Phalaenopsis 508512 224399126 2008-07-08T18:02:35Z Bendzh 868500 /* Classification */ v. {{redirect|Phal|the curry dish|phaal}}{{Taxobox | name = ''Phalaenopsis'' | image = Orchid Phalaenopsis hybrid.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Closeup of a ''Phalaenopsis'' flower | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] | classis = [[Monocotyledon|Liliopsida]] | ordo = [[Asparagales]] | familia = [[Orchidaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Higher Epidendroideae]] | tribus = [[Vandeae]] | subtribus = [[Aeridinae]] | alliance = ''Phalaenopsis'' | alliance_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] | genus = '''''Phalaenopsis''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] 1825 | type_species = ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' | type_species_authority = [[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]], (1825) | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = see text. | synonyms = *''Doritis'' <small>Lindl.</small> *''Grafia'' <small>A. D. Hawkes</small> *''Kingidium'' <small>P. F. Hunt</small> *''Kingiella'' <small>Rolfe</small> *''Polychilos'' <small>Breda</small> *''Polystylus'' <small>Hasselt ex Hassk.</small> *''Staurites'' <small>Rchb. f.</small> *''Stauroglottis'' <small>Schauer</small> *''Synadena'' <small>Raf.</small> }} '''''Phalaenopsis''''' ([[Carl Ludwig Blume|Blume]] 1825) is a [[genus]] of approximately 60 species of [[Orchidaceae|orchids]] (family Orchidaceae). The abbreviation in the horticultural trade is '''Phal'''. == Description == The generic name means "Phalaen[a]-like" and is probably a reference to the genus ''Phalaena'', the name given by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] to a group of large moths; the flowers of some species supposedly resemble [[moth]]s in flight. For this reason, the species are sometimes called '''Moth orchids'''. They are native throughout southeast [[Asia]] from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountains to the islands of [[Polillo]] and [[Palawan]] of the [[Philippines]] and northern [[Australia]]. [[Orchid Island]] off [[Taiwan]] is named after this orchid. Little is known about their habitat and their ecology in nature since little field research has been done in the last decades. [[Image:Phalaenopsis.web.jpg|thumb|left|''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' (Moon Orchid)]] Most are [[epiphyte|epiphytic]] shade plants; a few are [[lithophyte]]s. In the wild they are typically found below the canopies of moist and humid lowland forests, protected against direct sunlight, but equally in seasonally dry or cool environments. The species have adapted individually to these three habitats. ''Phalaenopsis'' shows a [[monopodial]] growth habit. An erect growing [[rhizome]] produces from the top one or two alternate, thick and fleshy, elliptical [[leaf|leaves]] a year. The older, basal leaves drop off at the same rate. The plant retains in this way four to five leaves. If very healthy, they can have up to ten or more leaves. They have no [[pseudobulb]]s. The [[raceme]] appears from the [[Plant stem|stem]] between the leaves. They bloom in their full glory for several weeks. If kept in the home, they usually last two to three months. Some ''Phalaenopsis'' species in [[Malaysia]] are known to use subtle weather cues to coordinate mass flowering. == Classification == [[Image:Sogo Yukidian.JPG|thumb|left|Sogo Yukidian]] The species can be classified into two groups : *A group with a long, branched inflorescence (up to 1 m long) and large, almost round flowers with rose or white tints. *A group with short stems and less rounded, waxy flowers with more pronounced colors. In terms of particular lifeform terminology, one can also characterize these plants as hemicryptophyte or chamerophyte : * [[hemicryptophyte]] (abbr.: hemicr.) : biennial or perennial plants with herbaceous stems. These stems die off after the growing season, while the shoots survive at soil level. The resting buds are just above or below soil level. * [[chamaephyte]] (abbr. cham.) : low-growing plants with herbaceous and/or woody stems, that persist for several years. Their buds are on soil level or just above; but never above 50 cm. The genera ''Doritis'' Lindl. and ''Kingidium'' P.F.Hunt are now included in ''Phalaneopsis'', based on DNA-evidence (according to the World Checklist of Monocotyledons, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew) (See also ref 1). However this is not implicitly accepted by every specialist in this field. Intensive cross-fertilization has produced a great number of [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] in all colors and variations. These are usually more adaptable to artificial conditions than their botanical ancestors. Most are hybrids of ''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' with ''Phalaenopsis schilleriana'' or ''Phalaenopsis stuartiana''. == Species == [[Image:Phalaenopsis Barbara Moler x Johanna 52-24x.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Barbara Moler' x 'Johanna' (a hybrid [[cultivar]])]] *''[[Phalaenopsis amabilis]]'' ('''Moon Orchid'''; East Malaysia to Papuasia) **''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''amabilis'' (East Malaysia to Papuasia). **''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''moluccana'' (Northeastern Borneo to the Moluccas). **''Phalaenopsis amabilis'' subsp. ''rosenstromii'' (New Guinea to Queensland). *''[[Phalaenopsis amboinensis]]'' (Sulawesi to the Moluccas). **''Phalaenopsis amboinensis'' var. ''amboinensis'' (the Moluccas). **''Phalaenopsis amboinensis'' var. ''flavida'' (Sulawesi) *''[[Phalaenopsis aphrodite]]'' (Southeastern Taiwan to the Philippines). **''Phalaenopsis aphrodite'' subsp. ''aphrodite'' (the Philippines). **''Phalaenopsis aphrodite'' subsp. ''formosana'' (Southeastern Taiwan). *''[[Phalaenopsis appendiculata]]'' (Malaya to northeastern Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis bastianii]]'' (Philippines - Sulu Archipelago). *''[[Phalaenopsis bellina]]'' (Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis borneensis]]'' (Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis braceana]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan). *''[[Phalaenopsis buyssoniana]]'' (Indochina). *''[[Phalaenopsis celebensis]]'' (Sulawesi). *''[[Phalaenopsis chibae]]'' (Vietnam). [[Image:Phalaenopsis flower.JPG|thumb|right]] *''[[Phalaenopsis cochlearis]]'' (Malaya to Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis corningiana]]'' (Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis cornu-cervi]]'' (Indochina to southern Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis deliciosa]]'' (Indian subcontinent to Malesia). **''Phalaenopsis deliciosa'' subsp. ''deliciosa'' (Indian subcontinent to Malesia **''Phalaenopsis deliciosa'' subsp. ''hookeriana'' (Eastern Himalayas to southwestern China). *''[[Phalaenopsis doweryënsis]]'' (Northeastern Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis equestris]]'' (Taiwan - Hsiao Lan Yü to the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis fasciata]]'' (the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis fimbriata]]'' (Sumatra, Java and Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis floresensis]]'' (Lesser Sunda Islands). *''[[Phalaenopsis fuscata]]'' (Borneo) *''[[Phalaenopsis gibbosa]]'' (Vietnam). *''[[Phalaenopsis gigantea]]'' (Borneo to Java). *''[[Phalaenopsis hainanensis]]'' (China - Hainan and Yunnan). *''[[Phalaenopsis hieroglyphica]]'' (the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis honghenensis]]'' (China - Yunnan). *''[[Phalaenopsis inscriptiosinensis]]'' (Central Sumatra *''[[Phalaenopsis javanica]]'' (Western Java). *''[[Phalaenopsis kunstleri]]'' (Myanmar to Malaya). *''[[Phalaenopsis lamelligera]]'' (Northeastern Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis lindenii]]'' (the Philippines - Luzon). *''[[Phalaenopsis lobbii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar). *''[[Phalaenopsis lowii]]'' (Southern Myanmar to western Thailand). *''[[Phalaenopsis lueddemanniana]]'' (the Philippines). [[Image:Phalaenopsis-Mambo.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Mambo' (a hybrid cultivar)]] *''[[Phalaenopsis luteola]]'' (Northwestern Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis maculata]]'' (Malaya to Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis malipoensis]]'' Z.J.Liu & S.C.Chen (China - Yunnan) *''[[Phalaenopsis mannii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan). *''[[Phalaenopsis mariae]]'' (Northeastern Borneo to the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis micholitzii]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao). *''[[Phalaenopsis modesta]]'' (Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis mysorensis]]'' (Indian subcontinent). *''[[Phalaenopsis pallens]]'' (the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis pantherina]]'' (Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis parishii]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to Myanmar). *''[[Phalaenopsis petelotii]]'' (Vietnam) *''[[Phalaenopsis philippinensis]]'' (the Philippines - Luzon). *''[[Phalaenopsis pulcherrima]]'' (Indochina to Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis pulchra]]'' (the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis regnieriana]]'' (Indochina). *''[[Phalaenopsis reichenbachiana]]'' (the Philippines). [[Image:Phalaenopsis-Nivacolor.jpg|thumb|right|''Phalaenopsis'' 'Nivacolor' (a hybrid cultivar)]] *''[[Phalaenopsis robinsonii]]'' (the Moluccas). *''[[Phalaenopsis sanderiana]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao). *''[[Phalaenopsis schilleriana]]'' (the Philippines). *''[[Phalaenopsis speciosa]]'' (Andaman and Nicobar Islands). *''[[Phalaenopsis stobartiana]]'' (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi) *''[[Phalaenopsis stuartiana]]'' (the Philippines - Mindanao). *''[[Phalaenopsis sumatrana]]'' (Indochina to Borneo). *''[[Phalaenopsis taenialis]]'' (Eastern Himalayas to China - Yunnan) *''[[Phalaenopsis tetraspsis]]'' (Andaman and Nicobar Islands to northwestern Sumatra). *''[[Phalaenopsis venosa]]'' (Sulawesi). *''[[Phalaenopsis violacea]]'' (Malaya to Sumatra).). *''[[Phalaenopsis viridis]]'' (Sumatra). *''[[Phalaenopsis wilsonii]]'' (China - southeastern Tibet to Guangxi). *''[[Phalaenopsis zebrina]]'' (Borneo). == Natural hybrids == [[Image:Phal_hybrid1.jpg|thumb|right|A ''Phalaenopsis'' hybrid]] *''Phalaenopsis × amphitrita'' (''P. sanderiana'' × ''P. stuartiana''; Philippines). *''Phalaenopsis × gersenii'' (''P. sumatrana'' × ''P. violacea''; Borneo, Sumatra). *''Phalaenopsis × intermedia'' (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. equestris''; '''Star of Leyte'''; Philippines) (First recognized Phalaenopsis hybrid) *''Phalaenopsis × leucorrhoda'' (''P. aphrodite'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Philippines). *''Phalaenopsis × singuliflora'' (''P. bellina'' × ''P. sumatrana''; Borneo). *''Phalaenopsis × veitchiana'' (''P. equestris'' × ''P. schilleriana''; Philippines). == Intergeneric hybrids == * x''Aeridopsis'' (''Aerides'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Arachnopsis'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Asconopsis'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Beardara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Bogardara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Bokchoonara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Cleisonopsis'' (''Cleisocentron'' x Phalaenopsis) * x''Devereuxara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Diplonopsis'' (''Diploprora'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Doriellaopsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Doritaenopsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Dresslerara'' (''Ascoglossum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Edeara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Ernestara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Eurynopsis'' (''Eurychone'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Hagerara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Hausermannara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Himoriara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Vanda'') * x''Isaoara'' (''Aerangis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Laycockara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Lichtara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Gastrochilus'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Luinopsis'' (''Luisia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Lutherara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Rhynchostylis'' ) * x''Macekara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Meechaiara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Moirara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'') * x''Nakagawaara'' (''Aerides'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Owensara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Parnataara'' (''Aerides'' x ''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Paulara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera '' x ''Vanda'') * x''Pepeara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Phalaerianda'' (''Aerides'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Phalandopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Phalanetia'' (''Neofinetia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Phaliella'' (''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Pooleara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Ascoglossum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Renanthopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Rhynchonopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'') * x''Rhyndoropsis'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'') * x''Richardmizutaara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Roseara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Kingiella'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' ) * x''Sappanara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'') * x''Sarconopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Sarcochilus'') * x''Sidranara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'') * x''Sladeara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Sarcochilus'') * x''Stamariaara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Renanthera'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Sutingara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Ascocentrum'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'' x ''Vandopsis'') * x''Trautara'' (''Doritis'' x ''Luisia'' x ''Phalaenopsis'') * x''Trevorara'' (''Arachnis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Trichonopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Trichoglottis'') * x''Uptonara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Sarcochilus'') * x''Vandaenopsis'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Vandewegheara'' (''Ascocentrum'' x ''Doritis'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Vanda'') * x''Yapara'' (''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis '' x ''Vanda'') * x''Yeepengara'' (''Aerides'' x ''Phalaenopsis'' x ''Rhynchostylis'' x ''Vanda'') There is no true intergeneric hybrid between ''Phalaenopsis'' and the closely related ''[[Paraphalaenopsis]]''. However, according to the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]], there is a grex (i.e. all orchids derived from crossing the same two or more parent species; the name also covers all offspring from that particular cross). ''Phalphalaenopsis'' Doris Thornton is currently the one and only registered (1977) grex that represents a cross between a ''Paraphalaenopsis'' (x thorntonii) and a ''Phalaenopsis'' (Doris). Therefore, strictly speaking, the genetic barrier between these two closely related genera has not been crossed. But, since there are only very few true ''Phalaenopsis'' species in cultivation (most are hybrids), the possibility of a true intergeneric hybrid is not to be excluded. == Post-pollination changes in ''Phalaenopsis'' orchids== ''Phalaenopsis'' are not only outstanding in their beauty, but also unique in that in some species, the flowers turn into green leaves after pollination. As in many other plants, the petals of the orchid flowers serve to attract pollinating insects and protect essential organs. Following pollination, petals will usually undergo senescence (i.e. wilt and disintegrate) because it is metabolically expensive to maintain them. In many ''Phalaenopsis'' species such as ''P.violacea'', the petals and sepals find new uses following pollination and thus escaping programmed cell death. By inducing the formation of [[chloroplast]]s, they turn green, become fleshy and apparently start to photosynthesize, just like leaves. <ref name="plant programmed cell death">{{cite journal | author=Wouter G. van Doorn| title=Plant programmed cell death and the point of no return| journal=Trends in Plant Science| year=October 2005| volume=10| issue=10| doi= 10.1016/j.tplants.2005.08.003| pages=478–483}}</ref> == Growing ''Phalaenopsis'' == [[Image:violacea.jpg|thumb|250px|left|''Phalaenopsis bellina]] ''Phalaenopsis'' are among the most popular orchids sold as potted plants owing to the ease of propagation and flowering under artificial conditions. They were among the first tropical orchids in [[Victorian era|Victorian]] collections. Since the advent of the tetrapoloid hybrid ''Phalaenopsis'' Doris, they have become extremely easy to grow and flower in the home, as long as some care is taken to provide them with conditions that approximate their native habitats. Their production has become a commercial industry. In nature, they are typically fond of warm temperatures (20 to 35 °[[Celsius|C]]), but are adaptable to conditions more comfortable for human habitation in temperate zones (15 to 30 °C); at temperatures below 18 °C watering should be reduced to avoid the risk of root rot. ''Phalaenopsis'' requires high humidity (60-70%) and low light of 12,000 to 20,000 [[lux]]. Flowering is triggered by a night-time drop in temperature of around 5 to 6 degrees over 2 to 4 consecutive weeks, usually in the fall. ''Phalaenopsis'' prefer to be potted in [[osmunda]] fiber (tree fern roots), a nearly ideal medium, but this has become expensive. More usual now is [[fir]] [[bark]], which is more free-draining than sphagnum moss. Keep them in pots with a lot of drainage. One of the common blunders that new growers make is to rot the roots. Overwatering and poor drainage cause the roots to deteriorate, therefore killing the plant. The safest thing to do is to water when you feel the potting medium and find it is dry through and through. Light is vital to the well-being of the ''Phalaenopsis'' orchid. Keep it in indirect light near a southern window. Be sure the sun does not directly reach the leaves, which will cause burning and unaesthetic brown marks. If the leaf feels hot to the touch, move it away immediately! On the other hand, phalaenopsis grown in poor dark areas tend to grow floppy dark green leaves and rarely flower. ''Phalaenopsis'' roots are quite thick, and the green point at the ends signifies that the root is actively growing. It is okay for them to climb out of the pots. Keep the plant fertilized with a 1/4 diluted strength balanced fertilizer three times out of four waterings. The flower spikes appear from the pockets near the base of each leaf. The first sign is a light green "mitten-like" object that protrudes from the leaf tissue. In about three months, the spike elongates until it begins to swell fat buds. The buds will thus bloom. Usually you can tell what color the ''Phalaenopsis'' is by looking at the bud color. After the flowers fade, some people prefer to cut the spike above the highest node (section). This may produce another flower spike or more rarely a [[keiki]] (a baby orchid plant that can be planted). Using two ''Phalaenopsis'' clones, Matthew G. Blanchard and Erik S. Runkle (2006) established that, other culture conditions being optimal, flower initiation is controlled by daytime temperatures declining below 27°C, with a definite inhibition of flowering at temperatures exceeding 29°C. The long-held traditional belief that reduced evening temperatures control flower initiation in ''Phalaenopsis'' appears to be false. <ref name="Phalaenopsis">{{cite journal | author=Blanchard, Matthew G; Runkle, Erik S| title=Temperature during the day, but not during the night, controls flowering of Phalaenopsis orchids| journal=Journal of Experimental Botany| year=2006| volume=57| issue=15| url=http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/57/15/4043| pages=4043–4050 | doi=10.1093/jxb/erl176 | pmid=17075080}}</ref> == External links == {{Commons|Phalaenopsis|Phalaenopsis}} * [http://www.phals.net/index_e.html ''Phalaenopsis'' orchids : species and primary hybrids] * [http://orchidcare.weebly.com/index.html Orchid Care] * [http://orchids.islandpalmmarketing.com/ Orchids] == Footnotes == {{reflist}} ==References== * [http://www.botanicus.org/title/b11963621 Original publication by Carl Blume in "Bijdragen tot de Flora van Nederlandsch Indië"] *{{cite journal | author = Seon Kim, Clifford W. Morden, Yoneo Sagawa, and Jae -Young Kim | title = The Phylogeny of Phalaenopsis Species | journal = Proceedings of NIOC2003, Nagoya, Japan |year = 2003}} * Olaf Gruss & Manfred Wolf - Phalaenopsis ; Edition Ulmer, ISBN 3-8001-6551-1 (in German) * Eric A. Christenson - Phalaenopsis: a Monograph ; ISBN 0-88192-494-6 * Harper, Tom (February 2004). Phalaenopsis Culture: Advice for Growing 20 Species. ''Orchids Magazine'' 73 (2). Delray Beach, FL: American Orchid Society, 2004. * Leroy-Terquem, Gerald and Jean Parisot. 1991. ''Orchids: Care and Cultivation.'' London: Cassel Publishers Ltd. * Schoser, Gustav. 1993. ''Orchid Growing Basics.'' New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. * White, Judy. 1996. ''Taylor’s Guide to Orchids.'' Frances Tenenbaum, Series Editor. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. 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