Pharyngeal arch 3216879 215489113 2008-05-28T12:43:39Z DOI bot 6652755 Citation maintenance. You can [[WP:DOI|use this bot]] yourself! Please [[User:DOI_bot/bugs|report any bugs]]. {{Infobox Embryology | Name = Branchial arch | Latin = | GraySubject = 13 | GrayPage = 65 | Image = Gray41.png | Caption = Schematic of developing fetus with first, second and third arches labeled. | Image2 = Gray979.png | Caption2 = Floor of pharynx of human embryo about twenty-six days old. | System = | CarnegieStage = 10 | Precursor = | GivesRiseTo = | MeshName = Branchial+Arches | MeshNumber = A16.254.160 | DorlandsPre = a_57 | DorlandsSuf = 12149648 | }} In the [[embryogenesis|development]] of [[vertebrate|vertebrate animals]], the '''pharyngeal arches''' (also called '''branchial arches''' or '''gill arches''' in fish) develop during the fourth and fifth week ''[[in utero]]'' as a series of [[germ layer#Mesoderm|mesodermal]] outpouchings on the [[left and right]] sides of the developing [[pharynx]]. In fish, the branchial arches give rise to gills. ==Development== These grow and join in the ventral midline. The [[First pharyngeal arch|first arch]], as the first to form, separates the mouth pit or [[stomodeum]] from the [[pericardium]]. By differential growth the neck elongates and new arches form, so the pharynx has six arches ultimately. Each pharyngeal arch has a [[cartilage|cartilaginous]] bar, a [[muscle]] component which differentiates from the cartilagenous tissue, an artery, and a [[cranial nerve]]. Each of these is surrounded by Mesenchyme. Arches do not develop simultaneously, but instead possess a "staggered" development. ==Relations== '''Pharyngeal''' or '''[[branchial pouches]]''' form on the [[germ layer#Endoderm|endodermal]] side between the arches, and '''[[pharyngeal groove]]s''' (or '''clefts''') form from the lateral [[germ layer#Ectoderm|ectodermal]] surface of the [[neck]] region to separate the arches. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.howard.edu/anatomy/gas/wk7/Lecture%2024.htm |title=Lecture 24. Branchial Apparatus |accessdate=2007-09-09 |format= |work=}}</ref> The pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become [[gill]]s in fish. In mammals the [[endoderm]] and [[ectoderm]] not only remain intact, but continue to be separated by a [[mesoderm]] layer. ==Specific arches== There are six pharyngeal arches, but in humans the fifth arch only exists transiently during embryologic growth and development. Since no human structures result from the fifth arch, the arches in humans are I, II, III, IV, and VI. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://isc.temple.edu/marino/embryology/parch98/parch_text.htm |title=Text for Pharyngeal Arch Development |accessdate=2007-09-09 |format= |work=}}</ref> More is known about the fate of the first arch than the remaining four. The first three contribute to structures above the larynx, while the last two contribute to the [[larynx]] and [[Vertebrate trachea|trachea]]. {| class="wikitable" | '''Pharyngeal arch''' || '''Muscular contributions'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://musom.marshall.edu/anatomy/grosshom/z_devbranc.html |title=marshall.edu |accessdate=2007-09-09 |format= |work=}}</ref> || '''Skeletal contributions''' || '''Nerve''' || '''[[Aortic arches|Artery]]''' |- | 1st (also called "[[mandibular arch]]") || [[Mastication#Muscles_of_mastication|muscles of mastication]], anterior belly of [[digastric]], [[mylohyoid]], [[tensor tympani]], [[tensor veli palatini]] || [[maxilla]], [[mandible]] (only as a model for mandible not actual formation of mandible), the [[incus]] and [[malleus]] of the middle ear, also [[Meckel's cartilage]] || [[Trigeminal nerve]] (V2 and V3) || [[Maxillary artery]] |- | 2nd (also called the "[[hyoid arch]]") || [[Muscles of facial expression]], [[buccinator]], [[platysma]], [[stapedius]], [[stylohyoid]], [[digastric]] posterior belly|| [[Stapes]], [[styloid process]], [[hyoid]] ([[lesser horn]] and upper Part of Body), Reichert's cartilage || [[Facial nerve]] (VII) || [[Stapedial Artery]] |- | 3rd || [[Stylopharyngeus]] || [[Hyoid]] ([[greater horn]] and lower Part of Body) || [[Glossopharyngeal nerve]] (IX) || [[Common carotid]]/[[Internal carotid]] |- | 4th || intrinsic muscles of [[soft palate]] || [[thyroid cartilage]], [[epiglottic cartilage]]<ref name="isbn0-914168-99-1">{{cite book |author=Netter, Frank H.; Cochard, Larry R. |title=Netter's Atlas of human embryology |publisher=Icon Learning Systems |location=Teterboro, N.J |year=2002 |pages=227 |isbn=0-914168-99-1 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> || [[Vagus nerve]] (X)<BR>[[Superior laryngeal nerve]]<ref name="BRS">{{cite book |author=Kyung Won, PhD. Chung |title=Gross Anatomy (Board Review) |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |location=Hagerstwon, MD |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-7817-5309-0 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref> || Right 4 right [[subclavian artery]] Left 4 [[aortic arch]] |- | 6th || intrinsic muscles of [[larynx]] || [[cricoid cartilage]], [[arytenoid cartilage]]s, [[corniculate cartilage]]<ref name="isbn0-914168-99-1"> </ref> || [[Vagus nerve]] (X)<BR>[[Recurrent laryngeal nerve]]<ref name="BRS"> </ref> || right 6 right [[pulmonary artery]]Left 6[[Pulmonary artery]] and [[ductus arteriosus]] |} ==Use in staging== The development of the pharyngeal arches provide a useful [[morphology (biology)|morphological]] [[landmark]] with which to establish the precise stage of embryonic development. Their formation and development corresponds to [[Carnegie stages]] 10 to 16 in [[mammals]], and [[Hamburger-Hamilton stages]] 14 to 28 in the [[model organism#Vertebrates|chicken]]. ==See also== [[Image:Kiemenbogen.jpg|thumb|300px|Pattern of the branchial arches. I-IV branchial arches, 1-4 [[branchial pouches]] (inside) and/or [[pharyngeal grooves]] (outside)<BR>a [[Tuberculum laterale]]<BR>b [[Tuberculum impar]]<BR>c [[Foramen cecum]]<BR>d [[Ductus thyreoglossus]]<BR>e [[Sinus cervicalis]]]] * [[Branchial pouch]] * [[Branchial cleft cyst]] ==References== <references/> ==External links== * {{cite journal |author=Graham A, Okabe M, Quinlan R |title=The role of the endoderm in the development and evolution of the pharyngeal arches |journal=J. Anat. |volume=207 |issue=5 |pages=479–87 |year=2005 |pmid=16313389 |url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x?cookieSet=1 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00472.x}} {{Embryology of head and neck}} [[Category:Animal anatomy]] [[Category:embryology]] [[Category:Developmental biology]] [[de:Kiemenbogen]] [[es:Arco branquial]] [[pt:Arco faríngeo]]