [[Archaeological field survey|survey]] of [[Dike (construction)|dykes]] in the area. Probably religious, it comprises a large number of poles arranged in five long rows, connecting [[Whittlesey]] with Peterborough across the wet fenland. The museum exhibits many of the artefacts found, including what is believed to be the oldest wheel in Britain. An exposed section of the Roman road known as the Fen Causeway also crosses the site.<ref>[[Francis Pryor|Pryor, Francis]] ''Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape'' Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005</ref>
[[Image:HR icon.png|Heritage Railway]] The [[Nene Valley Railway]], a seven and a half mile (12 km) [[heritage railway]], was one of the last passenger lines to fall under the [[Beeching Axe]]. In 1974 the former [[development corporation]] bought the line, running from the city centre to [[Yarwell Junction]] just west of [[Wansford, Cambridgeshire|Wansford]], via [[Orton Mere]] and the 500 acre (202 ha) [[Ferry Meadows]] country park, and leased it to the Peterborough Railway Society.<ref>Rhodes, John ''The Nene Valley Railway'' Turntable Publications, Sheffield, 1976</ref>
[[Image:CP icon.png|Country Park]] The [[Nene Park, Peterborough|Nene Park]], which opened in 1978, covers a site three and a half miles (5.6 km) long, from slightly west of [[Castor, Cambridgeshire|Castor]] to the centre of Peterborough. The park has three lakes, one of which houses a watersports centre. Ferry Meadows, one of the major destinations and attractions signposted on the [[Green Wheel]], occupies a large portion of Nene Park. Orton Mere provides access to the east of the park.<ref>[http://changingplaces.urbed.com/cgi-bin/main.cgi?org_code=87uytrsqp0gtgtgtgy&option=article&doc_id=238 Changing Places: Case Studies of the Urban Renaissance] The Urban and Economic Development Group (retrieved [[2 May]] [[2007]])</ref>
[[Image:FC icon.png|Forestry Commission]] Southey Wood, once included in the Royal [[Rockingham Forest|Forest of Rockingham]], is a mixed woodland maintained by the [[Forestry Commission]] between the villages of [[Upton, Cambridgeshire|Upton]] and [[Ufford, Cambridgeshire|Ufford]].<ref>[http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/26329A43-D6EC-4B36-BAC2-E9F10A14A96C/0/SoutheyWood.pdf Woodland Wildlife Walk: Southey Wood] Cambridgeshire County Council, 2004</ref> Nearby, [[Castor Hanglands NNR|Castor Hanglands]], [[Barnack Hills & Holes NNR|Barnack Hills and Holes]] and [[Bedford Purlieus NNR|Bedford Purlieus]] [[national nature reserve]]s are each [[site of special scientific interest|sites of special scientific interest]].<ref>[http://www.english-nature.org.uk/about/teams/team_photo/CastorHanglands2.pdf Castor Hanglands NNR] [[English Nature]], 2004</ref><ref>Barkham, John [http://www.jstor.org/pss/3038022 Review of] ''Bedford Purlieus: Its History, Ecology and Management'' by George Frederick Peterken and Robert Colin Welch (eds.) Journal of Biogeography, vol.3 no.3 (pp.322-323) September 1976</ref> In 2002 the Hills and Holes, one of [[Natural England]]'s 35 spotlight reserves, was designated a [[special area of conservation]] as part of the [[Natura 2000]] network of sites throughout the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://www.english-nature.org.uk/about/teams/team_photo/BarnackleafletAW.pdf Barnack Hills and Holes NNR] [[English Nature]], 2004</ref>
==Famous Peterborians==
[[Image:Cecilsr.JPG|thumb|left|William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520–1598), in [[Order of the Garter|Garter]] robes]]
The City of Peterborough (including its outlying villages) is the birthplace of many notable people, including the astronomer [[George Alcock]] <small>[[MBE]]</small>, one of the most successful visual discoverers of [[nova]]s and [[comet]]s;<ref>[http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/JBAA./0111//0000064.000.html Obituary of George Eric Deacon Alcock] Journal of the British Astronomical Association, vol.111 no.2 (pp.64-66) February 2001</ref> [[John Clare]], now considered to be one of the most important poets of the nineteenth century;<ref>Robinson, Eric H. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5441?docPos=2 Clare, John (1793–1864)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/5441}}, retrieved [[10 September]] [[2007]])</ref> artist, [[Christopher Perkins]];<ref>Collins, R. D. J. [http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/default.asp?Find_Quick.asp?PersonEssay=4P9 Perkins, Christopher Edward (1891–1968)] ''[[Dictionary of New Zealand Biography]]'' vol.4 Auckland University Press, 1998</ref> and Sir [[Henry Royce]], 1st [[Baronet]] of Seaton, engineer and co-founder of [[Rolls-Royce Plc|Rolls-Royce]].<ref>Jeremy, David J. [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/35860 Royce, Sir (Frederick) Henry, baronet (1863–1933)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/35860}}, retrieved [[10 September]] [[2007]])</ref> Physician, actor and author, Sir [[John Hill (author)|John Hill]], credited with 76 separate works in the [[Dictionary of National Biography]], the most valuable of which dealing with [[botany]], is also said to have been born in Peterborough.<ref>O'Connor, Barry [http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/13281?docPos=9 Hill, Sir John (bap. 1714, d. 1775)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/13281}}, retrieved [[30 September]] [[2007]])</ref> The socialist writer and illustrator, [[Frank Horrabin]], who was born in the city, was elected its member of parliament in 1929.<ref>Cole, Margaret [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33995 Horrabin, James Francis (1884–1962)] (rev. Amanda L. Capern) ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/33995}}, retrieved [[06 October]] [[2007]])</ref>
The [[utilitarian]] philosopher, [[Richard Cumberland (philosopher)|Richard Cumberland]], was 14th Lord Bishop of Peterborough from 1691 until his death in 1718;<ref>Parkin, Jon [http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/6887?docPos=1 Cumberland, Richard (1632–1718)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/6887}}, retrieved [[30 September]] [[2007]])</ref> and Norfolk-born nurse and [[humanitarian]], [[Edith Cavell]], who received part of her education at Laurel Court in the Minster Precinct, is commemorated by a plaque in the Cathedral and by the name of the hospital.<ref>Daunton, Claire [http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/32330 Cavell, Edith Louisa (1865–1915)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/32330}}, retrieved [[30 April]] [[2007]])</ref>
Two prominent historical figures were born locally, [[Hereward the Wake]], an outlaw who led resistance to the [[Norman conquest of England|Norman Conquest]] and now lends his name to several places and businesses in Peterborough;<ref>Mellows, William Thomas (ed.) ''The Peterborough Chronicle of Hugh Candidus'' (p.41) Peterborough Museum Society, 1941</ref> and St. [[John Payne (martyr)|John Payne]], one of the group of prominent Catholics [[martyred]] between 1535 and 1679 and later designated the [[Forty Martyrs of England and Wales]], who was [[Beatification|beatified]] by [[Pope Leo XIII]] in 1886 and [[Canonization|canonised]] with the other 39 by [[Pope Paul VI]] in 1970.<ref>[http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/paul_vi/homilies/1970/documents/hf_p-vi_hom_19701025_it.html Canonizzazione di Quaranta Martiri dell’Inghilterra e del Galles] ''Omelia del Santo Padre Paolo VI'' The [[Holy See]], [[25 October]] [[1970]]</ref>
Musicians include Sir [[Thomas Armstrong]], organist, conductor and former principal of the [[Royal Academy of Music]];<ref>[[Richard Stoker|Stoker, Richard]] [http://oxforddnb.com/view/article/54713?docPos=4 Armstrong, Sir Thomas Henry Wait (1898–1994)] ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' Oxford University Press, 2004 (subscription required {{doi|10.1093/ref:odnb/54713}}, retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> [[Andy Bell (singer)|Andy Bell]], lead singer of the [[Synthpop|electronic pop]] duo [[Erasure]];<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/norfolk/music/gigs/erasure_interview.shtml Erasure uncovered in Norwich] BBC News, [[10 February]] [[2003]] 18:09 [[GMT]]</ref> Barrie Forgie, leader of the [[BBC Big Band]];<ref>[http://www.vinylvulture.co.uk/features/bb_funk2.php The Barry Forgie Orchestra] Vinyl Vulture (retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> [[Don Lusher]] <small>[[OBE]]</small>, trombonist and former professor of the [[Royal College of Music]] and the [[Royal Marines]] School of Music;<ref>Voce, Steve [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/obituaries/article1164544.ece Obituary of Gordon Douglas Lusher] The Independent, [[7 July]] [[2006]]</ref> [[Paul Nicholas]], actor and singer;<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0629417/bio Biography of Paul Nicholas] [[Internet Movie Database]] (retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> Keith Palmer, better known as [[Maxim Reality]], MC with [[electronica|dance act]] [[The Prodigy]]<ref>Montalbano, Dan [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20060831/ai_n16698224 The city of Hereward the Wake] The Independent, [[31 August]] [[2006]]</ref> — [[Gizz Butt|Graham 'Gizz' Butt]], who played live guitar with The Prodigy, lives in the area — and [[Nigel Sixsmith]], [[keytar]] player and founder member of [[The Art Of Sound]].<ref>[http://www.soundclick.com/pro/view/01/default.cfm?bandid=566037&songid=4139136&content=song The Art Of Sound] SoundClick (retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref>
Other living personalities include television presenter, [[Sarah Cawood]], who grew up in Maxey;<ref>[http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-112901120.html Inside out: Health Check - SARAH CAWOOD (Features)] Liverpool Daily Post, [[3 February]] [[2004]]</ref> [[Adrian Durham]], football journalist and radio broadcaster;<ref>Kirby, Terry [http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/this_britain/article1222816.ece Author in a Spot of Bother for 'horrible' view of Peterborough] The Independent, [[31 August]] [[2006]]</ref> and biologist, author and broadcaster, Prof. [[Brian J. Ford]], who attended the King's School and still lives in Eastrea near Whittlesey.<ref>Pearson, Mark [http://www.brianjford.com/ab05eta.htm Teaching via the Internet] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[7 October]] [[2005]] (facsimile of p.23 from the Brian J. Ford Website, retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> Local businessman Peter Boizot <small>[[MBE]] [[Italian orders of merit|OMRI]]</small>, founder of the [[Pizza Express]] restaurant chain, has supported the cultural and sporting life of Peterborough and received its highest accolade, the freedom of the city.<ref>Muir, Jonny [http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/features/Five-are-honoured-with-freedom.3256706.jp Five are honoured with freedom nominations] Peterborough Evening Telegraph, [[04 October]] [[2007]]</ref><ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-13883 Nine people to receive Freedom of City in cathedral ceremony] Peterborough City Council, [[29 February]] [[2008]]</ref> [[Blackburn Rovers]] and [[England national football team|England]] footballer, [[David Bentley]], was born in the city;<ref>[http://soccernet-akamai.espn.go.com/players/profile?id=23602&cc=4716 Profile for David Bentley] ESPNsoccernet (retrieved [[27 May]] [[2007]])</ref> and [[West Ham United]] midfielder, [[Matthew Etherington]], started his career in the youth academy at Peterborough United;<ref>[http://www.footballdatabase.com/index.php?page=player&Id=6209&pn=Matthew_Etherington Player Information for Matthew Etherington] Football Database (retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> also in the same team was [[Simon Davies (footballer born 1979)|Simon Davies]], with whom Etherington made a joint transfer to [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]]. Peterborough is also where former [[England national football team|England]] goalkeeper, [[David Seaman]] <small>[[MBE]]</small>, first began to make a name for himself.<ref>[http://football.guardian.co.uk/News_Story/0,,1122558,00.html David Seaman factfile] The Guardian, [[14 January]] [[2004]]</ref>
==Geography==
===Climate===
According to the [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] the [[British Isles]] experience a [[oceanic climate|maritime climate]] characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, East Anglia is slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to its inland position, furthest from the landfall of most [[Atlantic]] depressions, Cambridgeshire is one of the driest counties in the UK, receiving, on average, less than two feet (600 mm) of rain per year. The mean annual daily duration of bright sunshine is four hours and 12 minutes; the absence of any high ground is probably responsible for the area being one of the sunniest parts of the British Isles.<ref>Brown, Chris [http://www.cambridgeshire.gov.uk/environment/policy/Env_Report_1998.htm State of the Environment Report 1998] Chapter 11: Physical Background (pp.305-306) Cambridgeshire County Council (retrieved [[19 July]] [[2007]])</ref>
{{Infobox weather
|location = Peterborough, observed at Wittering
|Jan_Hi_°F = 41
|Feb_Hi_°F = 44
|Mar_Hi_°F = 48
|Apr_Hi_°F = 54
|May_Hi_°F = 61
|Jun_Hi_°F = 67
|Jul_Hi_°F = 69
|Aug_Hi_°F = 68
|Sep_Hi_°F = 65
|Oct_Hi_°F = 57
|Nov_Hi_°F = 49
|Dec_Hi_°F = 43
|Year_Hi_°F = 56
|Jan_Lo_°F = 32
|Feb_Lo_°F = 34
|Mar_Lo_°F = 35
|Apr_Lo_°F = 40
|May_Lo_°F = 45
|Jun_Lo_°F = 50
|Jul_Lo_°F = 53
|Aug_Lo_°F = 53
|Sep_Lo_°F = 49
|Oct_Lo_°F = 44
|Nov_Lo_°F = 39
|Dec_Lo_°F = 34
|Year_Lo_°F = 42
|Jan_Precip_inch = 2
|Feb_Precip_inch = 1
|Mar_Precip_inch = 2.1
|Apr_Precip_inch = 1.3
|May_Precip_inch = 1.3
|Jun_Precip_inch = 2
|Jul_Precip_inch = 2.1
|Aug_Precip_inch = 1.6
|Sep_Precip_inch = 2.1
|Oct_Precip_inch = 1.8
|Nov_Precip_inch = 1.8
|Dec_Precip_inch = 1.9
|Year_Precip_inch = 21
|source = Weatherbase<ref>[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=26430&refer= Historical Weather for Wittering] Weatherbase (retrieved [[27 September]] [[2007]])</ref>
|accessdate = Years on Record: 11
}}
===Topography===
East Anglia is most notable for being almost flat. During the [[Ice Age]] much of the region was covered by ice sheets and this has influenced the topography and nature of the soils.<ref>Brown (p.301)</ref> Much of Cambridgeshire is low-lying, in some places below present-day mean sea level.<ref>Brown (p.304)</ref> The lowest point on land is supposedly just to the south of the city at [[Holme, Cambridgeshire|Holme Fen]], which is nine feet (2.75 m) below sea level. The largest of the many settlements along the [[Fen]] edge, Peterborough has been called the ''Gateway to the Fens''. Before they were drained [[the Fens]] were liable to periodic flooding so [[Arable land|arable farming]] was limited to the higher areas of the Fen edge, with the rest of the [[Fenland]] dedicated to [[pastoral farming]]. In this way, the mediæval and early modern Fens stood in contrast to the rest of southern England, which was primarily arable. Since the advent of modern drainage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the Fens have been radically transformed such that arable farming has almost entirely replaced pastoral. The city includes the outlying settlement at [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] Wittering, the ''Home of the [[Harrier Jump Jet|Harrier]]'',<ref>Blatch, James [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/319944.stm Home of the Harrier] BBC News, [[21 April]] [[1999]] 11:19 [[British Summer Time|BST]]</ref> and as a unitary authority borders Northamptonshire to the west, Lincolnshire to the north, and administrative Cambridgeshire to the south and east. The city centre is located at 52°35'N [[latitude]] 0°15'W [[longitude]] or [[Ordnance Survey]] [[British national grid reference system|national grid reference]] TL 185 998.
'''Urban areas of the city'''<br>
''[[Peterborough#Modern history|Townships]] are in bold type. Bretton, Orton Longueville and Orton Waterville are parished. The city council also works closely with Werrington neighbourhood association which operates on a similar basis to a parish council''<br>
'''[[Bretton, Peterborough|Bretton]]''' - [[Dogsthorpe, Peterborough|Dogsthorpe]] - [[Eastfield, Peterborough|Eastfield]] - [[Eastgate, Peterborough|Eastgate]] - [[Fengate, Peterborough|Fengate]] - [[Fletton, Peterborough|Fletton]] - [[Gunthorpe, Peterborough|Gunthorpe]] - '''[[Hampton, Peterborough|The Hamptons]]''' - [[Longthorpe, Peterborough|Longthorpe]] - [[Millfield, Peterborough|Millfield]] - [[Netherton, Peterborough|Netherton]] - [[Newark, Peterborough|Newark]] - [[New England, Peterborough|New England]] - '''[[Orton, Peterborough|The Ortons]]''' - [[Parnwell, Peterborough|Parnwell]] - [[Paston, Peterborough|Paston]] - [[Ravensthorpe, Peterborough|Ravensthorpe]] - [[Stanground, Peterborough|Stanground]] - [[Walton, Peterborough|Walton]] - '''[[Werrington, Peterborough|Werrington]]''' - [[West Town, Peterborough|West Town]] - [[Westwood, Peterborough|Westwood]] - [[Woodston, Peterborough|Woodston]]
'''Surrounding villages in the district'''<br>
''[[Civil parishes]] do not cover the whole of England and mostly exist in rural areas. They are usually administered by parish councils which have various local responsibilities''<br>
[[Ailsworth, Cambridgeshire|Ailsworth]] - [[Bainton, Cambridgeshire|Bainton]] - [[Barnack, Cambridgeshire|Barnack]] - [[Borough Fen, Cambridgeshire|Borough Fen]] - [[Castor, Cambridgeshire|Castor]] - [[Deeping Gate, Cambridgeshire|Deeping Gate]] - [[Etton, Cambridgeshire|Etton]] - [[Eye, Cambridgeshire|Eye]] - [[Eye Green, Cambridgeshire|Eye Green]] - [[Glinton, Cambridgeshire|Glinton]] - [[Helpston, Cambridgeshire|Helpston]] - [[Marholm, Cambridgeshire|Marholm]] - [[Maxey, Cambridgeshire|Maxey]] - [[Newborough, Cambridgeshire|Newborough]] - [[Northborough, Cambridgeshire|Northborough]] - [[Peakirk, Cambridgeshire|Peakirk]] - [[Southorpe, Cambridgeshire|Southorpe]] - [[St. Martin's Without, Cambridgeshire|St. Martin's Without]] - [[Sutton, Cambridgeshire|Sutton]] - [[Thorney, Cambridgeshire|Thorney]] - [[Thornhaugh, Cambridgeshire|Thornhaugh]] - [[Ufford, Cambridgeshire|Ufford]] - [[Upton, Cambridgeshire|Upton]] - [[Wansford, Cambridgeshire|Wansford]] - [[Wittering, Cambridgeshire|Wittering]] - [[Wothorpe, Cambridgeshire|Wothorpe]]
These are further arranged into 24 electoral [[Wards of the United Kingdom|wards]] for the purposes of local government.<ref>[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20030161.htm The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) Order 2003] (SI 2003/161) and [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2004/20040721.htm The City of Peterborough (Electoral Changes) (Amendment) Order 2004] (SI 2004/721), see [[Boundary Committee for England]] report to the [[Electoral Commission (United Kingdom)|Electoral Commission]] [http://www.lgce.gov.uk/files/dms/Peterborough_4441-4045__E__.pdf ''Final Recommendations on the Future Electoral Arrangements for Peterborough''], July 2002</ref> 15 wards comprise the Peterborough constituency for elections to the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]], while the remaining nine fall within the North West Cambridgeshire constituency.<ref>Clegg, William [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pbc/review_areas/downloads/ACR_Cambs_Peterborough.doc ''General Review of Parliamentary Constituency boundaries in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough''] Assistant Commissioner's report to the Chairman and Members of the [[Boundary Commission for England]], [[18 March]] [[2004]] and [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pbc/review_areas/downloads/FR_NR_Cambridgeshire_Peterborough.doc ''Final Recommendations for Parliamentary Constituencies in the Counties of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough''] Boundary Commission for England, [[19 January]] [[2005]]</ref>
===Linguistics===
Peterborough lies in the middle of several distinct regional accent groups and as such has a hybrid of Fenland [[East Anglian English|East Anglian]], [[East Midlands English|East Midland]] and [[London]] [[Estuary English]] features. The city falls just north of the A vowel [[isogloss]] and as such most native speakers will use the [[Phonological history of English short A|flat A]], as found in ''cat'', in words such as ''last''. [[Yod-dropping]] is often heard from Peterborians, as in the rest of East Anglia, for example ''new'' as {{IPA|/nuː/}}. However, the large number of newcomers has impacted greatly on the [[English English|English]] spoken by the younger generation. Common so-called Estuary English features such as [[L-vocalisation]], [[T-glottalisation]] and [[Th-fronting]] give today's Peterborough accent a definite [[South East of England|south-eastern]] sound.<ref>Britain, David [http://www.essex.ac.uk/linguistics/papers/errl_41c.pdf Surviving Estuary English: Innovation diffusion, koineisation and local dialect differentiation in the English Fenland] Essex Research Reports in Linguistics, vol.41 (pp.74-103) University of Essex, Department of Language and Linguistics, 2002</ref>
===Affiliations===
[[Town twinning]] started in [[Europe]] after the Second World War. Its purpose was to promote friendship and greater understanding between the people of different European cities. A twinning link is a formal, long-term friendship agreement involving co-operation between two communities in different countries and endorsed by both local authorities. The two communities organise projects and activities around a range of issues and develop an understanding of historical, cultural, lifestyle similarities and differences. Peterborough is twinned with the following towns:
{{flagicon|Spain}} [[Alcalá de Henares]], [[Spain]] ''Queen Katherine's birthplace'' (since 1986)<br>
{{flagicon|France}} [[Bourges]], [[France]] (since 1957)<br>
{{flagicon|Italy}} [[Forlì]], [[Italy]] (since 1981)<br>
{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Viersen]], [[Germany]] (since 1982)<br>
{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Vinnytsya]], [[Ukraine]] (since 1991)
The city also has more informal friendship links with [[Ballarat]], [[Australia]]; [[Foggia]], Italy; [[Kwe Kwe]], [[Zimbabwe]]; [[Pécs]], [[Hungary]]; and all [[Peterborough (disambiguation)|Peterboroughs]] around the world.<ref>[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/page-6391 Town Twinning - International Links] Peterborough City Council (retrieved [[24 April]] [[2007]])</ref> The county of Cambridgeshire has been twinned with [[Viersen (district)|Kreis Viersen]], Germany since 1983.
==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|2}}
</div>
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*[[John Banham|Banham, John]] ''Final Recommendations for the Future Local Government of Cambridgeshire'' HMSO, London, 1994
*Banham, John ''Final Recommendations on the Future Local Government of Basildon & Thurrock, Blackburn & Blackpool, Broxtowe, Gedling & Rushcliffe, Dartford & Gravesham, Gillingham & Rochester upon Medway, Exeter, Gloucester, Halton & Warrington, Huntingdonshire & Peterborough, Northampton, Norwich, Spelthorne and the Wrekin'' HMSO, London, 1995
*Beckett, John V. ''City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002'' Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, 2005 (ISBN 0-75465-067-7)
*Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter ''Middle English Literature'' (ed. and completed by Douglas Gray) Oxford University Press, 1986 (ISBN 0-1981-2214-4)
*Brandon, David and Knight, John ''Peterborough Past: The City and The Soke'' Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 2001 (ISBN 1-86077-184-X)
*Chisholm, Hugh (ed.) ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (11th ed., 28 vols.) Cambridge University Press, 1911 (text in the public domain)
*Colpi, Terry ''The Italian Factor: The Italian Community in Great Britain'' Mainstream Publishing, Edinburgh, 1991 (ISBN 1-85158-344-0)
*Davies, Elizabeth et al. ''Peterborough: A Story of City and Country, People and Places'' Peterborough City Council and Pitkin Unichrome, 2001 (ISBN 1-84165-050-1)
*Grainger, Margaret ''A Descriptive Catalogue of the John Clare Collection'' Peterborough Museum and Art Gallery, 1973 (ISBN 0-90410-800-7)
*Hancock, Henry Drummond ''Report and Proposals for the East Midlands General Review Area'' (LGCE Report No.3) HMSO, London, 1961
*Hancock, Henry Drummond ''Report and Proposals for the Lincolnshire and East Anglia General Review Area'' (LGCE Report No.9) HMSO, London, 1965
*Hancock, Tom ''Greater Peterborough Master Plan'' Peterborough Development Corporation, 1971
*Ingram, James Henry (trans.) ''The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' J. M. Dent & Sons, London, 1823 (1847 Everyman's Library ed. with additional readings from the translation of John Allen Giles)
*King, Richard John ''Handbook to the Cathedrals of England'' John Murray, London, 1862
*Labrum, Edward A. ''Civil Engineering Heritage: Eastern and Central England'' Thomas Telford, London, 1994 (ISBN 0-7277-1970-X)
*Leatham, Victoria ''Burghley: The Life of a Great House'' The Herbert Press, London, 1992 (ISBN 1-87156-947-8)
*[[Colin Matthew|Matthew, Henry Colin Gray]] and [[Brian Harrison (historian)|Harrison, Brian Howard]] (eds.) ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' (60 vols.) Oxford University Press in association with the British Academy, 2004–2006 (ISBN 0-19861-411-X)
*Mellows, William Thomas (ed.) ''The Peterborough Chronicle of Hugh Candidus'' (trans.) Peterborough Museum Society, 1941
*Newton, David ''Men of Mark: Makers of East Midland Allied Press'' Emap, Peterborough, 1977 (ISBN 0-95059-540-3)
*Parthey, Gustav and Pinder, Moritz (eds.) ''Itinerarivm Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanum: ex libris manu scriptis'' Friederich Nicolaus, Berlin, 1848
*Pryor, Francis ''Flag Fen: Life and Death of a Prehistoric Landscape'' Tempus Publishing, Stroud, 2005 (ISBN 0-7524-2900-0)
*Rhodes, John ''The Nene Valley Railway'' Turntable Publications, Sheffield, 1976 (ISBN 0-90284-460-1)
*Salter, Mike ''The Castles of East Anglia'' Folly Publications, Malvern, 2001 (ISBN 1-87173-145-3)
*Skinner, Julia (with particular reference to the work of Robert Cook) ''Did You Know? Peterborough: A Miscellany'' The Francis Frith Collection, Salisbury, 2006 (ISBN 1-84589-263-1)
*Sweeting, Walter Debenham ''The Cathedral Church of Peterborough: A Description of its Fabric and a Brief History of the Episcopal See'' G. Bell & Sons, London, 1898 (1926 reprint of the 2nd ed. of Bell's Cathedrals)
*Tebbs, Herbert F. ''Peterborough: A History'' The Oleander Press, Cambridge, 1979 (ISBN 0-900891-30-0)
*Turner, Roger ''Capability Brown and the Eighteenth Century English Landscape'' Phillimore & Co., Chichester, 1999 (ISBN 1-86077-114-9)
*Youngs, Frederic A. ''Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England'' (2 vols.) The Offices of the Royal Historical Society, University College London, 1991 (ISBN 0-86193-127-0)
{{refend}}
==See also==
{{Commonscat|Peterborough}}
*[[Soke of Peterborough]]
*[[Anglican Diocese of Peterborough]]
*[[Peterborough (UK Parliament constituency)]]
*[[Local government in Peterborough]]
*[[Peterborough Development Corporation]]
*[[Opportunity Peterborough]]
==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-uk-Peterborough-article.ogg|2007-11-27}}
*[http://www.peterborough.gov.uk/ Peterborough City Council]
*[http://www.opportunitypeterborough.co.uk/ Opportunity Peterborough]
*[http://www.peterborough.nhs.uk/ Peterborough PCT]
*[http://www.peterboroughhospitals.co.uk/ Peterborough Hospitals NHS Trust]
*[http://www.peterborough.ac.uk/ Peterborough Regional College]
*[http://www.peterboroughtoday.co.uk/ Peterborough Today]
{{Peterborough}}
{{Cambridgeshire}}
{{East_of_England}}
{{featured article}}
{{coor title dm|52|35|N|0|15|W|region:GB_type:city}}
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